Claude Shannon
Claude Shannon
Born	April 30, 1916(1916-04-30) Petoskey, Michigan
Died	February 24, 2001 (aged 84)
Nationality	American
Fields	Boolean algebra, Physics, Mathematics, Information Theory
Institutions	Bell Laboratories Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Alma mater	University of Michigan Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Known for	Information Theory
Notable awards	Alfred Noble Prize, Morris Liebmann Memorial Award, IEEE Medal of Honor
Religious stance	Atheism

Claude Elwood Shannon (April 30, 1916 – February 24, 2001), an American electrical engineer and mathematician, was "the father of information theory". Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Petoskey is a city in the US state of Michigan. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 6080 Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Information theory is a branch of Applied mathematics and Electrical engineering involving the quantification of Information. Bell Laboratories (also known as Bell Labs and formerly known as AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) is the Research organization Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval The University of Michigan Ann Arbor ( U of M, U-M, UM or simply Michigan) is a top-ranked Coeducational public research Information theory is a branch of Applied mathematics and Electrical engineering involving the quantification of Information. The Alfred Noble Prize is an award presented by the combined engineering societies of the United States given each year to a person not over thirty-five for a paper published in one of The IEEE Medal of Honor is the highest recognition of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE Atheism Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Electrical engineering, sometimes referred to as electrical and electronic engineering, is a field of Engineering that deals with the study and application of A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and research is the field of Mathematics. Information theory is a branch of Applied mathematics and Electrical engineering involving the quantification of Information. ^[1]

Shannon is famous for having founded information theory with one landmark paper published in 1948. But he is also credited with founding both digital computer and digital circuit design theory in 1937, when, as a 21-year-old master's student at MIT, he wrote a thesis demonstrating that electrical application of Boolean algebra could construct and resolve any logical, numerical relationship. A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. Digital electronics are Electronics systems that use Digital signals Digital electronics are representations of Boolean algebra also see It has been claimed that this was the most important master's thesis of all time. ^[2]

Biography

Shannon was born in Petoskey, Michigan. Petoskey is a city in the US state of Michigan. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 6080 His father, Claude Sr (1862–1934), a descendant of early New Jersey settlers, was a businessman and for a while, Judge of Probate. New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. Probate is the Legal process of settling the estate of a deceased person specifically resolving all claims and distributing the decedent's Property His mother, Mabel Wolf Shannon (1890–1945), daughter of German immigrants, was a language teacher and for a number of years principal of Gaylord High School, Michigan. The first sixteen years of Shannon's life were spent in Gaylord, Michigan, where he attended public school, graduating from Gaylord High School in 1932. Gaylord is a city in the US state of Michigan. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 3681 Shannon showed an inclination towards mechanical things. His best subjects were science and mathematics, and at home he constructed such devices as models of planes, a radio-controlled model boat and a telegraph system to a friend's house half a mile away. While growing up, he worked as a messenger for Western Union. The Western Union Company ( is a financial services and communications company based in the United States. His childhood hero was Thomas Edison, whom he later learned was a distant cousin. Both were descendants of John Ogden, a colonial leader and an ancestor of many distinguished people. John Ogden can refer to John B Ogden, a 19th century Arkansas judge John Ogden, a co-founder of Fisk University ^[3][4]

Boolean theory

In 1932 he entered the University of Michigan, where he took a course that introduced him to the works of George Boole. The University of Michigan Ann Arbor ( U of M, U-M, UM or simply Michigan) is a top-ranked Coeducational public research George Boole (buːl ( November 2, 1815 &ndash December 8, 1864) was a British Mathematician and Philosopher. He graduated in 1936 with two bachelor's degrees, one in electrical engineering and one in mathematics, then began graduate study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he worked on Vannevar Bush's differential analyzer, an analog computer. A bachelor's degree is usually an Undergraduate Academic degree awarded for a course or major that generally lasts for three four or in some cases and Electrical engineering, sometimes referred to as electrical and electronic engineering, is a field of Engineering that deals with the study and application of Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Vannevar Bush ( March 11, 1890 &ndash June 30, 1974; pronounced "VAN-ee-var" ˈvæˌniː The differential analyser was a mechanical Analog computer designed to solve Differential equations by integration, using wheel-and-disc mechanisms to perform An analog computer (spelt analogue in British English is a form of Computer that uses continuous physical phenomena such as electrical mechanical

While studying the complicated ad hoc circuits of the differential analyzer, Shannon saw that Boole's concepts could be used to great utility. The differential analyser was a mechanical Analog computer designed to solve Differential equations by integration, using wheel-and-disc mechanisms to perform A paper drawn from his 1937 master's thesis, A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits, was published in the 1938 issue of the Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. A dissertation (also called thesis or disquisition) is a document that presents the author's Research and findings and is submitted in support of candidature In his 1937 MIT master's thesis A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits, Claude Elwood Shannon proved that Boolean algebra and It also earned Shannon the Alfred Noble American Institute of American Engineers Award in 1940. The Alfred Noble Prize is an award presented by the combined engineering societies of the United States given each year to a person not over thirty-five for a paper published in one of Howard Gardner, of Harvard University, called Shannon's thesis "possibly the most important, and also the most famous, master's thesis of the century. Howard Gardner (born July 11, 1943 in Scranton Pennsylvania) is an American Psychologist who is based at New York University "

In this work, Shannon proved that Boolean algebra and binary arithmetic could be used to simplify the arrangement of the electromechanical relays then used in telephone routing switches, then turned the concept upside down and also proved that it should be possible to use arrangements of relays to solve Boolean algebra problems. Boolean algebra (or Boolean logic) is a logical calculus of truth values, developed by George Boole in the late 1830s The binary numeral system, or base-2 number system, is a Numeral system that represents numeric values using two symbols usually 0 and 1. A relay is an electrical Switch that opens and closes under the control of another Electrical circuit. Exploiting this property of electrical switches to do logic is the basic concept that underlies all electronic digital computers. Shannon's work became the foundation of practical digital circuit design when it became widely known among the electrical engineering community during and after World War II. Digital electronics are Electronics systems that use Digital signals Digital electronics are representations of Boolean algebra also see World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The theoretical rigor of Shannon's work completely replaced the ad hoc methods that had previously prevailed. Rigour or rigor (see spelling differences) has a number of meanings in relation to intellectual life and discourse

Flush with this success, Vannevar Bush suggested that Shannon work on his dissertation at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, funded by the Carnegie Institution headed by Bush, to develop similar mathematical relationships for Mendelian genetics, which resulted in Shannon's 1940 PhD thesis at MIT, An Algebra for Theoretical Genetics. The Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL is a private non-profit institution with research programs focusing on Cancer, Neurobiology, Plant genetics, Gregor Johann Mendel ( July 20, 1822 &ndash January 6, 1884) was Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. An Algebra for Theoretical Genetics is a 1940 PhD thesis at MIT produced by Claude Elwood Shannon.

In 1940, Shannon became a National Research Fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. The Institute for Advanced Study, located in Princeton New Jersey, United States is a center for theoretical research At Princeton, Shannon had the opportunity to discuss his ideas with influential scientists and mathematicians such as Herman Weyl and John von Neumann, and even had the occasional encounter with Albert Einstein. Shannon worked freely across disciplines, and began to shape the ideas that would become information theory. ^[5]

Wartime research

Shannon then joined Bell Labs to work on fire-control systems and cryptography during World War II, under a contract with section D-2 (Control Systems section) of the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC). Bell Laboratories (also known as Bell Labs and formerly known as AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) is the Research organization Note the term " fire control " may also refer to means of stopping a fire such as sprinkler systems A fire-control system Cryptography (or cryptology; from Greek grc κρυπτός kryptos, "hidden secret" and grc γράφω gráphō, "I write" The National Defense Research Committee (NDRC was an organization created "to coordinate supervise and conduct scientific research on the problems underlying the development

In 1945, as the war was coming to an end, the NDRC was issuing a summary of technical reports as a last step prior to its eventual closing down. Inside the volume on fire control a special essay titled Data Smoothing and Prediction in Fire-Control Systems, coauthored by Ralph Beebe Blackman, Hendrik Wade Bode, and Claude Shannon, formally introduced the problem of fire control as a special case of transmission, manipulation and utilization of intelligence, in other words it modeled the problem in terms of data and signal processing and thus heralded the coming of the information age. Ralph Beebe Blackman (1904-?? is an American mathematician and engineer who was among thepioneers of the information age along with Claude E Hendrik Wade Bode (pronounced Boh-dee in English, Boh-dah in Dutch) ( 24 December 1905 &ndash 21 June Signal processing is the analysis interpretation and manipulation of signals Signals of interest include sound, images, biological signals such as Information Age is a term that has been used to refer to the present era Shannon was greatly influenced by this work. It is clear that the technological convergence of the information age was preceded by the synergy between these scientific minds and their collaborators. Technological convergence is the tendency for different technological systems to evolve towards performing similar Tasks Convergence can refer to previously Synergy (from the Greek el-Latn syn-ergo, el συνεργός meaning working together is the term used to describe a situation where the final outcome

Postwar contributions

In 1948 Shannon published A Mathematical Theory of Communication, an article in two parts in the July and October issues of the Bell System Technical Journal. The year 1948 in Science and Technology involved some significant events listed below "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" is an influential 1948 article by Mathematician Claude E Bell Labs Technical Journal is the in-house journal for scientists of Bell Labs / Alcatel-Lucent. This work focuses on the problem of how best to encode the information a sender wants to transmit. Information as a concept has a diversity of meanings from everyday usage to technical settings In this fundamental work he used tools in probability theory, developed by Norbert Wiener, which were in their nascent stages of being applied to communication theory at that time. Norbert Wiener ( November 26, 1894, Columbia Missouri – March 18, 1964, Stockholm, Sweden) was an American Shannon developed information entropy as a measure for the uncertainty in a message while essentially inventing the field of information theory. Information theory is a branch of Applied mathematics and Electrical engineering involving the quantification of Information.

The book, co-authored with Warren Weaver, The Mathematical Theory of Communication, reprints Shannon's 1948 article and Weaver's popularization of it, which is accessible to the non-specialist. Warren Weaver (b July 17 1894 in Reedsburg Wisconsin d November 24 1978 in New Milford Connecticut) was an American Shannon's concepts were also popularized, subject to his own proofreading, in John Robinson Pierce's Symbols, Signals, and Noise. John Robinson Pierce ( March 27, 1910 &ndash April 2, 2002) was an American Engineer and Author.

Information theory's fundamental contribution to Natural Language Processing and Computational Linguistics was further established in 1951, in his article "Prediction and Entropy of Printed English", proving that treating whitespace as the 27th letter of the alphabet actually lowers uncertainty in written language, providing a clear quantifiable link between cultural practice and probabilistic cognition. Natural language processing ( NLP) is a subfield of Artificial intelligence and Computational linguistics. Computational linguistics is an Interdisciplinary field dealing with the statistical and/or rule-based modeling of Natural language from a computational In Computer science, whitespace is any single character or series of characters that represents horizontal or vertical space in Typography.

Another notable paper published in 1949 is Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems, a major contribution to the development of a mathematical theory of cryptography where he also proved that all theoretically unbreakable ciphers must have the same requirements as the one-time pad. Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems is a paper published by Claude Shannon discussing Cryptography from the viewpoint of Information theory Cryptography (or cryptology; from Greek grc κρυπτός kryptos, "hidden secret" and grc γράφω gráphō, "I write" In Cryptography, the one-time pad (OTP is an Encryption Algorithm where the Plaintext is combined with a random key or "pad" He is also credited with the introduction of Sampling Theory, which is concerned with representing a continuous-time signal from a (uniform) discrete set of samples. The Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem is a fundamental result in the field of Information theory, in particular Telecommunications and Signal processing This theory was essential in enabling telecommunications to move from analog to digital transmissions systems in the 1960s and later.

He returned to MIT to hold an endowed chair in 1956.

Hobbies and inventions

Outside of his academic pursuits, Shannon was interested in juggling, unicycling, and chess. Juggling is a physical human skill involving the movement of objects usually through the air for entertainment (see Object manipulation) A unicycle is a one-wheeled Human-powered vehicle. Unicycles are similar to but less complex than Bicycles History The unicycle's history began Chess is a recreational and competitive Game played between two players. He also invented many devices, including rocket-powered flying discs, a motorized pogo stick, and a flame-throwing trumpet for a science exhibition. One of his more humorous devices was a box kept on his desk called the "Ultimate Machine", based on an idea by Marvin Minsky. Marvin Lee Minsky (born August 9, 1927) is an American cognitive scientist in the field of Artificial intelligence (AI co-founder Otherwise featureless, the box possessed a single switch on its side. When the switch was flipped, the lid of the box opened and a mechanical hand reached out, flipped off the switch, then retracted back inside the box. In addition he built a device that could solve the Rubik's cube puzzle. The Rubik's Cube is a Mechanical puzzle invented in 1974 by Hungarian Sculptor and Professor of Architecture Ernő Rubik ^[3]

He is also considered the co-inventor of the first wearable computer along with Edward O. Thorp. Wearable computers are Computers that are worn on the body They have been applied to areas such as Behavioral modeling, Health monitoring systems information Dr Edward Oakley Thorp (born in August 14, 1932, Chicago) is an American mathematics professor author and Blackjack player ^[6] The device was used to improve the odds when playing roulette. Roulette is a Casino and Gambling game named after the French word meaning "small wheel"

Legacy and tributes

Shannon came to MIT in 1956 to join its faculty and to conduct work in the Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE). The Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT was founded in 1946 as the successor to the famed MIT Radiation Laboratory He continued to serve on the MIT faculty until 1978. To commemorate his achievements, there were celebrations of his work in 2001, and there are currently five statues of Shannon: one at the University of Michigan; one at MIT in the Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems; one in Gaylord, Michigan; one at the University of California, San Diego; and another at Bell Labs. The University of Michigan Ann Arbor ( U of M, U-M, UM or simply Michigan) is a top-ranked Coeducational public research The MIT Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems is an interdisciplinary research laboratory of MIT, working on research in the areas of communications, The University of California San Diego (popularly known as UC San Diego or UCSD) is a public Research university in San Diego, California Bell Laboratories (also known as Bell Labs and formerly known as AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) is the Research organization After the breakup of the Bell system, the part of Bell Labs that remained with AT&T was named Shannon Labs in his honor. The break up of AT&T was initiated in 1974 by the US Department of Justice antitrust suit against the telephone Monopoly. Before proposing a merge request please see Talk and see if the merger you propose has recently been made and

Robert Gallager has called Shannon the greatest scientist of the 20th century. Robert G Gallager (born May 29, 1931 in Philadelphia PA) is an American electrical engineer known for his work on Information theory According to Neil Sloane, an AT&T Fellow who co-edited Shannon's large collection of papers in 1993, the perspective introduced by Shannon's communication theory (now called information theory) is the foundation of the digital revolution, and every device containing a microprocessor or microcontroller is a conceptual descendant of Shannon's 1948 publication:^[7] "He's one of the great men of the century. Neil James Alexander Sloane is a British-[[United States|US]] Mathematician. There is much discussion in the academic world of Communication as to what actually constitutes communication Information theory is a branch of Applied mathematics and Electrical engineering involving the quantification of Information. A microprocessor incorporates most or all of the functions of a Central processing unit (CPU on a single Integrated A microcontroller (also MCU or µC is a functional Computer system-on-a- chip. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Without him, none of the things we know today would exist. The whole digital revolution started with him. This article presents a Timeline of events in the history of Computing from 1950 to 1979 "^[8]

However, Shannon was oblivious to the marvels of the digital revolution because his mind was ravaged by Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's disease ( AD) also called Alzheimer disease or simply Alzheimer's, is the most common form of Dementia. His wife mentioned in his obituary that "he would have been bemused" by it all. ^[8]

Shannon miscellany

Shannon and his famous electromechanical mouse Theseus, named after the Greek mythology hero of Minotaur and Labyrinth fame, and which he tried to teach to come out of the maze in one of the first experiments in artificial intelligence. In Engineering, electromechanics combines the Sciences of Electromagnetism of Electrical engineering and mechanics. For other uses see Theseus (disambiguation Theseus (Θησεύς was a Legendary king of Athens, son of Aethra, and fathered Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance In Greek mythology, the Minotaur ( Greek:, Mīnṓtauros) was a creature that was part man and part bull. In Greek mythology, the Labyrinth ( Greek λαβύρινθος labyrinthos) was an elaborate structure designed and built by the legendary artificer

Shannon's mouse

Theseus, created in 1950, was a magnetic mouse controlled by a relay circuit that enabled it to move around a maze of 25 squares. Its dimensions were the same as an average mouse. ^[1] The maze configuration was flexible and it could be modified at will. ^[1] The mouse was designed to search through the corridors until it found the target. Having travelled through the maze, the mouse would then be placed anywhere it had been before and because of its prior experience it could go directly to the target. If placed in unfamiliar territory, it was programmed to search until it reached a known location and then it would proceed to the target, adding the new knowledge to its memory thus learning. ^[1] Shannon's mouse appears to have been the first learning device of its kind. ^[1]

Shannon's computer chess program

In 1950 Shannon published a groundbreaking paper on computer chess entitled Programming a Computer for Playing Chess. The idea of creating a Chess -playing machine dates back to the eighteenth century It describes how a machine or computer could be made to play a reasonable game of chess. Chess is a recreational and competitive Game played between two players. His process for having the computer decide on which move to make is a minimax procedure, based on an evaluation function of a given chess position. Minimax (sometimes minmax) is a decision rule used in Decision theory, Game theory, Statistics and Philosophy for mini mizing An evaluation function, also known as a heuristic evaluation function or static evaluation function, is a function used by game-playing programs to estimate the value Shannon gave a rough example of an evaluation function in which the value of the black position was subtracted from that of the white position. Material was counted according to the usual relative chess piece point value (1 point for a pawn, 3 points for a knight or bishop, 5 points for a rook, and 9 points for a queen). Standard valuations The following is the most common assignment of point values. He considered some positional factors, subtracting ½ point for each doubled pawn, backward pawn, and isolated pawn. In Chess, doubled pawns are two pawns of the same color residing on the same file. In Chess, a backward pawn is a pawn that is behind the pawns of the same color on the adjacent files and that cannot be advanced without loss of material In Chess, an isolated pawn is a pawn for which there is no friendly pawn on an adjacent file. Another positional factor in the evaluation function was mobility, adding 0. 1 point for each legal move available. Finally, he considered checkmate to be the capture of the king, and gave it the artificial value of 200 points. Checkmate (frequently shortened to mate) is a situation in Chess (and in other Boardgames of the Chaturanga family in which one player's Quoting from the paper:

The coefficients . 5 and . 1 are merely the writer's rough estimate. Furthermore, there are many other terms that should be included. The formula is given only for illustrative purposes. Checkmate has been artificially included here by giving the king the large value 200 (anything greater than the maximum of all other terms would do).

The evaluation function is clearly for illustrative purposes, as Shannon stated. For example, according to the function, pawns that are doubled as well as isolated would have no value at all, which is clearly unrealistic.

The Las Vegas connection: Information theory and its applications to game theory

Shannon and his wife Betty also used to go on weekends to Las Vegas with M.I.T. mathematician Ed Thorp,^[9] and made very successful forays in roulette and blackjack using game theory type methods co-developed with fellow Bell Labs associate, physicist John L. Kelly Jr. based on principles of information theory. Las Vegas ( Spanish: "The Meadows" is the most populous City in the state of Nevada, the seat of Clark County, and an internationally Dr Edward Oakley Thorp (born in August 14, 1932, Chicago) is an American mathematics professor author and Blackjack player Roulette is a Casino and Gambling game named after the French word meaning "small wheel" Blackjack (also known as Twenty-one, Vingt-et-un (French for Twenty-one or Pontoon) is the most widely played casino banking Game theory is a branch of Applied mathematics that is used in the Social sciences (most notably Economics) Biology, Engineering, John Larry Kelly Jr (1923 &ndash 1965 was a scientist who worked at Bell Labs. ^[10] They made a fortune, as detailed in the book Fortune's Formula by William Poundstone and corroborated by the writings of Elwyn Berlekamp,^[11] Kelly's research assistant in 1960 and 1962. William Poundstone is an American author columnist and Skeptic. Elwyn Ralph Berlekamp (born September 6, 1940 in Dover, Ohio, United States of America) is a professor emeritus of Mathematics ^[2] Shannon and Thorp also applied the same theory, later known as the Kelly criterion, to the stock market with even better results. In Probability theory, the Kelly criterion, or Kelly strategy or Kelly formula, or Kelly bet, is a Formula used to determine to optimal ^[12]

Shannon's maxim

Shannon formulated a version of Kerckhoffs' principle as "the enemy knows the system". In Cryptography, Kerckhoffs' principle (also called Kerckhoffs' assumption, axiom or law) was stated by Auguste Kerckhoffs in In this form it is known as "Shannon's maxim".

Other trivia

He met his wife Betty when she was a numerical analyst at Bell Labs. Bell Laboratories (also known as Bell Labs and formerly known as AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) is the Research organization

Awards and honors list

• Alfred Noble Prize, 1940
• Morris Liebmann Memorial Award of the Institute of Radio Engineers, 1949
• Yale University (Master of Science), 1954
• Stuart Ballantine Medal of the Franklin Institute, 1955
• Research Corporation Award, 1956
• University of Michigan, honorary doctorate, 1961
• Rice University Medal of Honor, 1962
• Princeton University, honorary doctorate, 1962
• Marvin J. The Alfred Noble Prize is an award presented by the combined engineering societies of the United States given each year to a person not over thirty-five for a paper published in one of Following several attempts to form a technical organization of Wireless practitioners in 1908-1912 the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE was finally established in 1912 Charles Stuart Ballantine (September 22 1897 - May 7 1944 better known as Stuart Ballantine, was a noted American Inventor. This article is about the science museum in Philadelphia For the Boston school see Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology. The University of Michigan Ann Arbor ( U of M, U-M, UM or simply Michigan) is a top-ranked Coeducational public research William Marsh Rice University (commonly called Rice University and opened in 1912 as The William Marsh Rice Institute for the Advancement of Letters Science and Art Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. Kelly Award, 1962
• University of Edinburgh, honorary doctorate, 1964
• University of Pittsburgh, honorary doctorate, 1964
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honor, 1966
• National Medal of Science, 1966, presented by President Lyndon B. Johnson
• Golden Plate Award, 1967
• Northwestern University, honorary doctorate, 1970
• Harvey Prize, the Technion of Haifa, Israel, 1972
• Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), foreign member, 1975
• University of Oxford, honorary doctorate, 1978
• Joseph Jacquard Award, 1978
• Harold Pender Award, 1978
• University of East Anglia, honorary doctorate, 1982
• Carnegie Mellon University, honorary doctorate, 1984
• Audio Engineering Society Gold Medal, 1985
• Kyoto Prize, 1985
• Tufts University, honorary doctorate, 1987
• University of Pennsylvania, honorary doctorate, 1991
• Eduard Rhein Prize, 1991
• National Inventors Hall of Fame inducted, 2004

See also

References

Cited references

General references

External links

• A Mathematical Theory of Communication
• Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems
• Communication in the Presence of Noise
• Summary of Shannon's life and career
• O'Connor, John J. & Robertson, Edmund F. , “Claude Shannon”, MacTutor History of Mathematics archive 
• Color photo of Shannon at home by Stanley Rowin - not for reproduction without permission
• Biographical summary from Shannon's collected papers
• Video documentary: "Claude Shannon - Father of the Information Age"
• Mathematical Theory of Claude Shannon In-depth MIT class paper on the development of Shannon's work to 1948. The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive is an award-winning website maintained by John J
• Obituary Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences (in Dutch)
• Retrospective at the University of Michigan
• Shannon's University of Michigan profile
• Notes on Computer-Generated Text
• Shannonizer An example of his work
• Shannon's Juggling Theorem and Juggling Robots
• Shannon's paper on computer chess, text
• Shannon's paper on computer chessPDF (175 KiB)
• Shannon's paper on computer chess, text, alternate source
• Photos
• A Bibliography of His Collected Papers
• A Register of His Papers in the Library of Congress
• The Most Beautiful Machine. (aka the "Ultimate Machine") It's a communication based on the functions ON and OFF. A kibibyte (a contraction of ki lo bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, established by the International
• Guizzo, "The Essential Message: Claude Shannon and the Making of Information Theory"