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Cleavable detergents, also known as cleavable surfactants, are special surfactants (detergents) that are used in biochemistry and especially in proteomics to enhance protein denaturation and solubility. Surfactants are wetting agents that lower the Surface tension of a liquid allowing easier spreading and lower the Interfacial tension between two liquids Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as Proteomics is the large-scale study of Proteins particularly their structures and functions. Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl Denaturation is a process in which Proteins or Nucleic acids lose their structure (tertiary structure by application of some external stress or compound for The detergent is rendered inactive by cleavage, usually under acidic conditions, in order to make the sample compatible with a following procedure or in order to selectively remove the cleavage products. In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are

Applications for cleavable detergents include protease digestion of proteins such as in-gel digestion with trypsin after SDS PAGE and peptide extractions from electrophoresis gels. A protease is any Enzyme that conducts Proteolysis, that is begins protein Catabolism by Hydrolysis of the Peptide bonds that link Digestion is the breaking down of chemicals in the body into a form that can be absorbed Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl The in-gel digestion is part of the sample preparation for the mass spectrometric identification of Proteins in course of proteomic analysis. Trypsin ( is a Serine protease found in the Digestive system, where it breaks down Proteins Trypsin predominantly cleaves peptide chains at the carboxyl SDS-PAGE, Sodium dodecyl sulfate Polyacrylamide gel Electrophoresis, is a technique widely used in Biochemistry, forensics Peptides (from the Greek πεπτίδια, "small digestibles" are short Polymers formed from the linking in a defined order of α- Amino Electrophoresis is the most well-known electrokinetic phenomenon. Cleavable detergents are mainly used in sample preparations for mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that identifies the chemical composition of a compound or sample based on the Mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles

Contents

PPS

PPS, available as PPS Silent Surfactant from Protein Discovery, is the abbreviation for sodium 3-(4-(1,1-bis(hexyloxy)ethyl)pyridinium-1-yl)propane-1-sulfonate. This acetalic detergent is split under acidic conditions into hexanol and the zwitterionic 3-acetyl-1-(3-sulfopropyl)pyridinium. An acetal is a Molecule with two single bonded oxygens attached to the same carbon atom A zwitterion (first part pronounced "tsvitter" from German " Zwitter " &mdash "hybrid" " Hermaphrodite " is a [1][2]

PPA cleavable detergent \longrightarrow 2 +

ProteasMAX

ProteasMAX is the brandname of Promega for sodium 3-((1-(furan-2-yl)undecyloxy)carbonylamino)propane-1-sulfonate. History and Background In 1978 scientists were just beginning to understand the potential of what Boyer and Cohen had done by cutting DNA into specific fragments using restriction This cleavable detergent is sensitive to heat and acid and is degraded during a typical trypsin digestion into the uncharged lipophilic compound 1-(furan-2-yl)undecan-1-ol and the zwitterionic 3-aminopropane-1-sulfonic acid (homotaurine), which can be removed by C18 solid phase extraction during sample work-up. In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are Lipophilicity, fat-liking, refers to the ability of a Chemical compound to dissolve in fats oils lipids and non-polar solvents such as Hexane or A zwitterion (first part pronounced "tsvitter" from German " Zwitter " &mdash "hybrid" " Hermaphrodite " is a Homotaurine (also spelled homotaurin is a synthetic Organic compound. Solid-phase extraction ( SPE) is a Separation process that is used to remove solid or semi-solid compounds from a mixture of impurities based on their physical and [3][4]

ProteasMAX cleavable detergent \longrightarrow + Aminopropanesulfonic acid

RapiGest SF

RapiGest SF is an acid-cleavable anionic detergent marketed by Waters Corporation. Waters Corporation is a publicly traded laboratory analytical instrument and software company headquartered in Milford Massachusetts. [5] No information about its chemical structure has been published.

Others

MALDI matrix compounds such as α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid have been linked through a linker consisting of an unsymmetric formaldehyde acetals to dodecanol. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI is a soft Ionization technique used in Mass spectrometry, allowing the analysis of Biomolecules ( α-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, also written as alpha -cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, is a Cinnamic acid derivative and is a member of the Formaldehyde is a Chemical compound with the formula H2CO It is the simplest Aldehyde —an organic compound containing a terminal Carbonyl An acetal is a Molecule with two single bonded oxygens attached to the same carbon atom Dodecanol, also known by its IUPAC name 1-dodecanol or dodecan-1-ol, and by its trivial name dodecyl alcohol and lauryl alcohol This type of cleavable detergent is inherently compatible with MALDI and does not have to be removed prior to analysis[6]:

Functionalized matrix detergent

UV light- or fluoride-cleavable surfactants have also been developed but are not in current use. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI is a soft Ionization technique used in Mass spectrometry, allowing the analysis of Biomolecules ( Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays Fluoride is the reduced form of Fluorine. Both organic and Inorganic compounds containing the element fluorine are considered fluorides [6]

External links

References

  1. ^ PPS frequently asked questions
  2. ^ Norris JL, Porter NA, Caprioli RM (2003). "Mass spectrometry of intracellular and membrane proteins using cleavable detergents". Anal. Chem. 75 (23): 6642-6647. doi:10.1021/ac034802z. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 14640740.  
  3. ^ ProteasMAX Technical bulletin
  4. ^ Promega Notes 99, 3–7 (2008)
  5. ^ RapiGest SF product page
  6. ^ a b Norris JL, Porter NA, Caprioli RM. (2003). "Combination detergent/MALDI matrix: functional cleavable detergents for mass spectrometry". Anal. Chem. 77 (15): 5036-5040. doi:10.1021/ac050460g. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 16053319.  
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