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Claude Lorrain.
Claude Lorrain.

Claude Lorrain (also Claude Gellée or Le Lorrain) (Lorraine, c. Lorraine (Lorraine Lothringen is a historical area in present-day northeast France. 1600 – Rome, 21 or 23 November 1682), a artist of the Baroque era who was active in Italy, is admired for his achievements in landscape painting, from the Duchy of Lorraine (independant state until 1766). Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of The definition of an artist is wide-ranging and covers a broad spectrum of Activities to do with creating Art, practicing the Arts and/or demonstrating Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc For the art of designing external spaces see Landscape architecture. Lorraine (Lorraine Lothringen is a historical area in present-day northeast France.

Contents

Biography

Early years

Lorrain the third was born in 1604 or 1605 into poverty in the town of Chamagne, Vosges in Lorraine. Chamagne is a commune of the Vosges département, in France. Lorraine (Lorraine Lothringen is a historical area in present-day northeast France. He was one of five children. His actual name was Claude Gellée, but he is better known by the province in which he was born. Orphaned by age of twelve, he went to live at Freiburg with an elder brother, Jean Gellée, a woodcarver. He afterwards went to Rome to seek a livelihood and then to Naples, where he apprenticed for two years, from 1619 to 1621, under Goffredo (Gottfreid) Wals. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the He returned to Rome in April 1625 and was apprenticed to Augustin Tassi. Agostino Tassi (1578‑1644 was an Italian painter mostly of landscapes and seascapes He apparently was able to tour in Italy, France and Germany, including his native Lorraine, suffering numerous misadventures. Karl Dervent, painter to the duke of Lorraine, kept him as assistant for a year; and at Nancy he painted architectural subjects on the ceiling of the Carmelite church.

Seaport (Villa Medici) by Claude Lorrain (1637).
Seaport (Villa Medici) by Claude Lorrain (1637).

Mature works

In 1627 Lorrain returned to Rome. Here, two landscapes made for Cardinal Bentivoglio earned him the patronage of Pope Urban VIII. Guido Cardinal Bentivoglio d'Aragona ( October 4, 1579 – September 7, 1644) was an Italian cardinal, Statesman Pope From about 1637 he rapidly achieved fame as a painter of landscapes and seascapes. He apparently befriended his fellow Frenchman Nicolas Poussin; together they would travel the Roman Campagna, sketching landscapes. Nicolas Poussin (15 June 1594 – 19 November 1665 was a French painter in the classical style The Roman Campagna ( Italian: campagna romana) is a low-lying area surrounding Rome in the Lazio region of central Italy, with an area Though both have been called landscape painters, in Poussin the landscape is a background to the figures; where as for Lorrain, despite figures in one corner of the canvas, the true subjects are the land, the sea, and the air. By report, he often engaged other artists to paint the figures for him, including Courtois and Filippo Lauri. Jacques Courtois (also called ' il Borgognone' or Giacomo Borgognone) ( 1621 - May 20, 1676 ? was a French painter Filippo Lauri (Rome 25 August 1623 - 12 December 1694) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period active mainly in He remarked to those purchasing his pictures that he sold them the landscape; the figures were gratis.

In order to avoid repetition of subjects, and also to expose the many spurious copies of his works, he made tinted outline drawings (in six paper books prepared for this purpose) of all those pictures sent to different countries; and on the back of each drawing he wrote the name of the purchaser. These volumes he named the Liber Veritatis (Book of Truth). This valuable work, engraved and published, has always been highly esteemed by students of the art of landscape. Claude, who suffered much from gout, died in Rome on either 21 November or 23 November 1682, leaving his considerable wealth between his only surviving relatives, a nephew and an adopted daughter (possibly his niece). Gout (also called metabolic arthritis) is a disease created by a buildup of Uric acid. Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of Originally buried in Santissima Trinità al Monte Pincio (commonly known as Trinità al Monte), at top

Critical assessment and legacy

"The Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba"
"The Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba"

In Rome, not until the mid-17th century were landscapes deemed fit for serious painting. Trinità dei Monti (also called Santissima Trinità al Monte Pincio, Trinità del Monte, or Holy Trinity on Pincio Hill) is a famous church in Rome The Queen of Sheba (ንግሥተ ሳባ, 'מלכת שבא, ملكة سبأ) was the woman who ruled the ancient kingdom of Sheba and is referred to in Habeshan Northern Europeans, such as the Germans Elsheimer and Brill, had made such views pre-eminent in some of their paintings (as well as Da Vinci in his private drawings[1]or Baldassarre Peruzzi in his decorative frescoes of vedute); but not until Annibale Carracci and his pupil Domenichino do we see landscape become the focus of a canvas by a major Italian artist. Paul ( 1554 - 1626) and Mattheus ( 1550 - 1583) Brill (or Bril) were brothers both born in Antwerp Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ( April 15 1452 – May 2 1519 was an Italian Polymath, having been a scientist Mathematician, Engineer Baldassare Tommaso Peruzzi ( 7 March, 1481 &mdash 6 January, 1537) was an Italian Architect and painter, born in a small A veduta ( Italian for "view" plural vedute) is a highly detailed usually large-scale Painting of a cityscape or some other Annibale Carracci ( November 3, 1560 - July 15, 1609) was an Italian Baroque painter. Domenico Zampieri (or Domenichino) ( October 21, 1581 &ndash April 15, 1641) was a prominent Italian Baroque Even with the latter two, as with Lorrain, the stated themes of the paintings were mythic or religious. Landscape as a subject was distinctly unclassical and secular. The former quality was not consonant with Renaissance art, which boasted its rivalry with the work of the ancients. The second quality had less public patronage in Counter-Reformation Rome, which prized subjects worthy of "high painting," typically religious or mythic scenes. Pure landscape, like pure still-life or genre painting, reflected an aesthetic viewpoint regarded as lacking in moral seriousness. Rome, the theological and philosophical center of 17th century Italian art, was not quite ready for such a break with tradition.

In this matter of the importance of landscape, Lorrain was prescient. Living in a pre-Romantic era, he did not depict those uninhabited panoramas that were to be esteemed in later centuries, such as with Salvatore Rosa. Salvator Rosa ( 1615 - March 15, 1673) was an Italian Baroque painter poet and Printmaker, active in Naples Rome He painted a pastoral world of fields and valleys not distant from castles and towns. If the ocean horizon is represented, it is from the setting of a busy port. Perhaps to feed the public need for paintings with noble themes, his pictures include demigods, heroes and saints, even though his abundant drawings and sketchbooks prove that he was more interested in scenography.

Lorrain was described as kind to his pupils and hard-working; keenly observant, but an unlettered man until his death. The painter Joachim von Sandrart is an authority for Claude's life (Academia Artis Pictoriae, 1683); Baldinucci, who obtained information from some of Claude's immediate survivors, relates various incidents to a different effect (Notizie dei professoni del disegno). Joachim von Sandrart ( May 12, 1606 - October 14, 1688) was a German art-historian and painter. Filippo Baldinucci ( 1624 &ndash January 1 1696 / 1697) was an Italian art historian and biographer

Landscape with Apollo and Mercury (1645).
Landscape with Apollo and Mercury (1645).
Seaport (1674).
Seaport (1674).

Selected works

See also

Further reading

External links

References

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