Clarinet

Classification Wind Woodwind Single-reed Playing range Written range: Related instruments Saxophone Tárogató (modern) Oboe Chalumeau Musicians Clarinetists

The clarinet is a musical instrument in the woodwind family. A musical instrument is a device constructed or modified for the purpose of making Music. A wind instrument is a Musical instrument that contains some type of Resonator (usually a tube in which a column of air is set into vibration by the player blowing Types of woodwind instruments See also List of woodwind instruments Single-reed instruments use a reed, which is a thin cut A single-reed instrument is a Woodwind instrument that uses only one reed to produce sound In Music, the range of a Musical instrument is the distance from the lowest to the highest pitch it can play A musical instrument is a device constructed or modified for the purpose of making Music. The saxophone (commonly referred to simply as sax) is a conical- bored transposing Musical instrument considered a member of the Woodwind The tárogató (plural tárogatók, töröksíp, Turkish pipe or anglicized tárogatós; Romanian: taragot) refers "Hautbois" redirects here for the strawberry variety see Hautbois strawberry. This article is about the historical musical instrument For the register on the clarinet that is named for this instrument see Clarinet#Range. A clarinetist (also spelled clarinettist) is a Musician who plays the Clarinet. A musical instrument is a device constructed or modified for the purpose of making Music. Types of woodwind instruments See also List of woodwind instruments Single-reed instruments use a reed, which is a thin cut The name derives from adding the suffix -et meaning little to the Italian word clarino meaning a particular type of trumpet, as the first clarinets had a strident tone similar to that of a trumpet. The instrument has an approximately cylindrical bore, and uses a single reed. The bore of a Wind instrument is its interior chamber that defines a flow path through which air travels and is set into vibration to produce sounds A single-reed instrument is a Woodwind instrument that uses only one reed to produce sound

Clarinets actually comprise a family of instruments of differing sizes and pitches. A family of musical instruments is a grouping of several different but related sizes or types of instruments It is the largest such instrument family, with more than a dozen types. Of these many are rare or obsolete, and music written for them is usually played on one of the more common size instruments. The unmodified word clarinet usually refers to the B♭ soprano clarinet, by far the most common clarinet. The soprano clarinets are a sub- family of the Clarinet family. (See "Clarinet family"). The clarinet family is a musical instrument family including the well-known B♭ clarinet, the slightly less familiar E♭, A, and Bass

A person who plays the clarinet is called a clarinetist or clarinettist. A clarinetist (also spelled clarinettist) is a Musician who plays the Clarinet.

Contents 1 Characteristics of the instrument 1.1 Tone 1.2 Range 2 Construction and acoustics 2.1 Materials 2.2 Reed 2.3 Acoustics 2.4 Components of a modern soprano clarinet 3 Usage and repertoire of the clarinet 3.1 Use of multiple clarinets 3.2 Classical music 3.3 Concert bands 3.4 Jazz 3.5 Rock and pop 3.6 Other genres 3.7 Groups of clarinets 4 Extended family of clarinets 5 History 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links

Characteristics of the instrument

Tone

The cylindrical bore is largely responsible for the clarinet's distinctive timbre, which varies between its three main registers. In Music, timbre (ˈtæm-bər' like timber, or, from Fr timbre tɛ̃bʁ is the quality of a Musical note or sound that distinguishes different In Music, a register is the relative "height" or range of a Note, set of pitches or Pitch classes Melody It has a very wide compass, spanning some 3½ octaves. The tone quality can vary greatly with the musician, the music, the style of clarinet, and the reed. The German (Oehler system) clarinet generally has a darker tone quality than the French (Boehm system), which typically has a lighter, brighter quality. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Öhler system is a system for Clarinet keys developed by Oskar Öhler The Böhm system for the Clarinet is a system of clarinet keywork developed between 1839 and 1843 by Hyacinthe Klosé and Auguste Buffet ''jeune'' The differences in instruments and geographical isolation of players in different countries led to the development, from the last part of the 18th century on, of several different schools of clarinet playing. The most prominent of these schools were the German/Viennese traditions and the French school, centered around the clarinetists of the Conservatoire de Paris. The Conservatoire de Paris is an institution of higher education that has played an important role in the development of Music in France and Western Europe Increasingly, through the proliferation of recorded music, examples of many different styles of clarinet playing have become available to developing clarinetists. The modern clarinetist has an eclectic palette of "acceptable" tone qualities to choose from.

The A clarinet and B♭ clarinet have nearly the same bore, and use the same mouthpiece. Orchestral players often use both A and B♭ instruments in the same concert, but use only one mouthpiece (and often the same barrel), which they swap between the two as needed (see 'usage' below). The A and the B♭ instruments have nearly identical tonal quality, although the A will generally have a slightly warmer sound.

The tone of the E♭ clarinet is brighter than that of the lower clarinets and can be heard even through loud orchestral textures. The E-flat clarinet is a member of the Clarinet family It is usually classed as a Soprano clarinet, although some authors describe it as a "sopranino"

The bass clarinet has a characteristically deep, mellow sound. The bass clarinet is a Musical instrument of the Clarinet family The alto clarinet is similar in sound to the bass, and the basset horn has a tone quality similar to the A clarinet. The alto clarinet is a wind instrument of the Clarinet family The basset horn or tenor clarinet (sometimes written basset-horn) is a Musical instrument, a member of the Clarinet family

Range

Clarinets have the largest pitch range of any common woodwind, rivalled only by the bassoon. The bassoon is a Woodwind instrument in the Double reed family that typically plays music written in the bass and Tenor registers and occasionally The intricate key organization that makes this range possible can make playability of some passages awkward. The bottom of the clarinet’s written range is defined by the keywork on each particular instrument; standard keywork schemes allow a low E, E♭, or C. The actual lowest concert pitch depends on the transposition of the instrument in question. A transposing instrument is a musical instrument for which written notes are played at a pitch different from concert pitch, which a non-transpositing instrument such as a

Nearly all soprano and piccolo clarinets have keywork enabling them to play the E below middle C (E₃ in scientific pitch notation) as their lowest written note, though some B♭ clarinets go down to E♭₃ to enable them to match the range of the A clarinet. The soprano clarinets are a sub- family of the Clarinet family. The piccolo clarinets are members of the Clarinet family, smaller and higher pitched than Scientific pitch notation is one of several methods that name the Notes of the standard Western Chromatic scale by combining a letter-name accidentals In the case of the B♭ soprano clarinet, the concert pitch of the lowest note is D₃, a whole tone lower than the written pitch. A major second () also called a whole step or a whole tone, is a Musical interval that occurs between the first and second degrees of a Most alto and bass clarinets have an additional key to allow a (written) E♭₃. Modern professional-quality bass clarinets generally have additional keywork to C₃. Among the less commonly encountered members of the clarinet family, contra-alto and contrabass clarinets may have keywork to E♭₃, D₃, or C₃; the basset clarinet and basset horn generally go to low C₃.

Defining the top end of a clarinet’s range is difficult, since many advanced players can produce notes well above the highest notes commonly found in method books. The “high G” two octaves plus a perfect fifth above middle C (G₆) is routinely encountered in the standard soprano clarinet literature through the nineteenth century. The C above that (C₇) is attainable by most advanced players and is shown on many fingering charts.

The range of a clarinet can be divided into three distinct registers. The lowest register, consisting of the notes up to the written B♭ above middle C (B♭₄), is known as the chalumeau register (named after the instrument that was the clarinet's immediate ancestor). This article is about the historical musical instrument For the register on the clarinet that is named for this instrument see Clarinet#Range. This register is the easiest to play and is the first learned by beginning players. The top four notes of this register are known as the throat tones.

The middle register is termed the clarino (sometimes clarion) register^[1] and spans just over an octave (from written B above middle C (B₄) to the C two octaves above middle C (C₆)); it is the dominant range for most members of the clarinet family and is audible above the brass while playing forte. In Music, dynamics normally refers to the volume of a Sound or note, but can also refer to every aspect of the execution of a given piece either stylistic The top or altissimo register consists of the notes above the written C two octaves above middle C (C₆). For Italian commune see Altissimo (commune. For the politician see Renato Altissimo.

Unlike other woodwinds, all three registers have characteristically different sounds. The chalumeau register is rich and relatively quiet. The clarino register is bright and sweet, like a trumpet heard from afar ("clarino" means trumpet and is the root word for "clarinet"). The altissimo register can be piercing and sometimes shrill.

Construction and acoustics

Materials

Clarinet bodies have been made from a variety of materials including wood, plastic, hard rubber, metal, resin, and ivory. Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products This article details a type of plastic for the manufacturer of bowling balls see Ebonite International Ebonite is one of the earliest forms The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across Resin, not to be confused with Rosin, is a Hydrocarbon Secretion of many Plants particularly coniferous trees. Ivory is formed from Dentine and constitutes the bulk of the Teeth and Tusks of animals such as the Elephant, Hippopotamus, ^[2] The vast majority of clarinets used by professional musicians are made from African hardwood, often grenadilla, rarely (because of diminishing supplies) Honduran rosewood and sometimes even cocobolo. The term hardwood is used to describe Wood from broad-leaved angiosperm Trees mostly Deciduous, but not necessarily in the case of tropical Grenadilla (or other similar spellings is a name given to a number of different Woods all of them strong and dense Honduras in Spanish, República de Honduras) is a democratic republic in Central America. Historically other woods, notably boxwood, were used.

Most modern inexpensive instruments are made of plastic resin, such as ABS. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene or ABS, ( Chemical formula (C8H8· C4H6·C3H3Nn is These materials are sometimes called "resonite", which is Selmer's trademark name for its particular type of plastic. The Selmer Company was a manufacturer of Musical instruments started in Paris France in the early 1900s

Metal soprano clarinets were popular in the early twentieth century, until plastic instruments supplanted them; metal construction is still used for the bodies of some contra-alto and contrabass clarinets, and for the necks and bells of nearly all alto and larger clarinets.

Ivory was used for a few 18th century clarinets, but it tends to crack and does not keep its shape well.

Buffet Crampon's Greenline clarinets are made from a composite of wood powder and carbon fiber. Buffet Crampon et Compagnie is a manufacturer of high-quality Woodwind instruments including Oboes Flutes Saxophones and Bassoons ^[3] Such instruments are less affected by humidity than wooden instruments, but are heavier. Hard rubber, such as ebonite, has been used for clarinets since the 1860s, although few modern clarinets are made of it. This article details a type of plastic for the manufacturer of bowling balls see Ebonite International Ebonite is one of the earliest forms Clarinet designers Alastair Hanson and Tom Ridenour are strong advocates of hard rubber. ^[4] Hanson Clarinets of England manufactures clarinets using a grenadilla compound reinforced with ebonite, known as 'BTR' (bithermal reinforced) grenadilla. This material is also not affected by humidity, and the weight is the same as that of a wood clarinet.

Mouthpieces are generally made of ebonite, although some inexpensive mouthpieces may be made of plastic. The mouthpiece of a Woodwind instrument is that part of the instrument which is placed partly in the player's mouth Other materials such as wood, ivory, metal, and glass have also been used.

Reed

The instrument uses a single reed made from the cane of Arundo donax, a type of grass. A reed is a thin strip of material which vibrates to produce a sound on a Musical instrument. Arundo donax L ( Giant Reed) is a tall perennial reed growing in fresh and moderately saline waters Reeds may also be manufactured from synthetic materials. The ligature fastens the reed to the mouthpiece. A ligature is a device which holds a reed on to the mouthpiece of some Woodwind instruments such When air is blown through the opening between the reed and the mouthpiece facing, the reed vibrates and produces the instrument's sound.

While a few clarinetists make their own reeds, most buy manufactured reeds, though many players make adjustments to these reeds to improve playability. Clarinet reeds come in varying degrees of hardness, generally indicated on a scale from one (soft) through five (hard). This numbering system is not standardized, varying between reed manufacturers. Reed hardness and mouthpiece characteristics work together to determine ease of playability, pitch stability, and tonal characteristics.

Acoustics

The body of a modern soprano clarinet is equipped with numerous tone holes of which seven (six front, one back) are covered by the fingertips and the rest are opened or closed using a complicated set of keys. A tone hole is an opening in the body of a Wind instrument which when covered alters the pitch of the sound produced These tone holes allow every note of the chromatic scale to be produced. (On alto and larger clarinets, and a few soprano clarinets, some or all of the finger holes are replaced by key-covered holes. ) The most common system of keys was named the Boehm System by its designer Hyacinthe Klosé in honour of the flute designer Theobald Boehm, but is not the same as the Boehm System used on flutes. Hyacinthe Eléonore Klosé ( October 11 1808 in Corfu ( Greece) - August 29 1880 in Paris was a French Clarinet The flute is a Musical instrument of the Woodwind family Unlike other woodwind instruments a flute is a Reedless wind instrument that produces its Theobald Böhm (or Boehm) ( April 9, 1794 – November 27, 1881) was a Bavarian Inventor and Musician The Boehm system is a system of keywork for the Flute, created by Inventor and Flautist Theobald Boehm between 1831 and 1847 The other main system of keys is called the Oehler system and is used mostly in Germany and Austria (see History). The Öhler system is a system for Clarinet keys developed by Oskar Öhler Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The clarinet is a Musical instrument in the Woodwind family The name derives from adding the suffix -et meaning little to the Italian word Related is the Albert system used by some jazz, klezmer, and eastern European folk musicians. The Albert system refers to a system of Clarinet keywork and fingering developed by Eugène Albert. Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States See also Secular Jewish music Klezmer (from Yiddish כּלי־זמיר kley - instrument and zemer - song etymologically from The Albert and Oehler systems are both based on the earlier Mueller system. Ivan Mueller (b 1786 Reval, Estonia - d 1854 Bückeburg - correctly spelled Iwan Müller was a Clarinetist and inventor

The bore of the instrument has a basically cylindrical shape, being roughly the same diameter for most of the length of the tube. There is a subtle hourglass shape, with its thinnest part at the junction between the upper and lower joint. An hourglass, also known as a sandglass, sand timer or sand clock, is a device for the measurement of Time. This hourglass figure is not visible to the naked eye, but helps in the resonance of the sound. Acoustic resonance is the tendency of an acoustic system to absorb more energy when the Frequency of its oscillations matches the system's natural frequency of vibration The diameter of the bore affects characteristics such as the stability of the pitch of a given note, or, conversely, the extent to which a note can be 'bent' in the manner required in jazz and other styles of music. The bell is at the bottom of the instrument and flares out to improve the tone of the lowest notes.

The fixed reed and fairly uniform diameter of the clarinet give the instrument an acoustical behavior approximating that of a cylindrical stopped pipe. Acoustic resonance is the tendency of an acoustic system to absorb more energy when the Frequency of its oscillations matches the system's natural frequency of vibration Covering or uncovering the tone holes varies the effective length of the pipe, changing the resonant frequencies of the enclosed air column and hence the pitch of the sound that is produced. Acoustic resonance is the tendency of an acoustic system to absorb more energy when the Frequency of its oscillations matches the system's natural frequency of vibration Pitch represents the perceived Fundamental frequency of a sound A clarinetist moves between the chalumeau and clarino registers through use of the register key, or speaker key: clarinetists call the change from chalumeau register to clarino register "the break". The register key is a key on a Clarinet which is used to play in the second register; that is it raises the pitch of most first-register notes by The register key, when pressed, causes the clarinet to produce the note a twelfth higher, corresponding to the instrument's third harmonic. In Music theory, the term interval describes the relationship between the pitches of two Notes Intervals may be described as vertical See Harmonic series (mathematics for the (related mathematical concept The clarinet is therefore said to overblow at the twelfth. Overblowing is a technique used in playing a Wind instrument to produce a different pitch by changing the direction and/or force of the air stream (By contrast, nearly all other woodwind instruments overblow at the octave, or do not overblow at all; the rackett is the next most common Western instrument that overblows at the twelfth like the clarinet. The Renaissance rackett is a Double reed Wind instrument related to the Bassoon. ) A clarinet must therefore have holes and keys for nineteen notes (an octave and a half, from bottom E to B♭) in its lowest register to play a chromatic scale. This overblowing behavior explains both the clarinet's great range and its complex fingering system. The fifth and seventh harmonics are also available, sounding a further sixth and fourth (actually a very flat diminished fifth) higher respectively; these are the notes of the altissimo register.

The highest notes on a clarinet can have a piercing quality and can be difficult to tune precisely. Different individual instruments can be expected to play differently in this respect. This becomes critical if a number of instruments are required to play a high part in unison. Fortunately for audiences, disciplined players can use a variety of fingerings to introduce slight variations into the pitch of these higher notes. It is also common for high melody parts to be split into close harmony to avoid this issue.

Since approximately 1850, clarinets have been nominally tuned according to 12-tone equal-temperament. Older clarinets were nominally tuned to meantone, and a skilled performer can use his or her embouchure to considerably alter the tuning of individual notes. Meantone temperament is a Musical temperament, which is a system of Musical tuning. The embouchure is the use of facial muscles and the shaping of the lips to the Mouthpiece of a Wind instrument. Special fingerings may be used to play quarter tones and other microtonal intervals. A quarter tone is an interval about half as wide (aurally or logarithmically as a Semitone, which is half a Whole tone. Microtonal music is Music using microtones — intervals of less than an equally spaced Semitone. ^[5] (Fritz Schüller of Markneukirchen, Germany built a quarter tone clarinet, with two parallel bores of slightly different whose tone holes are operated using the same keywork and a valve to switch from one bore to the other. Markneukirchen is a town in the Vogtlandkreis district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. A quarter tone clarinet is an experimental Clarinet designed to play music using Quarter tone intervals )

Components of a modern soprano clarinet

A Boehm system soprano clarinet is shown in the photos illustrating this section. However, all modern clarinets have similar components.

The reed is attached to the mouthpiece by the ligature; and the top half-inch or so of this assembly is held in the player’s mouth. A reed is a thin strip of material which vibrates to produce a sound on a Musical instrument. The mouthpiece of a Woodwind instrument is that part of the instrument which is placed partly in the player's mouth A ligature is a device which holds a reed on to the mouthpiece of some Woodwind instruments such A reed is a thin strip of material which vibrates to produce a sound on a Musical instrument. The mouthpiece of a Woodwind instrument is that part of the instrument which is placed partly in the player's mouth A ligature is a device which holds a reed on to the mouthpiece of some Woodwind instruments such (German clarinetists often wind a string around the mouthpiece and reed instead of using a ligature. ) The formation of the mouth around the mouthpiece and reed is called the embouchure. The embouchure is the use of facial muscles and the shaping of the lips to the Mouthpiece of a Wind instrument.

The reed is on the underside of the mouthpiece, pressing against the player's bottom lip, while the top teeth normally contact the top of the mouthpiece (some players roll the upper lip under the top teeth to form what is called a ‘double-lip’ embouchure). Adjustments in the strength and configuration of the embouchure change the tone and intonation (tuning). It is not uncommon for clarinetists to employ methods to soften the pressure on both the upper teeth and inner lower lip by attaching pads to the top of the mouthpiece or putting (temporary) padding on the front lower teeth, commonly from folded paper.

Next is the short barrel; this part of the instrument may be extended in order to fine-tune the clarinet. As the pitch of the clarinet is fairly temperature sensitive some instruments have interchangeable barrels whose lengths vary slightly. Additional compensation for pitch variation and tuning can be made by increasing the length of the instrument by pulling out the barrel, particularly common in group playing in which clarinets are tuned to other instruments (such as in an orchestra). An orchestra is an instrumental ensemble, usually fairly large with string brass woodwind sections and possibly a percussion section as well Some performers employ a plastic barrel with a thumbwheel that enables the barrel length to be altered. On basset horns and lower clarinets, the barrel is usually replaced by a curved metal neck.

The main body of most clarinets is divided into the upper joint whose holes and most keys are operated by the left hand, and the lower joint with holes and most keys operated by the right hand. (Some clarinets have a single joint. On some basset horns and larger clarinets the two joints are held together with a screw clamp and are usually not disassembled for storage. ) The left thumb operates both a tone hole and the register key. Interestingly, on some models of clarinet, such as many Albert system clarinets, and increasingly some higher-end Boehm system clarinets, the register key is a 'wraparound' key, with the key on the back of the clarinet and the pad on the front. The Albert system refers to a system of Clarinet keywork and fingering developed by Eugène Albert. The Böhm system for the Clarinet is a system of clarinet keywork developed between 1839 and 1843 by Hyacinthe Klosé and Auguste Buffet ''jeune'' As well as the slightly exotic look this lends to the clarinet, advocates of the wraparound register key advocate improved sound, as well as the benefit that it is harder for condensation to accumulate in the tube beneath the pad.

The cluster of keys at the bottom of the upper joint (protruding slightly beyond the cork of the joint) are known as the trill keys and are operated by the right hand. These give the player alternative fingerings which make it easy to play ornaments and trills that would otherwise be awkward. The trill is a musical ornament consisting of a rapid alternation between two adjacent notes of a scale (compare Mordent and Tremolo) The entire weight of the smaller clarinets is supported by the right thumb behind the lower joint on what is called the thumb-rest. Basset horns and larger clarinets are supported with a neck strap or a floor peg.

Finally, the flared end is known as the bell. Contrary to popular belief, the bell does not amplify the sound; rather, it improves the uniformity of the instrument's tone for the lowest notes in each register.

For the other notes the sound is produced almost entirely at the tone holes and the bell is irrelevant.

On basset horns and larger clarinets, the bell curves up and forward, and is usually made of metal. The basset horn or tenor clarinet (sometimes written basset-horn) is a Musical instrument, a member of the Clarinet family

Usage and repertoire of the clarinet

Use of multiple clarinets

The modern orchestral standard of using soprano clarinets in both B♭ and A has to do partly with the history of the instrument, and partly with acoustics, aesthetics and economics. Before about 1800, due to the lack of airtight pads (see History), practical woodwinds could have only a few keys to control accidentals (notes outside their diatonic home scales). Because clarinets overblow at the twelfth rather than the octave, they need keys to control more notes in each register than oboes, flutes, or bassoons do. "Hautbois" redirects here for the strawberry variety see Hautbois strawberry. The flute is a Musical instrument of the Woodwind family Unlike other woodwind instruments a flute is a Reedless wind instrument that produces its The bassoon is a Woodwind instrument in the Double reed family that typically plays music written in the bass and Tenor registers and occasionally Clarinets with few keys cannot easily play chromatically, limiting any such instrument to a few closely related key signatures. For example, an eighteenth–century clarinet in C could be played in F, C, G, (and their relative minors) with good intonation, but with progressive difficulty as the key moved away from this range. In contrast, for octave-overblowing instruments, a single instrument in C with few keys could much more readily be played in any key.

Therefore by using three clarinets — in A, B♭ and C — early 19th century music, which rarely strayed into the remote keys (five or six sharps or flats), could be played as follows: music in 5 to 2 sharps (B major to D major concert pitch) on A clarinet (D major to F major for the player), music in 1 sharp to 1 flat (G to F) on C clarinet, and music in 2 flats to 4 flats (B♭ to A♭) on the B♭ clarinet (C to B♭). Difficult key signatures and numerous accidentals were thus largely avoided.

With the invention of the airtight pad, and as key technology improved and more keys were added to woodwinds, the need for clarinets in multiple musical keys was reduced. However, the use of more than one instrument in different keys persisted, with the three instruments in C, B♭ and A all used as specified by the composer.

The lower-pitched clarinets sound more "mellow" (less bright), and the C clarinet – being the highest and therefore brightest of the three – eventually fell out of favour. The other two clarinets could cover its range and their sound was considered better. While the clarinet in C began to fall out of general use around 1850, some composers continued to write C parts, e. g. Bizet Symphony in C (1855), Tchaikovsky 2nd Symphony (1872), Smetana Vltava (1874), Brahms 4th Symphony (1885), and Richard Strauss deliberately reintroduced it to take advantage of its brighter tone, e. g. Der Rosenkavalier (1911) et seq.

While technical improvements and an equal-tempered scale reduced the need for two clarinets, the technical difficulty of playing in remote keys remains and the A has remained a standard orchestral instrument. In addition, by the late 19th century the orchestral clarinet repertoire contained so much music for clarinet in A that the disuse of this instrument was not practical. Attempts were made to standardise to the B♭ instrument between 1930 and 1950 (e. g. tutors of the period recommended, with examples and studies, learning the routine transposition of orchestral A parts on the B♭ clarinet, including famous solos written for A clarinet, and some manufacturers provided a low E♭ on the B♭ instrument to match the range of the A clarinet. ), but this did not succeed in the orchestral sphere.

Similarly there have been E♭ and D instruments in the upper soprano range, B♭, A, and C instruments in the bass range, and so forth; but over time the E♭ and B♭ instruments have become predominant.

Classical music

In classical music, clarinets are part of standard orchestral instrumentation, which frequently includes two clarinetists playing individual parts — each player usually equipped with a pair of standard clarinets in B♭ and A (see above) and it is quite common for clarinet parts to alternate between B♭ and A instruments several times over the course of a movement. Classical music is a broad term that usually refers to mainstream music produced in or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and Secular music An orchestra is an instrumental ensemble, usually fairly large with string brass woodwind sections and possibly a percussion section as well Clarinet sections grew larger during the last few decades of the 19th century, often employing a third clarinetist, an E♭ or a bass clarinet. In the 20th century, composers such as Igor Stravinsky, Richard Strauss, Gustav Mahler and Olivier Messiaen enlarged the clarinet section on occasion to up to nine players, employing many different clarinets including the E♭ or D soprano clarinets, basset horn, bass clarinet and/or contrabass clarinet. Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky (Игорь Фёдорович Стравинский) ( &ndash 6 April 1971 was a Russian born Composer, considered by many to Richard Georg Strauss (11 June 1864 &ndash 8 September 1949 was a German Composer of the late Romantic era and early modern era particularly noted Olivier Messiaen ( December 10 1908 &ndash April 27 1992 was a French Composer, organist and ornithologist. The basset horn or tenor clarinet (sometimes written basset-horn) is a Musical instrument, a member of the Clarinet family The bass clarinet is a Musical instrument of the Clarinet family The contrabass clarinet is the largest member of the Clarinet family that has ever been in regular production or significant use

This practice of using a variety of clarinets to achieve colouristic variety was common in 20th century music and continues today. At the turn of the 20th century classical music was characteristically late Romantic in style while at the same time the Impressionist movement spearheaded by Claude Debussy However, many clarinetists and conductors prefer to play parts originally written for obscure instruments such as the C or D clarinets on B♭ or E♭ clarinets, which are often of better quality and more prevalent and accessible.

The clarinet is widely used as a solo instrument. The relatively late evolution of the clarinet (when compared to other orchestral woodwinds) has left a considerable amount of solo repertoire from the Classical, Romantic and Modern periods but few works from the Baroque era. The dates of the Classical period in Western music are generally accepted as 1750 to 1810 Romantic Music is a Musicological term referring to a particular period theory compositional practice and canon in European music history from about 1815 to 1910 Baroque music describes an era and a set of styles of European classical music which were in widespread use between approximately 1600 and 1750. A number of clarinet concertos have been written to showcase the instrument, with the concerti by Mozart, Copland and Weber being particularly well known. A clarinet concerto is a Concerto for Clarinet and Orchestra (or Concert band) Aaron Copland (November 14 1900 &ndash December 2 1990 was an American Composer of concert and film music as well as an accomplished Pianist. Carl Maria Friedrich Ernst von Weber ( 18 December 1786 in Eutin, Holstein, Germany - 5 June 1826 in London

Many works of chamber music have also been written for the clarinet. Chamber music is a form of Classical music, written for a small group of instruments which traditionally could be accommodated in a palace chamber Particularly common combinations are:

Clarinet and piano (including clarinet sonatas) Clarinet, piano and another instrument (for example, string instrument or voice) Clarinet quartet, either 4 B♭ clarinets or 3 B♭ clarinets and bass clarinet. A clarinet sonata is piece of music in sonata form for Clarinet, often with Piano accompaniment A string instrument (or stringed instrument) is a Musical instrument that produces Sound by means of Vibrating strings In the Hornbostel-Sachs A clarinet choir is an instrumental ensemble consisting entirely of instruments from the Clarinet family The bass clarinet is a Musical instrument of the Clarinet family Clarinet quintet, generally made up of a clarinet plus a string quartet. A string quartet is a Musical ensemble of four String instruments &mdash usually two Violins a Viola and Cello &mdash or a piece Wind quintet, consists of flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, and horn. A wind quintet, also sometimes known as a woodwind quintet, is a group of five wind players (most commonly flute, Oboe, clarinet, horn

Trio d'anches, or trio of reeds consists of oboe, clarinet, and bassoon. Wind octet, consists of pairs of oboes, clarinets, bassoons, and horns. Clarinet, violin, piano Clarinet, viola, piano Clarinet, violoncello, piano

Concert bands

In wind bands, clarinets are a particularly central part of the instrumentation, occupying the same space (and often playing the same parts) in bands that the strings do in orchestras. The violin is a bowed String instrument with four strings usually tuned in Perfect fifths It is the smallest and highest-pitched member The viola is a bowed String instrument. It is the middle voice of the Violin family, The violoncello (abbreviated to cello, or 'cello, plural cellos or celli —the c is tʃ A concert band, also called wind band, symphonic band, symphonic winds, wind orchestra, wind symphony, or wind ensemble Bands usually include several B♭ clarinets, divided into sections each consisting of two or three clarinetists playing the same part. There is almost always an E♭ clarinet part and a bass clarinet part, usually doubled. Alto, contra-alto, and contrabass clarinets are sometimes used as well, and very rarely a piccolo A♭ clarinet.

Jazz

The clarinet was a central instrument in early jazz starting in the 1910s and remaining popular in the United States through the big band era into the 1940s. A big band is a type of Musical ensemble associated with playing jazz music and which became popular during the Swing Era from the early 1930s until the late Larry Shields, Ted Lewis, Jimmie Noone and Sidney Bechet were influential in early jazz. Lawrence James "Larry" Shields ( September 13, 1893 - November 21, 1953) was an early American Dixieland Theodore Leopold Friedman, better known as Ted Lewis ( June 6, 1892 &ndash August 25, 1971) was an American entertainer Jimmie Noone (or Jimmy Noone; born April 23 1895 in Cut Off Louisiana &ndash died April 19 1944 in Los Angeles Sidney Bechet ( May 14, 1897 &ndash May 14, 1959) was an American Jazz saxophonist, Clarinetist and Composer The B♭ soprano was the most common instrument, but a few early jazz musicians such as Louis Nelson Delisle and Alcide Nunez preferred the C soprano, and many New Orleans jazz brass bands have used E♭ soprano. "Big Eye" Louis Nelson Delisle ( 28 January, 1885 – 20 August, 1949) was an early Dixieland Jazz Clarinetist Alcide Patrick Nunez ( March 17, 1884 &ndash September 2, 1934) was an early United States Jazz Clarinetist.

Swing clarinetists such as Benny Goodman, Artie Shaw, and Woody Herman led successful and popular big bands and smaller groups from the 1930s onward. Arthur Jacob Arshawsky ( May 23, 1910 &ndash December 30, 2004) better known as Artie Shaw, was an American Jazz Woodrow Charles Herman ( May 16 1913 &ndash October 29 1987) better known as Woody Herman, was an American Jazz Popular music is Music belonging to any of a number of musical styles that are accessible to the general public and are disseminated by one or more With the decline of the big bands' popularity in the late 1940s, the clarinet faded from its prominent position in jazz, though a few players (Buddy DeFranco, Eric Dolphy, Jimmy Giuffre, Perry Robinson, Theo Jorgensmann and others) used clarinet in bebop and free jazz. Boniface Ferdinand Leonard "Buddy" DeFranco (born February 17, 1923 in Camden New Jersey) is a Jazz Clarinet player Eric Allan Dolphy ( June 20, 1928 &ndash June 29, 1964) was an American Jazz alto saxophonist, flautist, and James Peter Giuffre ( April 26, 1921 &ndash April 24, 2008) was an American Jazz composer arranger and Saxophone Perry Morris Robinson (born September 17 1938 in New York City is an American jazz clarinetist and composer Theodor Franz Jörgensmann (born 1948 in Bottrop, Germany) is a Jazz and free-improvising Basset clarinet player and Composer Bebop or bop is a form of Jazz characterized by fast Tempos and Improvisation based on Harmonic structure rather than Melody For the Ornette Coleman album after which this genre was named see Free Jazz A Collective Improvisation.

During the 1950s and 1960s, Britain underwent a surge in the popularity of traditional jazz. Trad jazz short for "traditional jazz" is a Music genre popular in Britain and Australia from the 1940s onward through the 1950s and which still During this period, a British clarinetist named Acker Bilk became popular, founding his own ensemble in 1956. Acker Bilk MBE (born 28 January 1929) born Bernard Stanley Bilk (known more familiarly as Mr Bilk had a string of successful records including the most popular, Stranger on the Shore, a tune now synonymous with Acker Bilk himself. " Stranger on the Shore " is a piece for Clarinet written by Acker Bilk for his young daughter and originally named "Jenny" after her

Back in the U. S. , the instrument has seen something of a resurgence since the 1980s, with Eddie Daniels, Don Byron, and others playing the clarinet in more contemporary contexts. Eddie Daniels (born 19 October 1941) is a prolific American musician Don Byron (born November 8 1958) is a composer Jazz Clarinet, Bass clarinet and Saxophone player The instrument remains common in Dixieland music; Pete Fountain is one of the best known performers in this genre. Dixieland or Dixie is a name for the southeastern portion of the USA; see Southern United States, Dixie. Pierre Dewey LaFontaine Jr (born July 3, 1930) is a New Orleans Clarinetist. Bob Wilber, active since the 1950s, is a more eclectic jazz clarinetist, playing in a number of classic jazz styles. Bob Wilber (born 15 March, 1928) is an internationally recognized American Jazz Clarinetist, Saxophonist and Band leader

Filmmaker Woody Allen is a notable jazz clarinet enthusiast, and performs New Orleans-style jazz regularly with his quartet in New York. Woody Allen (born Allan Stewart Konigsberg; December 1 1935 is an American Film director, Writer, Actor, Comedian, and

Rock and pop

In Rock and Pop music, the clarinet is used very rarely. Some examples are:

The Beatles used a clarinet trio on their song "When I'm Sixty-Four", from the album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. The Beatles were a pop and rock band from Liverpool, England formed in 1960 " When I'm Sixty-Four " is a Love song by The Beatles, written by Paul McCartney (but co-credited to John Lennon) and Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band is the eighth studio album by the British rock band The Beatles.

Jerry Martini plays clarinet on Sly and the Family Stone's "Dance to the Music". Jerry Martini (born October 1 1943 in Denver, Colorado) is an American Musician, best known for being the Saxophonist Sly & the Family Stone is an American funk, soul and rock band from San Francisco California. " Dance to the Music " is a 1968 hit single by the influential soul / rock / funk band Sly & the Family Stone for the Epic /

John Helliwell with the band Supertramp sometimes uses the clarinet. John Helliwell (born John Anthony Helliwell 15 February 1945, in Todmorden, Yorkshire, England) is a British Musician See also Supertramp (ecology and Alexander Supertramp Supertramp were a British Progressive rock band

Patti Smith uses clarinet on her albums Twelve, Trampin' and Peace and Noise (song "Spell"). Patricia Lee Smith ( born December 30 1946 is an American Singer-songwriter and poet Twelve is an album by Patti Smith, released April 17, 2007 on Columbia Records. Trampin is an album by Patti Smith, released April 27, 2004. It was the first album Smith released on the Columbia Records label Peace and Noise is an album by Patti Smith, released September 30, 1997 on Arista Records. Peace and Noise is an album by Patti Smith, released September 30, 1997 on Arista Records.

Radiohead employed a clarinet for "Life in a Glasshouse" from the album Amnesiac. Radiohead For the Gentle Giant album see In a Glass House. "Life in a Glasshouse" is a song written by the English Alternative rock Amnesiac is the fifth studio Album by the English Alternative rock band Radiohead.

Other genres

Clarinets also feature prominently in much Klezmer music, which requires a very distinctive style of playing. See also Secular Jewish music Klezmer (from Yiddish כּלי־זמיר kley - instrument and zemer - song etymologically from This folk genre makes much use of quarter-tones, making a different embouchure (mouth position) necessary. Some klezmer musicians prefer Albert system clarinets.

The popular Brazilian music style choro often uses a clarinet. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Chôro ('ʃoɾu literally "cry" in Portuguese, meaning "lament" traditionally called chorinho ("little cry" Prominent contemporary players include Paquito D'Rivera. Paquito D'Rivera (born 4 June, 1948 in Havana, Cuba) is a Cuban Alto saxophonist, Clarinetist and Soprano

The famous clarinet player from Republic of Macedonia, Tale Ognenovski played the clarinet as a Macedonian folk instrument and became famous world-wide with his work.

The clarinet is prominent in Bulgarian wedding music, an offshoot of Roma/Romani traditional music. Ivo Papazov is a well-known clarinetist in this genre. Ivo Papazov (Иво Папазов (born 16 February 1952 in Kardzhali) nicknamed Ibryama (bg Ибряма is a Bulgarian

In Greece the clarinet (usually referred to as "κλαρίνο" - "clarino") is prominent in the traditional music of the country, especially central and northwest Greece (Thessaly and Epirus). Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Thessalia redirects here For the Butterfly Genus, see Thessalia (butterfly. It has a unique sound due to the integration of it with zurna, the dominant (double-reed) woodwind before clarinet arrived to the country. For other meanings see Zurna (disambiguation For other spellings see Surna (disambiguation The Many Greeks regard the clarinet as a native instrument. Traditional dance music, wedding music and laments include a clarinet soloist and quite often improvisations. Petroloukas Chalkias is a famous clarinetist in this genre.

The instrument is equally famous in Turkey, especially the soprano clarinet in G. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The soprano clarinet crossed via Turkey to Arabic music, where it is widely used in Arabic pop, especially if the intention of the arranger is to imitate the Turkish style or if the arranger is himself a Turk. Arabic music or Arab music ( Arabic: موسيقى عربية;) includes several genres and styles of Music ranging from Arabic classical Arabic pop music or Arab pop is a Subgenre of Pop music and Arabic music.

Groups of clarinets

Groups of clarinets playing together have become increasingly popular among clarinet enthusiasts in recent years. Common forms are:

• Clarinet choir, which features a large number of clarinets playing together, usually involves a range of different members of the clarinet family (see Extended family of clarinets). A clarinet choir is an instrumental ensemble consisting entirely of instruments from the Clarinet family The clarinet is a Musical instrument in the Woodwind family The name derives from adding the suffix -et meaning little to the Italian word The homogeneity of tone across the different members of the clarinet family produces an effect with some similarities to a human choir. For the musical composition see Chorale. A choir, chorale, or chorus is a Musical ensemble of Singers
• Clarinet quartet, usually three B♭ sopranos and one B♭ bass, but also sometimes four B♭ sopranos.

Clarinet choirs and quartets often play arrangements of both classical and popular music, in addition to a body of literature specially written for a combination of clarinets by composers such as Arnold Cooke, Alfred Uhl, Lucien Caillet and Václav Nelhýbel. Arnold Atkinson Cooke (4 November 1906 - 13 August 2005 was a British composer Alfred Uhl ( June 5, 1909 &ndash June 8, 1992) was an Austrian Composer. Lucien Cailliet ( May 27, 1897 &ndash January 3, 1985) was an American composer conductor arranger and clarinetist Václav Nelhýbel ( September 24 1919 &ndash March 22 1996) was a Czech - American composer mainly of works for student

Extended family of clarinets

Main article: Clarinet family

There is a family of many differently-pitched clarinet types, some of which are very rare. The clarinet family is a musical instrument family including the well-known B♭ clarinet, the slightly less familiar E♭, A, and Bass A family of musical instruments is a grouping of several different but related sizes or types of instruments The clarinet family is a musical instrument family including the well-known B♭ clarinet, the slightly less familiar E♭, A, and Bass The following are the most important sizes:

• Piccolo clarinet in A♭. The piccolo clarinets are members of the Clarinet family, smaller and higher pitched than
• Soprano clarinets in E♭, D, C, B♭, A and G. The soprano clarinets are a sub- family of the Clarinet family. The E-flat clarinet is a member of the Clarinet family It is usually classed as a Soprano clarinet, although some authors describe it as a "sopranino"
• Basset clarinet in A. The basset clarinet is a Clarinet, similar to the usual Soprano clarinet but longer and with additional keys to enable playing several additional lower notes
• Basset horn in F. The basset horn or tenor clarinet (sometimes written basset-horn) is a Musical instrument, a member of the Clarinet family
• Alto clarinet in E♭. The alto clarinet is a wind instrument of the Clarinet family
• Bass clarinet in B♭. The bass clarinet is a Musical instrument of the Clarinet family
• Contra-alto clarinet in EE♭. The contra-alto clarinet is a large low-sounding Musical instrument of the Clarinet family
• Contrabass clarinet in BB♭. The contrabass clarinet is the largest member of the Clarinet family that has ever been in regular production or significant use

Experimental EEE♭ and BBB♭ Octocontra-alto and Octocontrabass clarinets have also been built. The term subcontrabass clarinet refers to any Clarinet with range lower than that of the Contrabass clarinet.

Clarinets other than the standard B♭ and A soprano clarinets are sometimes known as harmony clarinets.

There have also been soprano clarinets in C, A, and B♭ with curved barrels and bells marketed under the names Saxonette, Claribel, and Clariphon. A saxonette is a woodwind Musical instrument and a member of the Clarinet family

History

The clarinet developed from a Baroque instrument called the chalumeau. Baroque music describes an era and a set of styles of European classical music which were in widespread use between approximately 1600 and 1750. This article is about the historical musical instrument For the register on the clarinet that is named for this instrument see Clarinet#Range. This instrument was similar to a recorder, but with a single reed mouthpiece similar to that of the modern clarinet and a cylindrical bore. The recorder is a woodwind Musical instrument of the family known as Fipple Flutes ' or internal duct flutes &mdash whistle-like Lacking a register key, it was played mainly in its fundamental register, with a limited range of about one and a half octaves. It had eight finger holes, like a recorder, plus two keys for its two highest notes. At this time contrary to modern practice the reed was placed in contact with the upper lip.

Around the turn of the 18th century the chalumeau was modified by converting one of its keys into a register key to produce the first clarinet. This development is usually attributed to a German instrument maker named Johann Christoph Denner, though some have suggested his son Jacob Denner was the inventor. Johann Christoph Denner (bap August 13, 1655; bur April 26, 1707) was a famous woodwind instrument maker of the Baroque This instrument played well in the middle register with a loud, strident tone, so it was given the name clarinetto meaning "little trumpet" (from clarino + -etto). Early clarinets did not play well in the lower register, so chalumeaux continued to be made to play the low notes and these notes became known as the chalumeau register. As clarinets improved, the chalumeau fell into disuse.

The original Denner clarinets had two keys, and could play a chromatic scale, but various makers added more keys to get improved notes, easier fingerings, and a slightly larger range. The chromatic scale is a Musical scale with twelve pitches each a Semitone or Half step apart The classical clarinet of Mozart's day typically had eight finger holes and five keys.

Clarinets were soon accepted into orchestras. Later models had a mellower tone than the originals. Mozart (d. 1791) liked the sound of the clarinet (he considered its tone the closest in quality to the human voice) and wrote much music for it, and by the time of Beethoven (c. Ludwig van Beethoven ( English ˈlʊdvɪg væn ˈbeɪtoʊvən, 16 December 1770 &ndash 26 March 1827 was a German Composer and Pianist. 1800–1820), the clarinet was a standard fixture in the orchestra.

The next major development in the history of clarinet was the invention of the modern pad. Early clarinets covered the tone holes with felt pads. Because these leaked air, the number of pads had to be kept to a minimum, so the clarinet was severely restricted in what notes could be played with a good tone. In 1812, Ivan Mueller, a Russian-born clarinetist and inventor, developed a new type of pad which was covered in leather or fish bladder. Ivan Mueller (b 1786 Reval, Estonia - d 1854 Bückeburg - correctly spelled Iwan Müller was a Clarinetist and inventor This was completely airtight, so the number of keys could be increased enormously. He designed a new type of clarinet with seven finger holes and thirteen keys. This allowed the clarinet to play in any key with near equal ease. Over the course of the 19th century, many enhancements were made to Mueller's clarinet, such as the Albert system and the Baermann system, all keeping the same basic design. The Mueller clarinet and its derivatives were popular throughout the world.

The final development in the modern design of the clarinet used in most of the world today was introduced by Hyacinthe Klosé in 1839. Hyacinthe Eléonore Klosé ( October 11 1808 in Corfu ( Greece) - August 29 1880 in Paris was a French Clarinet He devised a different arrangement of keys and finger holes which allow simpler fingering. It was inspired by the Boehm System developed by Theobald Boehm, a flute maker who had invented the system for flutes. The Boehm system is a system of keywork for the Flute, created by Inventor and Flautist Theobald Boehm between 1831 and 1847 Theobald Böhm (or Boehm) ( April 9, 1794 – November 27, 1881) was a Bavarian Inventor and Musician Klosé was so impressed by Boehm's invention that he named his own system for clarinets the Boehm system, although it is different from the one used on flutes. The Böhm system for the Clarinet is a system of clarinet keywork developed between 1839 and 1843 by Hyacinthe Klosé and Auguste Buffet ''jeune'' This new system was slow to catch on because it meant the player had to relearn how to play the instrument. To ease this transition, Klose wrote a series of exercises for the clarinet, designed to teach his fingering system. Gradually, however, it became the standard and today the Boehm system is used everywhere in the world except Germany and Austria. These countries still use a direct descendant of the Mueller clarinet known as the Oehler system clarinet. The Öhler system is a system for Clarinet keys developed by Oskar Öhler Also, some contemporary Dixieland and Klezmer players continue to use Albert system clarinets, as the simpler fingering system can allow for easier slurring of notes. The Albert system refers to a system of Clarinet keywork and fingering developed by Eugène Albert. At one time the reed was held on using string, but now the practice exists primarily in Germany and Austria, where the tone is preferred over that produced with the ligatures that are more popular in the rest of the world.

See also

• Clarinet makers – lists of makers of clarinets, clarinet mouthpieces, and clarinet reeds. The following are lists of makers of Clarinets clarinet mouthpieces clarinet ligatures and clarinet reeds Note that some of these "makers" may
• Double clarinet – a Middle Eastern instrument, not a true clarinet in the western sense of the term
• Quarter tone clarinet
• List of classical clarinetists
• List of jazz clarinetists

Notes

References

• Nicholas Bessaraboff, Ancient European Musical Instruments. Boston: Harvard University Press, 1941.
• Jack Brymer, Clarinet. (Yehudi Menuhin Music Guides) Hardback and paperback, 296 pages, Kahn & Averill. ISBN 1-871082-12-9
• David Pino, The Clarinet and Clarinet Playing. Providence: Dover Pubns, 1998, 320 p. ; ISBN 0-486-40270-3
• F. Geoffrey Rendall, The Clarinet. Second Revised Edition. London: Ernest Benn Limited, 1957.
• Cyrille Rose, Artistic Studies, Book 1. ed. David Hite. San Antonio: Southern Music, 1986.
• Nicholas Shackleton, "Clarinet", Grove Music Online, ed. The Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians is an Encyclopedic dictionary of music and musicians L. Macy (accessed 21 February 2006), grovemusic.com (subscription access). Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
• Buffet Crampon Greenline website
• Jennifer Ross, "Clarinet", "Ohio: Hardcover Printing Press, 1988.
• Fabrizio Meloni, Il Clarinetto, ill. , 299 pages, Zecchini Editore, zecchini.com Italy, 2002, ISBN 88-87203-03-2.

External links

• The International Clarinet Association
• Comprehensive list of clarinets
• Clarinet acoustics
• Comprehensive list of fingerings for Kinderklarinettes and Boehm-, Albert-, and Oehler-system clarinets
• UNM List of Clarinet Repertoire
• Clarinets in the Edinburgh University Collection of Historic Musical Instruments
• The Silver Clarinet Site
• Clarinet Fingering Chart

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