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For other uses, see Classics (disambiguation).
"Classical literature" redirects here. For literature in classical languages outside the Graeco-Roman sphere, see ancient literature. A classical language, is a language with a Literature that is "classical"&mdashie "it should be ancient it should be an independent tradition that arose mostly The History of literature begins with the History of writing, in Bronze Age Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt, although the oldest literary
Bust of Homer.
Bust of Homer. Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the

Classics or Classical Studies is the branch of the Humanities dealing with the languages, literature, history, art, and other aspects of the ancient Mediterranean world; especially Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome during the time known as classical antiquity, roughly spanning from the Ancient Greek Bronze Age in 1000 BC to the Dark Ages circa AD 500. The humanities are academic disciplines which study the Human condition, using methods that are primarily Analytic, Critical, or Speculative A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Classical antiquity (also the classical era or classical period) is a broad term for a long period of cultural History centered on the Mediterranean The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for This article is about the phrase "Dark Age(s" as a characterization of the Early Middle Ages in Western Europe The study of the Classics was the initial field of study in the humanities. The word "Classics" also refers to the literature of that period.

Traditionally, the focus of classics was tightly centered on ancient Greece and Rome. Ancient Egypt was thought to be beyond the discipline. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Today, classicists study a subject more broadly defined as that pertaining to the Ancient Mediterranean World. Those scholars focusing upon the landward side of the eastern Mediterranean—the ancient Persian Empire and the kingdoms of ancient India—are termed Orientalists. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia This article is about the kingdoms as reflected in Sanskrit literature Oriental studies is the academic field of study that embraces Near Eastern and Far Eastern societies and cultures languages peoples history and archaeology in recent

Contents

History of the western classics

The word "classics" is derived from the Latin adjective classicus meaning "belonging to the highest class of citizens," and has further connotations of superiority, authority, and perfection. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. In Grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a Noun or Pronoun, giving more information about the Its first recorded application to a writer was by Aulus Gellius, a second century Roman author who, in his miscellany Noctes Atticae (19, 8, 15), refers to classicus scriptor, non proletarius ("a distinguished, not a commonplace writer"). Aulus Gellius (ca 125 AD—after 180 AD Latin author and grammarian possibly of African origin probably born and certainly brought up at Rome. The 2nd century is the period from 101 to 200 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. ANThology is the first Major label album by Alien Ant Farm released on March 6, 2001 in the USA and March 19

This method was started when the Greeks were constantly ranking their cultural work. The word they used was canon; ancient Greek for a carpenter's rule. Moreover, early Christian Church Fathers used this term to classify authoritative texts of the New Testament. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings This rule further helped in the preservation of works since writing platforms of vellum and papyrus and methods of reproduction were not cheap. The title of canon placed on a work meant that it would be more easily preserved for future generations. In modern times, a Western canon was collated that defined the best of Western culture. The Western canon is a term used to denote a canon of books and more widely music and art, that has been the most influential in Western culture (sometimes equated with Western Civilization) are terms which are used to refer to Cultures of European origin

At the Alexandrian Library, the ancient scholars coined another term for canonized authors, hoi enkrithentes; "the admitted" or "the included. "

Classical studies incorporate a certain type of methodology. The rule of the classical world and of Christian culture and society was Philo's rule: The rule is: "μεταχάραττε τὸ θεῖον νόμισμα" ("metacharatte to theion nomisma"). It is the law of strict continuity. We preserve and do not throw away words or ideas. Words and ideas may grow in meaning but must stay within the limits of the original meaning and concept that the word has. " arete, hence a good citizen. Arete (Greek; ˈærəteɪ in English in its basic sense means " Goodness " " Excellence " or " Virtue " of It furnished students with intellectual and aesthetic appreciation for "the best which has been thought and said in the world. " Edward Copleston, an Oxford classicist, said that classical education "communicates to the mind. . . a high sense of honour, a disdain of death in a good cause, (and) a passionate devotion to the welfare of one's country. "[1] Cicero commented, "All literature, all philosophical treatises, all the voices of antiquity are full of examples for imitation, which would all lie unseen in darkness without the light of literature. Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman "

Legacy of the Classical World

The Classical languages have been immensely influential on all western European languages, bestowing on them an international learned vocabulary. Until the 17th century, the Latin language itself was used as the international medium of communication in diplomatic, scientific, philosophical and religious matters. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar

Latin itself evolved into The Romance languages. The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all Ancient Greek can be seen in Modern Greek and the Griko languages. Modern Greek (el Νέα Ελληνικά or el Νεοελληνική lit Griko, sometimes spelled Grico, is a Modern Greek dialect which is spoken by people in the Magna Graecia region in southern Italy, and it

The Latin influence on English is most prominent in technical vocabulary; in a similar way, so is the Greek influence on English. English has been called a Germanic language with a Romance vocabulary The Greek language has contributed to the English vocabulary in three ways directly as an immediate donor indirectly through other intermediate language(s

The Ecclesiastical Latin dialect of Latin is still used by the Catholic Church. Ecclesiastical Latin (sometimes called Church Latin) is the Latin dialect as used in documents of the Roman Catholic Church and in its Latin liturgies

Sub-disciplines within the classics

One of the most notable characteristics of the modern study of classics is the diversity of the field. Although traditionally focused on ancient Greece and Rome, the study now encompasses the entire ancient Mediterranean world, thus expanding their studies to Northern Africa and the Middle East. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East.

Forebears of the Classical World

The Classical civilization did not develop in isolation; the ancient Greeks were partially indebted to their geographical proximity to much older cultures. But their originality and achievements are undeniable.

Philology

Traditionally, classics was essentially the philology of ancient texts. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun See Comparative linguistics for the narrower field of "comparative philology" Although now less dominant, philology retains a central role. One definition of classical philology describes it as "the science which concerns itself with everything that has been transmitted from antiquity in the Greek or Latin language. The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c Classical Latin is the form of the Latin language used by the ancient Romans in what is usually regarded as "classical" Latin literature. The object of this science is thus the Graeco-Roman, or Classical, world to the extent that it has left behind monuments in a linguistic form. "[2] Of course, classicists also concern themselves with other languages than Classical Greek and Latin including Linear A, Linear B, Sanskrit, Hebrew, Oscan, Etruscan, and many more. Linear A is one of two linear scripts used in ancient Crete before Greek Mycenaean Linear B. Linear B is a script that was used for writing Mycenaean, an early form of Greek. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Oscan, the language of the Osci, is in the Sabellic branch of the Italic language family, which is a branch of Indo-European that also includes Etruscan civilization is the modern English name given to the culture and way of life of a people of ancient Italy Before the invention of the printing press, texts were reproduced by hand and distributed haphazardly. A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a medium (such as paper or cloth thereby transferring an image As a result, extant versions of the same text often differ from one another. Some classical philologists, known as textual critics, seek to synthesize these defective texts to find the most accurate version.

Archaeology

Main article: Classical archaeology

Thanks to popular culture, such as the movie Raiders of the Lost Ark, classical archaeology is often seen as very exciting. Classical archaeology is the archaeological investigation of the great Mediterranean civilizations of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Raiders of the Lost Ark (also known as Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark) is a 1981 Adventure film directed by Steven Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos The truth is that archaeology is more lab and library work than adventure. Field work is performed in controlled, scientific manner and must be well documented. Philologists rely on archaeological excavation, so that they may study the literary and linguistic culture of the ancient world. Likewise, archaeologists may rely on the philological study of literature in order to contextualize the excavated remains of the classical civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome. Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now The artifacts they find are key to all the other sub-disciplines and help provide new evidence for the understanding of the ancient world.

Art history

Some art historians focus their study of the development of art on the classical world. Art history is the Academic study of objects of Art in their Historical development and stylistic contexts i Indeed, the art and architecture of Ancient Rome and Greece is very well regarded and remains at the heart of much of our art today. For example, Ancient Greek architecture gave us the Classical Orders: Doric order, Ionic order, and Corinthian order. The Doric order was one of the three '''orders''' or organizational systems of Ancient Greek or Classical architecture; the other two Canonical The Ionic order column forms one of the three '''orders''' or '''organizational systems''' of Classical architecture, the other two canonic orders being the The Corinthian order is one of the Classical orders of Greek and Roman Architecture, characterized The Parthenon is still the architectural symbol of the classical world. The Parthenon ( Ancient Greek:) is a temple of the Greek goddess Athena, built in the 5th century BC on the Athenian Acropolis

Greek sculpture is well known and we know the names of several Ancient Greek artists: for example, Phidias. Phidias (or Pheidias; in Ancient Greek,; c[[ 80 BC]] c 430 BC) son of Charmides was an ancient Greek

Civilization and history

Some classicists use the information gathered through philology, archaeology, and art history to seek an understanding of the history, culture, and civilization. They critically use the literary and physical artifacts to create and refine a narrative of the ancient world. Unfortunately, imbalances in the evidence available often leave a huge vacuum of information about certain classes of people. Thus, classicists are now working to fill in these gaps as much as possible to get an understanding of the lives of ancient women, slaves, and the lower classes. Other problems include the under-representation in the evidence of entire cultures. For example, Sparta was one of the leading city-states of Greece, but little evidence of it has survived for classicists to study. The city of Sparta ( Doric Σπάρτα Attic Σπάρτη A city-state is a Region controlled exclusively by a City, usually having Sovereignty. That which has survived has generally come from their key rival, Athens. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Likewise, the domination and the expansion of the Roman Empire reduced much of the evidence of earlier civilizations like the Etruscans. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Etruscan civilization is the modern English name given to the culture and way of life of a people of ancient Italy

Philosophy

Main article: Ancient philosophy

The roots of Western philosophy lie in the study of the classics. This page lists some links to ancient philosophy. In Western philosophy, the spread of Christianity through the Roman Empire marked the end of Hellenistic Western philosophy is a term that refers to philosophical thinking in the Western or Occidental world, as distinct from Eastern or Oriental philosophies The very word philosophy is Greek in origin—a term coined by Pythagoras to describe the "love of wisdom. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language " It is not surprising, then, that many classicists study the wealth of philosophical works surviving from Roman and Greek philosophy. Among the most formidable and lasting of these thinkers are Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and the Stoics. SOCRATES is the European Community action programme in the field of Education. Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Stoicism, a school of Hellenistic philosophy, was founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early third century BC

Classical Greece

Main article: Ancient Greece topics
Greek Philosophy Greek Mythology and religion Greek Science Greek History Greek Literature Greek Language
  • The Presocratics. The Pre-Socratic Greek philosophers were active before Socrates or contemporaneously but expounding knowledge developed earlier These are philosophers who worked before Socrates.
    • The Milesians. These are the earliest Greek philosophers of whom we know. They worked in Miletus in Ionia in the 6th century BC. Miletus (mī lē' təs ( Ancient Greek: Μίλητος literally Transliterated Milētos, Latin Miletus) was an Ancient Geography Physical Ionia was of small extent not exceeding 90 geographical miles in length from north to south with a breadth varying from 40 to 55 miles but to this The 6th century BC started the first day of 600 BC and ended the last day of 501 BC.
    • Thales
    • Anaximander
    • Anaximenes
  • Heraclitus
  • Pythagoras
  • Xenophanes
    • The Eleatics. Thales of Miletus According to Bertrand Russell, "Philosophy begins with Thales Anaximander ( Ancient Greek:) (c 610 BC–c 546 BC was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who lived in Miletus Heraclitus of Ephesus ( Ancient Greek: &mdash grc-Latn ''Hērákleitos ho Ephésios'' English Heraclitus the Ephesian) (ca "Pythagoras of Samos" redirects here For the Samian statuary of the same name see Pythagoras (sculptor. Xenophanes of Colophon ( Greek ( 570 – 480 BC was a Greek Philosopher, Poet, and social and religious Critic. These philosophers worked in Elea in Magna Graecia. Elea may refer to Velia (town, Italy Elea Kyrenia, Cyprus Elea Nicosia, Cyprus
    • Parmenides
    • Zeno
  • The Atomists
  • The Sophists
  • Socrates
  • Plato
  • Aristotle
  • Epicureanism
  • Stoicism
  • Zeno of Citium
  • Cleanthes
  • Chrysippus
  • Panaetius
  • Posidonius
  • Epictetus
  • Scepticism
  • Neoplatonism

Classical Rome

Main articles: Ancient Rome and Culture of Ancient Rome
Roman Philosophy Roman mythology and religion Roman Science Roman History Roman Literature Latin Language

Astrology/Astronomy

Famous Classicists

Throughout the history of the Western world, many classicists have gone on to gain acknowledgement outside the field. Parmenides of Elea ( Greek:, early 5th century BC was an Ancient Greek Philosopher born in Elea, a Greek city on the southern coast of Zeno of Elea (ˈziːnoʊ əv ˈɛliə Greek: Ζήνων ὁ Ἐλεάτης (ca In Natural philosophy, atomism is the theory that all the objects in the universe are composed of very small indestructible building blocks - Atoms Or stated in Leucippus or Leukippos ( Greek, first half of 5th century BC was among the earliest philosophers of Atomism, the idea that everything is composed entirely Democritus ( Greek:) was a pre-Socratic Greek Materialist Philosopher (born at Abdera in Thrace ca Gorgias ( Greek: Γοργίας ca 487-376 BC Greek Sophist, Pre-socratic philosopher and Rhetorician was a native Protagoras ( Greek:) (ca 490&ndash 420 BC was a pre-Socratic Greek Philosopher and is numbered as one of the Sophists by Antiphon the Sophist lived in Athens probably in the last two decades of the 5th century BC SOCRATES is the European Community action programme in the field of Education. Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Stoicism, a school of Hellenistic philosophy, was founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early third century BC Zeno of Citium (Ζήνων ὁ Κιτιεύς Zēnōn ho Kitieŭs) (334 BC - 262 BC was a Greek Philosopher from Citium (Κίτιον Cleanthes (Κλέανθης of Assos, lived c 330- c 230 BC was a Stoic Philosopher and the successor to Zeno as the second head ( scholarch Chrysippus of Soli (c280&ndashc207 BC (Χρύσιππος ὁ Σολεύς was Cleanthes ' pupil and the eventual successor as the head of Stoic philosophy Panaetius (Παναίτιος of Rhodes, lived c 185 - c 110 BC was a Stoic philosopher and head of the Stoic school in Athens. Posidonius ( Greek: Ποσειδώνιος / Poseidonios "of Apameia " (ὁ Απαμεύς or "of Rhodes " (ὁ Ρόδιος (ca Epictetus ( Greek:; ca 55&ndashca 135 was a Greek Stoic philosopher. For a general discussion of skepticism see Skepticism. Philosophical skepticism (from Greek σκέψις - skepsis meaning Neoplatonism (also Neo-Platonism) is the modern term for a school of religious and mystical Philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century AD founded by Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance Astronomy is the oldest of the Natural sciences dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious, Mythological, and Astrological This article explores the History of Geography. Ancient geography See also Ancient Greek geography Ancient Greeks environment Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca Greek mathematics, as that term is used in this article is the Mathematics written in Greek, developed from the 6th century BC to the 5th century Euclid ( Greek:.) fl 300 BC also known as Euclid of Alexandria, is often referred to as the Father of Geometry Hippocrates of Cos II or Hippokrates of Kos ( ca. 460 BC – ca Galen ( Greek: Γαληνός Galēnos; Latin: Claudius Galenus, Aelius Galenus, Claudius Aelius Galenus, or Aegean civilization is a general term for the Bronze Age Civilizations of Greece and the Aegean. Mycenaean Greece is a cultural period of ancient Greece taking its name from the archaeological site of Mycenae in northeastern Argolis, in the Peloponnese The Dark Ages (ca 1150 BC–800 BC refers to Greek history from the presumed Dorian invasion and end of the Mycenaean civilization in the 11th century In the context of the art architecture and culture of Ancient Greece, the classical period corresponds to most of the 5th and 4th centuries Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' The Hellenistic period of European history was the period between the death of Alexander the Great (Alexander III of Macedon in 323 BC and the annexation Roman Greece is the period of Greek history (of Greece proper as opposed to the other centers of Hellenism in the Roman world following the Roman victory over Greek literature refers to those writings autochthonic to the areas of Greek influence typically though not necessarily in one of the Greek dialects throughout the Theocritus ( Greek: Θεόκριτος the creator of Ancient Greek Bucolic Poetry, flourished in the 3rd century BC Hesiod ( Greek: Hesiodos) was an early Greek Poet and Rhapsode, who presumably lived around 700 BCE Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the Alcman (also Alkman Greek) (7th century BC was an Ancient Greek choral lyric poet from Sparta. For the Hummingbird Genus, see Archilochus. Archilochus ( Greek:) (c Bacchylides (5th century BC was an Ancient Greek lyric Poet. Later Greeks included him in the canonical list of Nine lyric poets which included Mimnermus of Colophon was a Greek Elegiac poet who flourished about 630 - 600 BC. Pindar (ˈpɪndɚ (or Pindarus, Greek:) (probably born 522 BC in Cynoscephalae a village in Boeotia; died 443 BC in Argos) was an Ancient Sappho (ˈsæfoʊ in English Attic Greek el Σαπφώ sapːʰɔː Aeolic Greek el Ψάπφω) was an Ancient Greek lyric Semonides (or Semontoes) of Amorgos was an ancient Greek Iambic Poet who flourished in the middle of the 7th century BC Tyrtaeus (also Tyrtaios, Greek:) was a Greek elegiac Poet who lived at Sparta about the middle of the 7th century BC Aeschylus (ˈɛskɨləs or /ˈiːskɨləs/ Greek: Ασχύλος, Aischylos, 525 BC/524 BC 456 BC/455 BC was an ancient Greek Playwright Euripides ( Ancient Greek:) (ca 480 BC–406 BC was the last of the three great tragedians of classical Athens (the other two being Aeschylus Sophocles (ˈsɒfəkliːz Ancient Greek, sopʰoklɛ̂ːs circa Comedy (from the Greek κωμωδίαkomodia has a popular meaning (any discourse generally intended to amuse especially in Television, Film, and Aristophanes (Ἀριστοφάνης ˌærɪˈstɒfəniːz in English ca Menander ( Greek:, Menandros; ca 342&ndash291 BC Greek Dramatist, the best-known representative of Athenian New Comedy, was the son Xenophon (Ancient Greek, Modern Greek "Ξενοφών" "Ξενοφώντας" ca Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus ( Greek: Μέστριος Πλούταρχος c Polybius (ca 203 &ndash 120 BC, Greek) was a Greek historian of the Hellenistic Period noted for his book called The Histories Thucydides ( C 460 BC &ndash C 395 BC) ( Greek Θουκυδίδης Thoukydídēs) was a Greek Xenophon (Ancient Greek, Modern Greek "Ξενοφών" "Ξενοφώντας" ca Aeschines (in Greek, 389&ndash314 BC Greek Statesman and one of the ten Attic orators. For the Athenian general see Demosthenes (general. For the ancient physician see Demosthenes Philalethes. Isocrates ( Greek: Ἰσοκράτης 436–338 BC an Ancient Greek rhetorician, was one of the ten Attic orators. Lysias (Greek Λυσίας (born ca 445 BC died ca 380 BC was an Attic orator. Lucian of Samosata (Λουκιανός ὁ Σαμοσατεύς Lucianus c Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece Aeolic Greek (also known as Lesbian Greek) is a linguistic term used to describe a set of rather archaic Greek sub- Dialects spoken The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c Attic Greek is the Prestige dialect of Ancient Greece that was spoken in Attica, which includes Athens. For the modern Doric dialect of Scotland see Doric dialect (Scotland Doric was a dialect of ancient Greek. The Greek alphabet (Ελληνικό αλφάβητο is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early Homeric Greek is the form of Ancient Greek that was used by Homer in the Iliad and Odyssey. Ionic Greek was a sub-dialect of the Attic-Ionic dialectal group of Ancient Greek (see Greek dialects) Koine Greek (Κοινὴ Ἑλληνική, "common Greek" or, ciˈni ðiˈale̞kto̞s "the common dialect" is the popular form of Greek which emerged in Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Endless such activities were also conducted in other cities under ancient Rome Titus Lucretius Carus (ca 99 BC- ca 55 BC was a Roman Poet and Philosopher. Lucius Annaeus Seneca (often known simply as Seneca, or Seneca the Younger; Σένεκας in Ancient Greek literature (c Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (often referred to as "the wise" ( April 26, 121 – March 17, 180) was Roman Emperor Roman mythology, or more appropriately Latin mythology, refers to the mythological beliefs of the Italic people inhabiting the region of Latium and its Ancient Roman religion encompasses the collection of Beliefs and Rituals practised in Ancient Rome in the form of Cult practices Marcus Porcius Cato ( Latin: M·PORCIVS·M·F·CATO (234 BC Tusculum &ndash149 BC was a Roman statesman surnamed the Censor Lucius Iunius Moderatus Columella ( Gades, Hispania Baetica, AD 4 - ca Sextus Julius Frontinus (ca 40-103 AD was one of the most distinguished Roman aristocrats of the late first century AD but is best known to the post-Classical world as an Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (born c 80–70 BC died after c 15 BC was a Roman Writer, Architect and Engineer (possibly praefectus fabrum The founding of Rome is reported by many legends which in recent times are beginning to be supplemented by more scientific reconstructions The Roman Kingdom ( Latin: Regnum Romanum) was the monarchical Government of the city of Rome The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Decline of the Roman Empire, leading to the Fall of the Roman Empire, or the Fall of Rome, was the end of the Western Roman Empire. The First, Second, and Third Samnite wars, between the early Roman Republic and the tribes of Samnium, extended over half a century involving The Pyrrhic War ( 280 &ndash 275 BC) was a complex series of battles and shifting political alliances among the Greeks (specifically Epirus, The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 BC and were probably the largest wars yet of the ancient The First Punic War ( 264 to 241 BC) was the first of three major wars fought between Carthage and the Roman Republic. The Second Punic War (referred to as "The War Against Hannibal" by the Romans lasted from 218 to 201 BC and involved combatants in the western The Third Punic War ( 149 BC to 146 BC) was the third and last of the Punic Wars fought between the former Phoenician colony of Carthage This article is about the conflict between Rome and her Italian allies between 91 and 88 BC For the Athenian conflict with its allies between 357 and 355 BC see The Gallic Wars were a series of Military campaigns waged by the Roman proconsul Julius Caesar against several Gallic tribes, lasting from The final war of the Roman Republic, also know as Antony's civil war or the' war between Antony and Octavian', was last of the Roman civil wars of the The Germanic Wars is a name given to a series of Wars between the Romans and various Germanic tribes between 113 BC and 439 A Titus Lucretius Carus (ca 99 BC- ca 55 BC was a Roman Poet and Philosopher. Publius Ovidius Naso ( March 20, 43 BC – 17 AD was a Roman poet known to the English -speaking world as Ovid who wrote on many topics including Publius Vergilius Maro ( October 15, 70 BCE &ndash September 21, 19 BCE later called Virgilius, and known in English as Virgil or Titus Maccius Plautus (c 254–184 BCE commonly known as Plautus, was a Roman Playwright. Lucius Annaeus Seneca (often known simply as Seneca, or Seneca the Younger; Σένεκας in Ancient Greek literature (c Publius Terentius Afer (195/185&ndash159 BC better known as Terence, was a Playwright of the Roman Republic. For persons with a Cognomen "Catulus" see Lutatius Gaius Valerius Catullus (ca Marcus Valerius Martialis (known in English as Martial) (March 1 40 AD - ca Publius Ovidius Naso ( March 20, 43 BC – 17 AD was a Roman poet known to the English -speaking world as Ovid who wrote on many topics including Sextus Aurelius Propertius was a Latin elegiac poet born around 50-45 BCE in Mevania (although other cities in the region of Umbria claim Albius Tibullus (ca 54-19 BC was a Latin Poet and writer of elegies. Quintus Ennius (239 - 169 BC was a writer during the period of the Roman Republic, and is often considered the father of Roman Poetry. Marcus Annaeus Lucanus ( November 3, 39 AD – April 30, 65 AD better known in English as Lucan, was a Roman Publius Ovidius Naso ( March 20, 43 BC – 17 AD was a Roman poet known to the English -speaking world as Ovid who wrote on many topics including Publius Vergilius Maro ( October 15, 70 BCE &ndash September 21, 19 BCE later called Virgilius, and known in English as Virgil or For persons with a Cognomen "Catulus" see Lutatius Gaius Valerius Catullus (ca Quintus Horatius Flaccus, ( Venosa, December 8, 65 BC - Rome, November 27, 8 BC known in the English-speaking world as Horace Quintus Horatius Flaccus, ( Venosa, December 8, 65 BC - Rome, November 27, 8 BC known in the English-speaking world as Horace Decimus Iunius Iuvenalis, known in English as Juvenal, was a Roman Poet active in the late 1st and early 2nd century AD author of the Persius, in full Aulus Persius Flaccus ( Volterra, 34-62 was a Roman Poet and Satirist of Etruscan origin Lucius Annaeus Seneca (often known simply as Seneca, or Seneca the Younger; Σένεκας in Ancient Greek literature (c Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus, born Gaius Caecilius or Gaius Caecilius Cilo (61/63 - ca Lucius Annaeus Seneca (often known simply as Seneca, or Seneca the Younger; Σένεκας in Ancient Greek literature (c Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author Apuleius should not be confused with Lucius Appuleius Saturninus, a Roman demagogue or with Pseudo-Apuleius, an author Petronius (ca 27–66 was a Roman writer of the Neronian age he was a noted satirist. Titus Livius (traditionally 59 BC &ndash AD 17 known as Livy in English, was a Roman historian who wrote a monumental history of Rome For the philosopher see Sallustius; for other uses see Sallust (disambiguation. Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, commonly known as Suetonius (ca 69/75 &ndash after 130 was an equestrian and a historian during the Roman Empire. Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (ca 56 &ndash ca 117 was a senator and a Historian of the Roman Empire. Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Classical Latin is the form of the Latin language used by the ancient Romans in what is usually regarded as "classical" Latin literature. Vulgar Latin (in Latin sermo vulgaris, "folk speech" is a Blanket term covering the popular Dialects and Sociolects of the Latin

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Main list: List of basic topics in classical studies

References

  1. ^ Edward Copleston, in The Victorians and Ancient Greece, Richard Jenkyns, 60. The Digital Classicist is a project and community for those interested in the application of Humanities Computing to the field of Classics and to ancient world studies Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal Literae Humaniores is the name given to the study of Classics at Oxford and some other universities See Comparative linguistics for the narrower field of "comparative philology" Western culture (sometimes equated with Western Civilization) are terms which are used to refer to Cultures of European origin The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings
  2. ^ J. and K. Kramer, La filologia classica, 1979 as quoted by [Christopher S. Mackay|http://www.ualberta.ca/~csmackay/Philology.html]
  3. ^ Newnham College Cambridge: Newnham Biographies

Dictionary

classics

-noun

  1. Plural form of classic.
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