Civil rights refers to two related but different terms. Martin Luther King Jr ( January 15, 1929 April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, Activist and prominent leader Whitney Moore Young Jr ( July 31, 1921 – March 11, 1971) was an African-American Civil rights leader James Leonard Farmer Jr ( January 12, 1920 – July 9, 1999) was a Black civil rights activist who was one of the "big 4" leaders In civil law jurisdictions, a civil right is a right or power which can be exercised under civil law, which includes things such as the ability to contract. Civil law or Romano-Germanic law or Continental law is the predominant system of law in the world. In Law, jurisdiction (from the Latin ius iuris meaning "law" and dicere meaning "to speak" is the practical Authority A right is a legal or moral Entitlement or Permission. Rights are of vital importance in theories of Justice and deontological ethics In civil law jurisdictions, lawsuits between private parties for things such as breach of contract or a tort are usually expressed in terms of infringement of a civil right. Tort law is the name given to a body of law that creates and provides remedies for civil wrongs that do not arise out of Contractual duties For example, Article 2 of the Contract Law of the People's Republic of China defines a contract as "an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing".
In common law jurisdiction, the term civil right is distinguished from "human rights" or "natural rights". Common law refers to law and the corresponding legal system developed through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled Civil rights are rights that are bestowed by nations on those within their terr boundaries, while natural or human rights are rights that many scholars claim that individuals have by nature of being born. A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered For example, the philosopher John Locke (1632–1704) argued that the natural rights of life, liberty and property should be converted into civil rights and protected by the sovereign state as an aspect of the social contract. John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704 was an English Philosopher. Year 1704 ( MDCCIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Life is a state that distinguishes Organisms from non-living objects such as non-life and dead organisms being manifested by growth through Metabolism Liberty, the freedom to act or believe without being stopped by unnecessary force Property is any physical or virtual entity that is owned by an individual Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. Social contract describes a broad class of republican theories whose subjects are implied agreements by which people form Nations and maintain a Social order Others have argued that people acquire rights as an inalienable gift from a deity (such as God) or at a time of nature before governments were formed. State of nature is a term in Political philosophy used in Social contract theories to describe the hypothetical condition of humanity before the State 's
Laws guaranteeing civil rights may be written down, or derived from custom, or implied. In Law, custom can be described as the established patterns of behavior that can be objectively verified within a particular social setting In the United States and most continental European countries, civil rights laws are most often written. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Examples of civil rights and liberties include the right to get redress if injured by another, the right to privacy, the right of peaceful protest, the right to a fair investigation and trial if suspected of a crime, and more generally-based constitutional rights such as the right to vote, the right to personal freedom, the right to freedom of movement and the right of equal protection. Suffrage (from the Latin suffragium, meaning "voting tablet" and figuratively "right to vote" probably from suffrago "hough" and originally As civilizations emerged and formalized through written constitutions, some of the more important civil rights were granted to citizens. A constitution is a system for government often Codified as a written document that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity When those grants were later found inadequate, civil rights movements emerged as the vehicle for claiming more equal protection for all citizens and advocating new laws to restrict the effects of discrimination. See also Protests of 1968 Historically the civil rights movement was a concentrated period of time around the world of approximately twenty years (1960-1980 in The Equal Protection Clause, part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, provides that "no state shall… deny to any person
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Implied rights
"Implied" rights are rights that a court may find to exist even though not expressly guaranteed by written law or custom, on the theory that a written or customary right must necessarily include the implied right. One famous (and controversial) example of a right implied from the U. S. Constitution is the "right to privacy", which the U.S. Supreme Court found to exist in the 1965 case of Griswold v. Connecticut. Privacy is the ability of an individual or group to seclude themselves or information about themselves and thereby reveal themselves selectively The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. Griswold v Connecticut, 381 US 479 ( 1965) was a Landmark case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the In the 1973 case of Roe v. Wade, the court found that state legislation prohibiting or limiting abortion violated this right to privacy. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Roe v Wade, 410 US 113 (1973 is a controversial United States Supreme Court case that resulted in a Landmark decision regarding As a rule, state governments can expand civil rights beyond the U. S. Constitution, but they cannot diminish Constitutional rights.
By region
United States
Civil rights can refer to protection against public (government) and or private sector discrimination. In the United States, the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects citizens against many forms of State discrimination, with its due process and equal protection requirements. The Fourteenth Amendment ( Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution is one of the post- Civil War Reconstruction Amendments, first Due process (more fully due process of law) is the principle that a person has a right to receive notice and be heard in an orderly proceeding in order to protect his or her The Equal Protection Clause, part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, provides that "no state shall… deny to any person Civil rights can also refer to protection against private actors or entities. The U. S. Congress subsequently addressed the issue through the Civil Rights Act of 1964 Sec. Origins The bill was introduced by President John F Kennedy in his civil rights speech of June 11 1963, in which he asked for legislation "giving 201. which states: (a) All persons shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, and accommodations of any place of public accommodation, as defined in this section, without discrimination or segregation on the ground of race, color, religion, or national origin or sex. This legislation and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 are constitutional under the Commerce Clause, as the Supreme Court has ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment only applies to the State. The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA is the short title of United States ( codified at et seq Article 1 Section 8 Clause 3 of the United States Constitution, known as the Commerce Clause, states that Congress has the power to regulate commerce with foreign States generally have the power to enact similar legislation, provided that they meet the federal minimum standard, under the doctrine of police powers. Police power is the capacity of a State to Regulate behaviours and enforce order within its Territory, often framed in terms of Public welfare
The terms civil rights and civil liberties are often used interchangeably in the United States. thumb| |Broken Liberty Istanbul Archaeology Museum Civil liberties are freedoms that protect the Individual from the Government. Thomas Jefferson wrote, "a free people [claim] their rights aived from the laws of nature, and not as the gift of their chief magistrate. "[1]
The United States Constitution recognizes different civil rights than do most other national constitutions. The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States. Two examples of civil rights found in the US but rarely (if ever) elsewhere are the right to bear arms (Second Amendment to the United States Constitution) and the right to a jury trial (Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution). The Second Amendment (Amendment II to the United States Constitution is a part of the United States Bill of Rights that protects the pre-existing The Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution sets forth rights related to criminal prosecutions in federal courts Few nations, not even including a world organization body such as the United Nations, have recognized either of these civil rights. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Many nations recognize an individual's civil right to not be executed for murdering another, a civil right not recognized within the US.
Germany
The civil rights are declared in the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, especially in the articles 1 - 19.
See also
Agencies
People
- Malcolm X
- Martin Luther King Jr.
- Roy Innis
- Steven Biko
- Benjamin Chavis Muhammad
- Cesar Chavez
- Bernice Fisher
- Rosa Parks
- Ella Baker
- Morris Dees
- Gerry Fitt
- John Hume
- J.D. DeBlieux
- Ronald Dworkin
- Fannie Lou Hamer
- T.R.M. Howard
- Winson Hudson
- Larry Kramer
- Corliss Lamont
- Jo Ann Robinson
- Bayard Rustin
- Omali Yeshitela
- Ralph Abernathy
- Frank M. Johnson, Jr.
- Muhammad Yunus
- Abraham Lincoln
Politics
- American Civil Rights Movement (1896-1954)
- American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968)
- Timeline of the American Civil Rights Movement
- African American history - Black History
- List of anti-discrimination acts
- LGBT social movements
Related topics
- Affirmative Action
- Black Power
- Police Brutality
- Anti-Semitism
- Civil liberties
- Human rights
- Teaching for social justice
- Natural rights
- Inalienable rights
- Prisoners' rights
- Rights
- Second-class citizen
- Apartheid
- Feminism
- Gay rights
- Women's rights
- Men's rights
- Minority rights
- Bloody Sunday - 1972, Northern Ireland
- Union Organizer
- Executive Order Number 11478
- Fathers' rights
Notes
- ^ Thomas Jefferson: Rights of British America, 1774. The US Commission on Civil Rights is a bipartisan independent federal commission charged with the responsibility for investigating reporting on and making recommendations concerning Malcolm X (born Malcolm Little; May 19 1925 February 21 1965 also known as El-Hajj Malik El- Shabazz, was an African American Martin Luther King Jr ( January 15, 1929 April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, Activist and prominent leader Roy Emile Alfredo Innis (born June 6, 1934, in St Croix, US Virgin Islands) has been National Chairman of the Congress of Racial Equality Stephen Bantu Biko December 1946 &ndash 12 September 1977 was a noted anti-[[apartheid] activist in South Africa in the 1960s and early Benjamin Chavis is an African-American Civil rights activist He was born Benjamin Franklin Chavis Jr César Estrada Chávez ( March 31, 1927 – April 23, 1993) born in Yuma Arizona, was a Mexican-American farm worker Labor Bernice Fisher was a Civil Rights activist and union organizer Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4 1913 – October 24 2005 was an African American Civil rights activist whom the U Ella Josephine Baker ( December 13, 1903 &ndash December 13, 1986) was a leading African American civil rights and human rights Morris Seligman Dees Jr (born December 16 1936 is the co-founder and chief trial counsel for the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC and former direct mail marketeer Gerard "Gerry" Fitt Baron Fitt ( 9 April 1926 &ndash 26 August 2005) was a Northern Irish politician John Hume (born 18 January 1937) is a former Politician in Northern Ireland, founding member of the Social Democratic and Labour Party Ronald Dworkin, QC, FBA (born December 11, 1931) is an American Legal philosopher, currently professor of Jurisprudence Fannie Lou Hamer (born Fannie Lou Townsend on October 6, 1917 – March 14, 1977) was an American Voting rights Theodore Roosevelt Mason Howard (b March 4 1908, Murray Kentucky - d Winson Hudson (1916-2004 was a Civil rights activist born and raised in Harmony, Mississippi. Larry Kramer (born June 25 1935) is an American Playwright, author, public health advocate and gay rights activist Corliss Lamont ( March 28, 1902 &ndash April 26, 1995) was a humanist and Marxist philosopher and advocate of various Jo Ann Gibson Robinson (1912-1992 was a civil rights activist and educator in Montgomery Alabama. Rustin redirects here for the unrelated film see Rustin (film Bayard Rustin ( March 17, 1912 – August 24 Omali Yeshitela (born Joseph Waller, October 9, 1941, St Petersburg Florida) is a Pan-Africanist ( Afrocentrist) Ralph David Abernathy ( March 11 1926 – April 17 1990) was an American Civil rights activist and leader and a close associate of Frank Minis Johnson Jr (born October 30, 1918 in Haleyville Alabama - July 23, 1999 in Montgomery Alabama Muhammad Yunus (মুহাম্মদ ইউনুস pronounced bn-Latn ''Muhammôd Iunus'' (born 28 June 1940 is a Bangladeshi Banker and Economist Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal The American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968 refers to the reform movements in the United States aimed at abolishing racial discrimination against African This is a timeline of the African-American Civil Rights Movement. African American history is the portion of American history that specifically discusses the African American or Black American ethnic group in the United This is a list of anti-discrimination acts (often called discrimination acts which are Laws designed to prevent Discrimination. Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgender social movements share related goals of social acceptance of Homosexuality, Bisexuality and Transgenderism Lesbian Affirmative action in the United States|Employment equity (Canada|Reservation in India|Numerus clausus The term affirmative action describes many policies aimed at a historically Black Power is a racially based Political slogan and a name for various associated ideologies Police brutality is the world wide use of excessive force usually physical but potentially also in the form verbal attacks and psychological intimidation, by Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility thumb| |Broken Liberty Istanbul Archaeology Museum Civil liberties are freedoms that protect the Individual from the Government. Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled Teaching for Social justice is an educational philosophy that proponents argue Teaches for Justice and equity all learners in The movement for prisoners' rights is based on the principle that Prisoners even though they are deprived of Liberty, are still entitled to basic Human rights A right is a legal or moral Entitlement or Permission. Rights are of vital importance in theories of Justice and deontological ethics Second-class citizen is an informal term used to describe a person who is systematically discriminated against within a State or other political jurisdiction Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgender social movements share related goals of social acceptance of Homosexuality, Bisexuality and Transgenderism Lesbian Men’s rights are the freedoms inherently possessed by men and boys of all ages which may be institutionalized ignored or suppressed by law custom and behavior in a particular The term minority rights embodies two separate concepts first normal individual Rights as applied to members of racial Ethnic, class religious linguistic or Bloody Sunday (Domhnach na Fola is the term used to describe an incident in Derry, Northern Ireland, on 30 January 1972 in which 26 A union organizer is a specific type of Trade union member (often elected or an appointed union official Executive Order 11478 was signed by President of the United States Richard M The Fathers' rights movement has been characterized as a Civil rights movement whose members are primarily interested in issues affecting fathers and children related to ME 1:209, Papers 1:134 http://etext.virginia.edu/jefferson/quotations/jeff0100.htm
References
- Arendt, Hannah, The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951)
- Hohfeld, W. N., Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning, ed. The Origins of Totalitarianism is a book by Hannah Arendt which classed Nazism and Stalinism as Totalitarian movements Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld (1879-1918 was an American Jurist. He was the author of the seminal Fundamental Legal Conceptions As Applied in Judicial Reasoning and Other Legal by W. W. Cook (1919); reprint, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1964. Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar.
- Nozick, Robert, Anarchy, State, and Utopia, Basic Books. Robert Nozick ( November 16, 1938 &ndash January 23, 2002) was an American Philosopher and Pellegrino University 1974. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar.
- Rawls, John, A Theory of Justice (Revised edition, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press, 1999), ISBN 0-674-00077-3. John Rawls ( February 21, 1921 &ndash November 24, 2002) was an American Philosopher, a Professor of Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar)
- Smith, Jean Edward & Levine, Herbert M. Jean Edward Smith (born October 13, 1932, Washington DC) is professor at Marshall University and biographer , Civil Liberties & Civil Rights Debated, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1988. Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar)
External links
- Civil Rights Resource Guide, from the Library of Congress
- We Shall Overcome: Historic Places of the Civil Rights Movement, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
- Civil Rights entry at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy by Andrew Altman
- The Leadership Conference on Civil Rights
- Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project
- WDAS Radio's Enduring Impact on the Civil Rights Movement
- Images of the Civil Rights Movement in Florida
- Civil Rights Movement Veterans
- Guardians of Freedom - 50th Anniversary of Operation Arkansas, by ARMY.MIL
- Civil Rights.org
- Civil Rights Movement
- Study of the civil rights movement in America.
- video interview with Prof. Ahmad Rahman
- video interview with Prof. Gloria House
Dictionary
civil rights
-noun
- (law) Those rights which are considered to be unquestionable; deserved by all people under all circumstances, especially without regard to race, creed, color or gender.
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