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"Monteverdi" redirects here. For other uses, see Monteverdi (disambiguation).
Claudio Monteverdi in 1640 by Bernardo Strozzi
Claudio Monteverdi in 1640 by Bernardo Strozzi

Claudio Giovanni Antonio Monteverdi (May 15, 1567 (baptized) – November 29, 1643), was an Italian composer, gambist, and singer. Bernardo Strozzi (c 1581 &ndash August 2, 1644) was a prominent and prolific Italian Baroque painter born and active mainly in Genoa Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest A composer (literally meaning 'one who puts together' is a person who creates Music, usually in the medium of notation, for Interpretation and Performance The viol (also called viola da gamba) is any one of a family of bowed, Fretted stringed Musical instruments developed in the 1400s

Monteverdi's work, often regarded as revolutionary, marked the transition from the music of the Renaissance to that of the Baroque. Renaissance music is European music written during the Renaissance, approximately 1400 - 1600 Baroque music describes an era and a set of styles of European classical music which were in widespread use between approximately 1600 and 1750. Enjoying fame in his lifetime, he wrote one of the earliest operas, L'Orfeo, which is still regularly performed. Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto L'Orfeo ( L'Orfeo favola in musica, SV 318 or La Favola d'Orfeo, or The Legend of Orpheus) is one of the earliest

Contents

Life

Claudio Monteverdi, circa 1597, by an anonymous artist, (Ashmolean Museum, Oxford). Thought to be the earliest known image of Monteverdi, at about age 30, painted when he was still at the Gonzaga Court in Mantua.
Claudio Monteverdi, circa 1597, by an anonymous artist, (Ashmolean Museum, Oxford). The Ashmolean Museum (in full the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology) on Beaumont Street, Oxford, England, is the world's first Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, Thought to be the earliest known image of Monteverdi, at about age 30, painted when he was still at the Gonzaga Court in Mantua. The Gonzaga family ruled Mantua in Northern Italy from 1328 to 1708. Mantua (Màntova in the local dialect of Lombard language Mantua is a city in Lombardy, Italy and capital of the province of the

Claudio Monteverdi was born in 1567 in Cremona, in Northern Italy. Cremonese redirects here For the football team see US Cremonese Cremona is a City in northern Italy, situated Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest During his childhood, he was taught by Marc'Antonio Ingegneri, the maestro di cappella or singing master, at the Cathedral of Cremona. Marc'Antonio Ingegneri (also spelled Ingegnieri, Ingignieri, Ingignero, Inzegneri; c The Duomo di Cremona (Cremona Cathedral is the seat of the Bishop of Cremona in Lombardy, Italy, and is the main Catholic church of that He wrote his first music for publication, some motets and sacred madrigals in 1582 and 1583. In Western music, motet is a word that is applied to a number of highly varied choral musical compositions A madrigal is a type of Secular vocal music composition written during the Renaissance and early Baroque eras By 1587, he had produced his first book of secular madrigals. Between 1590 and 1611,[1] Monteverdi worked at the court of Vincenzo I of Gonzaga in Mantua as a vocalist and viol player. Vincenzo I of Gonzaga ( September 21, 1562 - February 9, 1612) was ruler of the Duchy of Mantua and Montferrat from 1587 Mantua (Màntova in the local dialect of Lombard language Mantua is a city in Lombardy, Italy and capital of the province of the The viol (also called viola da gamba) is any one of a family of bowed, Fretted stringed Musical instruments developed in the 1400s In 1602, he was working as the court conductor. Conducting is the act of directing a Musical performance by way of visible gestures

By 1613, Monteverdi had moved to the San Marco in Venice where, as conductor, he quickly restored the musical standard of both the choir and the instrumentalists, which had declined due to the financial mismanagement of his predecessor, Giulio Cesare Martinengo. Saint Mark's Basilica ( Italian: Basilica di San Marco a Venezia) the Cathedral of Venice, is the most famous of Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the Giulio Cesare Martinengo (c 1564/1568 – July 10, 1613) was an Italian composer and teacher of the late Renaissance and early Baroque The managers of the basilica were relieved to have such a distinguished musician in charge, as the music had been in decline since the death of Giovanni Croce in 1609. Giovanni Croce (also Ioanne a Cruce Clodiensis, Zuanne Chiozotto) (1557 – May 15, 1609) was an Italian composer of the late

Monteverdi was ordained a Catholic priest [2] in 1632,[3] and during the last years of his life, when he was often ill, he composed his two last masterpieces; both were operas: Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria (The Return of Ulysses, 1641), and the historic opera L'incoronazione di Poppea (The Coronation of Poppea, 1642), based on the life of the Roman emperor Nero. Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria ( SV 325 The Return of Ulysses to His Country) is an Opera ( dramma per musica) in a prologue and five L'incoronazione di Poppea ( SV 308 The Coronation of Poppea) is an Opera seria in three acts by Claudio Monteverdi to an Italian The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial An emperor (from the Latin " Imperator " is a (male Monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an Empire or another type of Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( December 15, 37 – June 9, 68) born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, also called L'incoronazione especially is considered a culminating point of Monteverdi's work; it contains tragic, romantic, and comedic scenes (a new development in opera), as well as a more realistic portrayal of the characters, along with warmer melodies than had previously been heard. In Music, a melody (from Greek μελῳδία - melōidía, "singing chanting" also tune, voice, or It requires a smaller orchestra, and has a less prominent role for the choir.

Monteverdi died in Venice on November 29, 1643 and is buried in the church of the Frari. Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe The Basilica di Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari, usually just called the Frari, is one of the greatest churches of Venice and has the status of a Minor basilica

Works

Madrigals

Until the age of forty, Monteverdi worked primarily on madrigals, composing a total of nine books. A madrigal is a type of Secular vocal music composition written during the Renaissance and early Baroque eras As a whole, the first eight books of madrigals show the enormous development from Renaissance polyphonic music to the monodic style typical of Baroque music. Renaissance music is European music written during the Renaissance, approximately 1400 - 1600 In Music, polyphony is a texture consisting of two or more independent Melodic voices, as opposed to music with just one voice ( Monophony In Poetry, the term monody has become specialized to refer to a poem in which one person laments another's death Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc

The titles of his Madrigal books are:

The Fifth Madrigal Book

The Quinto Libro (Fifth Book), published in 1605, was at the heart of the controversy between Monteverdi and Giovanni Artusi. Giovanni Maria Artusi (c 1540 – 18 August 1613) was an Italian theorist, Composer, and writer The latter attacked the "crudities" and "license" of the modern style of composing, centering his attacks on madrigals (including Cruda Amarilli from the Quinto Libro (See Fabbri, Monteverdi, p. 60) see Media, below) from the fourth book. Monteverdi made his reply in the introduction to the fifth book, with a proposal of the division of musical practice into two streams, which he called prima pratica, and seconda pratica. Prima pratica, literally "first practice" refers to early Baroque music which looks more to the style of Palestrina, or the style codified by Prima pratica was described as the previous polyphonic ideal of the sixteenth century, with flowing strict counterpoint, prepared dissonance, and equality of voices; seconda pratica used much freer counterpoint with an increasing hierarchy of voices, emphasising soprano and bass. In Music, polyphony is a texture consisting of two or more independent Melodic voices, as opposed to music with just one voice ( Monophony In Music, counterpoint is the relationship between two or more voices that are independent in contour and Rhythm, and interdependent in Harmony This article is related to a series of articles under the main article Voice type. This represented a move towards the new style of monody. In Poetry, the term monody has become specialized to refer to a poem in which one person laments another's death The introduction of continuo in many of the madrigals of the book was a further self-consciously modern feature. Figured bass, or thoroughbass, is a kind of integer Musical notation used to indicate intervals, chords and Nonchord tones in relation In addition, the fifth book showed the beginnings of conscious functional tonality. Tonality is a system of Music in which specific hierarchical pitch relationships are based on a key "center" or tonic.

The Eighth Madrigal Book

The Ottavo Libro, published in 1638, includes the so-called Madrigali dei guerrieri ed amorosi which many consider to be the perfection of the madrigal form.

While in Venice, Monteverdi also finished his sixth, seventh and eighth books of madrigals. The eighth is the largest, containing works written over a thirty-year period, including the dramatic scene Tancredi e Clorinda (1624), in which the orchestra and voices form two separate entities; they act as counterparts. Most likely Monteverdi was inspired to try this arrangement because of the two opposite balconies in San Marco, which had inspired much similar music from composers there, such as Gabrieli. Giovanni Gabrieli (c 1554/1557 &ndash August 12 1612 was an Italian Composer and organist. What made this composition also stand out is the first-time use of string tremolo (fast repetition of the same tone) and pizzicato (plucking strings with fingers) for special effect in dramatic scenes. Tremolo, or tremolando, is a Musical term with several meanings A regular and repetitive variation in Amplitude for the duration Pizzicato (ˌpɪtsɪˈkɑːtoʊ is a playing technique that involves plucking the strings of a String instrument.

The Ninth Madrigal Book

The ninth book of madrigals, published posthumously in 1651, contains lighter pieces such as canzonettas which were probably composed throughout Monteverdi's lifetime representing both styles. In music a canzonetta (pl canzonette, canzonetti or canzonettas) was a popular Italian secular vocal composition which originated around 1560

Operas

Main articles: L'Orfeo, L'Arianna, Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria, and L'incoronazione di Poppea
Frontispiece of Monteverdi's opera L'Orfeo, Venice edition, 1609.
Frontispiece of Monteverdi's opera L'Orfeo, Venice edition, 1609. L'Orfeo ( L'Orfeo favola in musica, SV 318 or La Favola d'Orfeo, or The Legend of Orpheus) is one of the earliest L'Arianna ( SV 291 was the second Opera written by Claudio Monteverdi, and one of the most influential and famous specimens of early Baroque Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria ( SV 325 The Return of Ulysses to His Country) is an Opera ( dramma per musica) in a prologue and five L'incoronazione di Poppea ( SV 308 The Coronation of Poppea) is an Opera seria in three acts by Claudio Monteverdi to an Italian

Monteverdi composed at least eighteen operas, but only L'Orfeo, L'incoronazione di Poppea, Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria and the famous aria, Lamento, from his second opera L'Arianna have survived. This article is about the musical term "aria" For other meanings or uses of the word see Aria (disambiguation. From monody (with melodic lines, intelligible text and placid accompanying music), it was a logical step for Monteverdi to begin composing opera, especially for a dramatically inclined composer who loved grand effect. In Poetry, the term monody has become specialized to refer to a poem in which one person laments another's death Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto In 1607, the premiere of his first opera, L'Orfeo, took place in Mantua. It was normal at that time for composers to create works on demand for special occasions, and this piece was part of the ducal celebrations of carnival. Carnival is a festival season which occurs immediately before Lent; the main events are usually during February and March (Monteverdi was later to write for the first opera houses supported by ticket sales which opened in Venice). L'Orfeo has dramatic power and lively orchestration and is arguably the first example of a composer assigning specific instruments to parts in operas. Orchestration is the study or practice of writing Music for Orchestra (or more loosely for any Musical ensemble) or of adapting for orchestra music composed It is also one of the first large compositions in which the exact instrumentation of the premiere has come down to us. The plot is described in vivid musical pictures and the melodies are linear and clear. With this opera, Monteverdi created an entirely new style of music, the dramma per la musica (musical drama) as it was called. L'Arianna was the second opera written by Claudio Monteverdi, and one of the most influential and famous specimens of early baroque opera. It was first performed in Mantua in 1608. Its subject matter was the ancient Greek legend of Ariadne and Theseus. During the last years of his life, when Monteverdi was often ill, he composed his two last masterpieces, both operas: Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria (The Return of Ulysses, 1641), and the historic opera, L'incoronazione di Poppea, (The Coronation of Poppea, 1642), based on the life of the Roman emperor Nero. Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria ( SV 325 The Return of Ulysses to His Country) is an Opera ( dramma per musica) in a prologue and five The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial An emperor (from the Latin " Imperator " is a (male Monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an Empire or another type of Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( December 15, 37 – June 9, 68) born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, also called

Other Works

The Vespers of 1610 are also one of the best examples of early repetition and contrast, with many of the parts having a clear ritornello. Il Combattimento di Tancredi e Clorinda ( SV 153 is an operatic scena for three voices by Claudio Monteverdi. Vespro della Beata Vergine 1610 ( SV 206 and 206a Vespers for the Blessed Virgin 1610 or simply the Vespers of 1610, as it is commonly called In Baroque music, ritornello was the word for a recurring passage for Orchestra in the first or final movement of a Solo concerto or Aria The published work is on a very grand scale and there has been some controversy as to whether all the movements were intended to be performed in a single service. However, there are various indications of internal unity. In its scope it foreshadows such summits of Baroque music as Handel's Messiah, and J.S. Bach's St Matthew Passion. Messiah ( HWV 56 is an Oratorio by George Frideric Handel based on a Libretto by Charles Jennens. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section.2 This article is written in British English including maximised use of "-ise" The St Matthew Passion (Matthäuspassion (also Matthæus Passion) BWV 244 is a musical composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach for solo voices Each part (there are twenty-five in total) is fully developed in both a musical and dramatic sense - the instrumental textures are used to precise dramatic and emotional effect, in a way that had not been seen before.

Posthumous portrait medallion of Monteverdi, etching by Barberis, (Associazione Amici della Raccolta Bertarelli, Milan).
Posthumous portrait medallion of Monteverdi, etching by Barberis, (Associazione Amici della Raccolta Bertarelli, Milan). Selva morale e spirituale ( SV 252-288 is the title of a collection of sacred music by the Italian composer Claudio Monteverdi. Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy.

Media

See also

References

  1. ^ An Appreciation of Music Fourth Edition
  2. ^ Claudio Monteverde, at The Catholic Encyclopedia, 1910. The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language Encyclopedia published by The Encyclopedia
  3. ^ Tim Carter. "Claudio Monteverdi, section 3", Grove Music Online, ed. The Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians is an Encyclopedic dictionary of music and musicians L. Macy (accessed March 26, 2007), grovemusic.com (subscription access). Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Called "Reverendo" in the dedication of Scherzi musicali of 1632

Further reading

External links

The Choral Public Domain Library (CPDL is a Sheet music archive which focuses on choral and vocal Music in the Public domain. The Werner Icking Music Archive, often abbreviated WIMA, is a web archive of Public domain Sheet music. The International Music Score Library Project ( IMSLP) is a project for the creation of a virtual library of Public domain music scores, based on the
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