For the works or study of works from classical antiquity, see Classics

Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to a high regard for classical antiquity, as setting standards for taste which the classicists seeks to emulate. "Classical literature" redirects here For literature in Classical languages outside the Graeco-Roman sphere see Ancient literature. Olomouc (ˈolomoʊ̯ts ( local Haná dialect Olomóc or Holomóc, German Olmütz, Polish Ołomuniec, Latin The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. L'église de la Madeleine (more formally L'église Sainte-Marie-Madeleine; less formally just La Madeleine) Madeleine Church in English is a church Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The arts is a broad subdivision of Culture, composed of many expressive disciplines. Classical antiquity (also the classical era or classical period) is a broad term for a long period of cultural History centered on the Mediterranean The art of classicism typically seeks to be formal and restrained. It can also refer to the other periods of classicism.

Classicism is a force which is always present in post-medieval European and European influenced traditions, however, some periods felt themselves more connected to the classical ideals than others, particularly the Age of Reason, the Age of Enlightenment and some movements in Modernism. 17th century philosophy in the Western world is generally regarded as being the start of Modern philosophy, and a departure from the medieval approach The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century The force in particular formed movements labelled "classical" or were referred from the perspective of the 20th century as having been classical.

Contents 1 General term 2 In the theatre 3 In architecture 4 In the fine arts 5 In literature and poetry 6 See also

General term

Classicism is a specific genre of literature which has Greek and Roman influence and had an emphasis on society, the Enlightenment, and the Age of Reason. A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century 17th century philosophy in the Western world is generally regarded as being the start of Modern philosophy, and a departure from the medieval approach

Classicism first made an appearance as such during the Italian renaissance when the fall of Byzantium and rising trade with the Islamic cultures brought a flood of knowledge about, and from, the antiquity of Europe. The Italian Renaissance began the opening phase of the Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that spanned the period from the end of the 14th This article is about the city See also Byzantine Empire. Byzantium ( Greek: Βυζάντιον Latin: la BYZANTIVM Until that time the identification with antiquity had been seen as a continuous history of Christendom from the conversion of Roman Emperor Constantine. Christendom usually refers to Christianity as a territorial phenomenon Constantine ( Latin: Cōnstantīnus, Greek:) is a given name and surname derived from the Latin word constans, meaning constant or Renaissance classicism introduced a host of elements into European culture, including the application of mathematics and empiricism into art, humanism, literary and depictive realism, and formalism. In Philosophy, empiricism is a theory of Knowledge which asserts that knowledge arises from Experience. Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal Realism in the Visual arts and Literature is the depiction of subjects as they appear in Everyday life, without embellishment or interpretation Importantly it also introduced Polytheism, or "paganism", and the juxtaposition of ancient and modern. Polytheism is belief in or worship of multiple Gods (usually assembled in a pantheon) together with associated Mythology and Rituals Paganism (from Latin paganus, meaning "country dweller rustic" is a word used to refer to various religions and religious beliefs from across the world

The classicism of the Renaissance was to lead to, and give way to, a different sense of the classical in the 16th and 17th centuries. In this period classicism took on more overtly structural overtones of orderliness, predictability, the use of geometry and grids, the importance of rigorous discipline and pedagogy, the formation of schools of art and music. The court of Louis XIV was seen as the center of this form of classicism, with its references to the gods of Olympus as a symbolic prop for absolutism, its adherence to axiomatic and deductive reasoning, and its love of order and predictability. This period sought the revival of classical art forms, including Greek drama and music. Opera, in its modern European form, had its roots in attempts to recreate the combination of singing and dancing with theatre thought to be the Greek norm. Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto Examples of this appeal to classicism included Dante, Petrarch, and Shakespeare in poetry and theatre. Theatre (or theater, see spelling differences) is the branch of the Performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one Tudor drama, in particular, modeled itself after classical ideals and divided works into Tragedy and Comedy. Comedy (from the Greek κωμωδίαkomodia has a popular meaning (any discourse generally intended to amuse especially in Television, Film, and Studying ancient Greek became regarded as essential for a well-rounded education in the liberal arts. The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c The term liberal arts refers to a particular type of educational Curriculum broadly defined as a Classical education.

The Renaissance also explicitly returned to architectural models and techniques associated with Greek and Roman antiquity, including the golden rectangle as a key proportion for buildings, the classical orders of columns, as well as a host of ornament and detail associated with Greek and Roman architecture. A golden rectangle is a Rectangle whose side lengths are in the Golden ratio, 1\varphi (one-to- phi) that is approximately 11 A column in Structural engineering is a vertical structural element that transmits through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural They also began reviving plastic arts such as bronze casting for sculpture, and used the classical naturalism as the foundation of drawing, painting and sculpture. Lost-wax casting, sometimes called by the French name of cire perdue, is the process by which a bronze is cast from an artist's sculpture in industrial uses the modern process Drawing is a Visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two-dimensional medium Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e

The Age of the Enlightenment identified itself with a vision of antiquity which, while continuous with the classicism of the previous century, was shaken by the physics of Sir Isaac Newton, the improvements in machinery and measurement, and a sense of liberation which they saw as being present in the Greek civilization, particularly in its struggles against the Persian Empire. Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Sir Isaac Newton, FRS (ˈnjuːtən 4 January 1643 31 March 1727) Biography Early years See also Isaac Newton's early life and achievements The ornate, organic, and complexly integrated forms of the baroque were to give way to a series of movements that regarded themselves expressly as "classical" or "neo-classical", or would rapidly be labelled as such. Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc For example the painting of Jacques-Louis David which was seen as an attempt to return to formal balance, clarity, manliness, and vigor in art. Jacques-Louis David (August 30 1748 &ndash December 29 1825 was a highly influential French painter in the Neoclassical style considered to be

The 19th century saw the classical age as being the precursor of academicism, including such movements as uniformitarianism in the sciences, and the creation of rigorous categories in artistic fields. Various movements of the romantic period saw themselves as classical revolts against a prevailing trend of emotionalism and irregularity, for example the Pre-Raphaelites. The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (also known as the Pre-Raphaelites) was a group of English painters Poets, and critics founded in 1848 by By this point classicism was old enough that previous classical movements received revivals; for example, the Renaissance was seen as a means to combine the organic medieval with the orderly classical. The 19th century continued or extended many classical programs in the sciences, most notably the Newtonian program to account for the movement of energy between bodies by means of exchange of mechanical and thermal energy.

The 20th century saw a number of changes in the arts and sciences. Classicism was used both by those who rejected, or saw as temporary, transfigurations in the political, scientific, and social world and by those who embraced the changes as a means to overthrow the perceived weight of the 19th century. Thus, both pre-20th century disciplines were labelled "classical" and modern movements in art which saw themselves as aligned with light, space, sparseness of texture, and formal coherence.

In the present classicism is used as a term particularly in relation to what Apollonian over Dionysian impulses in society and art, that is a preference for rationality, or at least rationally guided catharsis, over emotionalism. Emotionalism means "an inclination to rely on or place too much value on emotion

In the theatre

Classicism in the theatre was developed by 17th century French playwrights from what they judged to be the rules of Greek classical theatre, including the so-called "Classical unities" of time, place and action, erroneously attributed to Aristotle. Theatre (or theater, see spelling differences) is the branch of the Performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A playwright, also known as a dramatist, is a person who writes dramatic literature or Drama. Asian Theatre Indian Theatre See also Theatre in India, Sanskrit drama Folk theatre and dramatics can be traced to the religious ritualism The classical unities or three unities are rules for Drama derived from a passage in Aristotle 's Poetics. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.

• Unity of time referred to the need for the entire action of the play to take place in a fictional 24-hour period
• Unity of place meant that the action should unfold in a single location
• Unity of action meant that the play should be constructed around a single 'plot-line', such as a tragic love affair or a conflict between honour and duty. Honor or Honour (see spelling differences) (the latter directly from the Latin word honos honoris) is the evaluation of a person's Duty (from "due" that which is owing O Fr deu did past participle of devoir Lat

Classicists did not approve of Shakespeare, who constantly broke these rules. William Shakespeare ( baptised

Examples of classicist playwrights:

• Pierre Corneille
• Jean Racine

Victor Hugo was among the first French playwrights to break these conventions. Pierre Corneille ( June 6, 1606 – October 1, 1684) was a French tragedian who was one of the three great seventeenth Century French Jean Racine ( ( December 22, 1639 &ndash April 21, 1699) was a French Dramatist, one of the "big three" of Victor-Marie Hugo ( ( February 26, 1802 – May 22, 1885) was a French Poet, Playwright, Novelist

In architecture

Classicism in architecture developed during the Italian Renaissance, notably in the writings and designs of Leon Battista Alberti and the work of Filippo Brunelleschi. The Italian Renaissance began the opening phase of the Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that spanned the period from the end of the 14th Leon Battista Alberti ( February 14, 1404 &ndash April 25, 1472) was an Italian author artist Architect, Poet Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – April 15, 1446) was one of the foremost architects and engineers of the Italian Renaissance. It places emphasis on symmetry, proportion, geometry and the regularity of parts as they are demonstrated in the architecture of Classical antiquity and in particular, the architecture of Ancient Rome, of which many examples remained. Symmetry generally conveys two primary meanings The first is an imprecise sense of harmonious or aesthetically-pleasing proportionality and balance such that it reflects beauty or The Architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the external Greek architecture for their own purposes which were so different from Greek buildings as to create a new Orderly arrangements of columns, pilasters and lintels, as well as the use of semicircular arches, hemispherical domes, niches and aedicules replaced the more complex proportional systems and irregular profiles of medieval buildings. A column in Structural engineering is a vertical structural element that transmits through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural A pilaster is a slightly-projecting flattened Column built into or applied to the face of a wall For lintel as a decorative element see Lintel (architecture For beam as load-bearing member see beam A dome is a common structural element of Architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a Sphere. The niche in classical architecture is an Exedra or an Apse that has been reduced in size retaining the half-dome heading usual for an apse An ædicule ("little building" is a common framing device in both Classical architecture and Gothic architecture. See also Gothic art Gothic architecture is a style of Architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. This style quickly spread to other Italian cities and then to France, Germany, England, Russia and elsewhere.

In the sixteenth century, Sebastiano Serlio helped codify the classical orders and Palladio's legacy evolved into the long tradition of Palladian architecture. Sebastiano Serlio ( September 6 1475 &ndash c 1554 was an Italian Mannerist Architect, who was part of the Italian team building the A classical order is one of the ancient styles of building design in the classical tradition, distinguished by their proportions and their characteristic profiles and details Andrea Palladio ( November 30, 1508 – August 19, 1580) was an Italian Architect, widely considered the most influential PLEASE DO NOT ADD AN INFO BOX TO THIS PAGE --> Palladian architecture is a European style of Architecture derived from the designs of the Italian Building off of these influences, the seventeenth-century architects Inigo Jones and Christopher Wren firmly established classicism in England. Iñigo Jones ( July 15, 1573 &ndash June 21, 1652) is regarded as the first significant British architect, and the first to bring Sir Christopher Wren ( 20 October 1632 &ndash 25 February 1723) was a 17th century English Designer, Astronomer England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland

For the development of classicism from the mid-eighteenth-century onwards, see Neoclassical architecture. Neoclassical architecture was an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century both as a reaction against the Rococo

In the fine arts

• For Greek art of the 5th century B. C. E. , see Classical art in ancient Greece and the Severe style

Italian Renaissance painting and sculpture are marked by their renewal of classical forms, motifs and subjects. The art of ancient Greece has exercised an enormous influence on the culture of many countries from ancient times until the present particularly in the areas of Sculpture The Severe style, or Early Classic style was the dominant idiom of Greek sculpture in the period ca See also Thematic development of Italian Renaissance painting Italian Renaissance painting is the painting of the period from the early 15th to mid 16th centuries occurring In the fifteenth century Leon Battista Alberti was important in theorizing many of the ideas for painting that came to a fully-realised product with Raphael's School of Athens during the High Renaissance. Leon Battista Alberti ( February 14, 1404 &ndash April 25, 1472) was an Italian author artist Architect, Poet Raphael Sanzio, usually known by his first name alone (in Italian Raffaello) (April 6 or March 28 1483 – April 6 1520 was an Italian painter and The School of Athens, or it Scuola di Atene in Italian, is one of the most famous Paintings by the Italian Renaissance artist The High Renaissance, in the History of art, denotes the culmination of the art of the Italian Renaissance between 1450 and 1527 The themes continued largely unbroken into the seventeenth century, when artists such as Nicolas Poussin and Charles Le Brun represented of the more rigid classicism. Nicolas Poussin (15 June 1594 – 19 November 1665 was a French painter in the classical style Charles Le Brun (24 February 1619 - 22 February 1690 was a French painter and art theorist, one of the dominant artists in 17th century France. Like Italian classicizing ideas in the fifteenth and sixteenth century, it spread through Europe in the mid to late 1600s.

Later classicism in painting and sculpture from the mid-eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is generally referred to a Neoclassicism. Neoclassicism (sometimes rendered as Neo-Classicism or Neo-classicism) is the name given to quite distinct movements in the decorative and

In literature and poetry

See: Classical Literature

See also

• Polish classicism
• Neoclassicism
• Weimar Classicism

"Classical literature" redirects here For literature in Classical languages outside the Graeco-Roman sphere see Ancient literature. Classicism came to Poland in the 18th century The center of Polish classicism is Warsaw under the reign of Stanisław August Poniatowski. Neoclassicism (sometimes rendered as Neo-Classicism or Neo-classicism) is the name given to quite distinct movements in the decorative and Weimar Classicism ( German “ Weimarer Klassik ” and “ Weimarer Klassizismus ” is a cultural and Literary movement of Europe

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