The Petronas Twin Towers, designed by Thornton-Tomasetti and Ranhill Bersekutu Sdn Bhd engineers, and Cesar Pelli, were the world's tallest buildings from 1998 to 2004. The Petronas Twin Towers (also known as the Petronas Towers or Twin Towers) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia were the world's tallest buildings Cesar Pelli (born October 12 1926 in San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina) is an Argentine Architect known for designing some of the

The Falkirk Wheel in Scotland. The Falkirk Wheel is a rotating Boat lift connecting the Forth and Clyde Canal with the Union Canal. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain.

Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction and maintenance of the physical and natural built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, dams and buildings. Professional Engineer (PE is the term for registered or Licensed Engineers in some countries who are permitted to offer their Professional services directly A bridge is a Structure built to span a Gorge, Valley, Road, railroad track, River, Body of water A road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places. Canals are artificial channels for water There are two types of canals water conveyance canals which are used for the conveyance and delivery of water and Waterways A dam is a barrier that divides waters. Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water while other structures such as Floodgates, Levees In Architecture, Construction, Engineering and real estate development the word building may refer to one of the following Any man-made ^[1][2][3] Civil engineering is the oldest engineering discipline after military engineering,^[4] and it was defined to distinguish it from military engineering. Engineering is the Discipline and Profession of applying technical and scientific Knowledge and A military engineer is primarily responsible for the design and construction of offensive defensive and logistical structures for Warfare Other duties include the ^[5] It is traditionally broken into several sub-disciplines including environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, transportation engineering, water resources engineering, materials engineering, coastal engineering,^[4] surveying, and construction engineering. Environmental engineering is the application of Science and Engineering principles to improve the environment (air water and/or land resources Geotechnical engineering is the branch of Civil engineering concerned with the engineering behavior of earth materials Structural engineering is a field of Engineering dealing with the analysis and design of Structures that support or resist loads Structural engineering is Transport engineering (alternatively transportation engineering) is the science of safe and efficient movement of people and goods ( Transport) Hydraulic engineering is a sub-discipline of Civil engineering concerned with the flow and conveyance of Fluids principally Water. Materials Science or Materials Engineering is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of Science and In some jurisdictions the terms sea defense and coastal protection are used to mean respectively defence against flooding and erosion Surveying is the technique and science of accurately determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional space Position of points and the distances and angles between Construction engineering concerns the planning and management of the Construction of structures such as Highways Bridges Airports Railroads ^[6] Civil engineering takes place on all levels: in the public sector from municipal through to federal levels, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies.

History of the civil engineering profession

Engineering has been an aspect of life since the beginnings of human existence. Engineering is the Discipline and Profession of applying technical and scientific Knowledge and Civil engineering might be considered properly commencing between 4000 and 2000 BC in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia when humans started to abandon a nomadic existence, thus causing a need for the construction of shelter. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding Nomadic people, (from the νομάδες nomádes, "those who let pasture herds" also known as nomads, are communities of people that During this time, transportation became increasingly important leading to the development of the wheel and sailing. Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another A wheel is a circular device that is capable of rotating on its axis facilitating movement or transportation whilst supporting a load ( Mass) or performing labour in machines Maritime history is a broad thematic element of History that often uses a global approach although national and regional histories remain predominant The construction of Pyramids in Egypt (circa 2700-2500 BC) might be considered the first instances of large structure constructions. The Egyptian pyramids are pyramid shaped structures located in Egypt, and were built as a tomb for dead pharaohs Other ancient historic civil engineering constructions include the Parthenon by Iktinos in Ancient Greece (447-438 BC), the Appian Way by Roman engineers (c. The Parthenon ( Ancient Greek:) is a temple of the Greek goddess Athena, built in the 5th century BC on the Athenian Acropolis Iktinos (or Ictinus) was an Architect active in the mid 5th century BC The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca The Appian Way ( Latin and Italian: Via Appia) was the most important ancient Roman road. Origins The Romans are generally famous for their advanced Engineering accomplishments although some of their own inventions were improvements on older ideas concepts 312 BC), and the Great Wall of China by General Meng T'ien under orders from Ch'in Emperor Shih Huang Ti (c. The Great Wall of China ( or ( is a series of stone and earthen Fortifications in China, built rebuilt and maintained between the 6th century BC and the 16th Meng Tian (蒙恬 ( ?-210 BC was a general of the Qin Dynasty who distinguished himself against the Xiongnu and in the construction of the Great Wall of China Qin Shi Huang ( (259 BC – September 10 210 BC personal name Yíng Zhèng, was king of the Chinese State of Qin from 247 BCE to 221 BCE (during the 220 BC). ^[6] The Romans developed civil structures throughout their empire, including especially aqueducts, insulae, harbours, bridges, dams and roads. An aqueduct is an artificial channel that is constructed to convey water from one location to another In Roman architecture, insulae (singular Insula) were large Apartment buildings where the lower and middle classes of Romans (the Plebs A harbor or harbour (see spelling differences) or haven, is a place where ships may shelter from the Weather or are stored Bridges is the plural form of Bridge. People Bridges is the Family name of Alicia Bridges,

The Archimedes' screw was operated by hand and could raise water efficiently. The Archimedes' screw, Archimedean screw, or screwpump is a Machine historically used for transferring water from a low-lying body of water into Irrigation

See also: History of structural engineering

Until modern times there was no clear distinction between civil engineering and architecture, and the term engineer and architect were mainly geographical variations referring to the same person, often used interchangeably. The history of Structural engineering dates back to at least 2700 BC when the Step pyramid for Pharaoh Djoser was built by Imhotep The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation An architect is a licensed individual who leads a design team in the Planning and Design of buildings and participates in oversight of Building Construction ^[7] In the 18th century, the term civil engineering began to be used to and exchange, and in the construction of ports, harbours, moles, breakwaters and lighthouses, and in the art of distinguish it from military engineering. ^[5]

The first self-proclaimed civil engineer was John Smeaton who constructed the Eddystone Lighthouse. This article is about the 18th century civil engineer For the baggage handler involved in the 2007 Glasgow International Airport attack, see John Smeaton (baggage Eddystone Lighthouse is on the treacherous Eddystone Rocks, 9 Statute miles (14 kilometres south west of Rame Head, United Kingdom ^[6][4] In 1771 Smeaton and some of his colleagues formed the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers, a group of leaders of the profession who met informally over dinner. Though there was evidence of some technical meetings, it was little more than a social society.

In 1818 the Institution of Civil Engineers was founded in London, and in 1820 the eminent engineer Thomas Telford became its first president. Founded on 2 January 1818, the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE is an independent Professional association, based in central London, London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Thomas Telford (9 August 1757 - 2 September 1834 was born in Westerkirk, Scotland. The institution received a Royal Charter in 1828, formally recognising civil engineering as a profession. Its charter defined civil engineering as:^[8]

The first degree in Civil Engineering in the United States was awarded by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1835. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, or RPI, is a Nonsectarian private Research University located in Troy, New York ^[9] The first such degree to be awarded to a woman was granted by Cornell University to Nora Stanton Blatch in 1905. Nora Stanton Blatch Barney ( September 30, 1883 &ndash January 18, 1971) was an American Civil engineer, Architect

History of the science of civil engineering

Pont du Gard, France, a Roman aqueduct built circa 19 BC. The Pont du Gard is an aqueduct in the South of France constructed by the Roman Empire, and located in Vers-Pont-du-Gard near Remoulins This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC

Civil engineering is the application of physical and scientific principles, and its history is intricately linked to advances in understanding of physics and mathematics throughout history. Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Because civil engineering is a wide ranging profession, including several separate specialized sub-disciplines, its history is linked to knowledge of structures, materials science, geology, soils, hydrology, environment, mechanics and other fields. Structure is a fundamental and sometimes Intangible notion covering the Recognition, Observation, nature, and Stability of Materials Science or Materials Engineering is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of Science and Geology (from Greek γη gê, "earth" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel Hydrology (from Greek Yδωρ hudōr, "water" and λόγος logos, "study" is the study of the movement distribution and quality of Environmental science is the study of interactions among physical chemical and biological components of the environment. Mechanics ( Greek) is the branch of Physics concerned with the behaviour of physical bodies when subjected to Forces or displacements

Throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans, such as stone masons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. An artisan, also called a Craftsman, is a skilled manual worker who crafts items that may be functional or strictly decorative including furniture clothing A carpenter (builder is a skilled craftsman who performs carpentry - a wide range of Woodworking that includes constructing buildings, Knowledge was retained in guilds and seldom supplanted by advances. A guild is an association of craftsmen in a particular trade The earliest guilds were formed as confraternities of workers Structures, roads and infrastructure that existed were repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental. ^[10]

One of the earliest examples of a scientific approach to physical and mathematical problems applicable to civil engineering is the work of Archimedes in the 3rd century BC, including Archimedes Principle, which underpins our understanding of buoyancy, and practical solutions such as Archimedes' screw. Archimedes of Syracuse ( Greek:) ( c. 287 BC – c 212 BC was a Greek mathematician, Physicist, Engineer In Physics, buoyancy ( BrE IPA: /ˈbɔɪənsi/ is the upward Force on an object produced by the surrounding liquid or gas in which it is The Archimedes' screw, Archimedean screw, or screwpump is a Machine historically used for transferring water from a low-lying body of water into Irrigation

The civil engineer

The Institution of Civil Engineers headquarters in London

Main article: Civil engineer

Education and licensure

Civil engineers typically possess an academic degree with a major in civil engineering. Founded on 2 January 1818, the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE is an independent Professional association, based in central London, A civil engineer is a person who practices Civil engineering, one of the many engineering professions A degree is any of a wide range of status levels conferred by institutions of Higher education, such as universities, normally as the result of successfully completing The length of study for such a degree is usually four or five years and the completed degree is usually designated as a Bachelor of Engineering, though some universities designate the degree as a Bachelor of Science. Bachelor of Engineering (commonly abbreviated as BE or BEng) is an Undergraduate Academic degree awarded to a student after three to five A Bachelor of Science ( BS, BSc or BSc in the UK; less commonly S The degree generally includes units covering physics, mathematics, project management, design and specific topics in civil engineering. Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Project Management is the discipline of planning organizing and managing resources to bring about the successful completion of specific project goals and objectives Design is used both as a Noun and a Verb. The term is often tied to the various Applied arts and Engineering (See design disciplines Initially such topics cover most, if not all, of the sub-disciplines of civil engineering. Students then choose to specialize in one or more sub-disciplines towards the end of the degree. ^[11]

Graduates can choose to pursue a postgraduate degree such as a Master of Engineering, Master of Science, or a Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering. A Master of Engineering ( Magister in Ingeniaria) often abbreviated M A Master of Science ( Latin: Magister Scientiæ; abbreviated MSc, M "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. The Master of Engineering degree may consist of either research, coursework or a mixture of the two. Research is defined as Human activity based on Intellectual application in the investigation of Matter. Coursework is carried out by Students at University or middle / High school that contributes towards their overall Grade, but which The Doctor of Philosophy consists of a significant research component and is often viewed as the entry point to academia. ^[12] In the United Kingdom and various other European countries, the Master of Engineering is the minimum acceptable qualification for accreditation by the relevant professional bodies, and is often included as an extra year on the undergraduate engineering degree.

In most countries, a Bachelor's degree in engineering represents the first step towards professional certification and the degree program itself is certified by a professional body. Overview Certifications are earned from a Professional society and in general must be renewed periodically or may be valid for a specific period of time (e A professional body or professional organization also known as a professional association or professional society is an organization usually Non-profit, that exists After completing a certified degree program the engineer must satisfy a range of requirements (including work experience and exam requirements) before being certified. Once certified, the engineer is designated the title of Professional Engineer (in the United States, Canada and South Africa), Chartered Engineer (in most Commonwealth countries), Chartered Professional Engineer (in Australia and New Zealand), or European Engineer (in much of the European Union). Professional Engineer (PE is the term for registered or Licensed Engineers in some countries who are permitted to offer their Professional services directly The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa The English noun commonwealth dates from the fifteenth century. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island FEANI (the European Federation of National Engineering Associations) is a federation of national professional bodies representing Engineering in The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in There are international engineering agreements between relevant pressional bodies which are designed to allow engineers to practice across international borders.

The advantages of certification vary depending upon location. For example, in the United States and Canada "only a licensed engineer may prepare, sign and seal, and submit engineering plans and drawings to a public authority for approval, or seal engineering work for public and private clients. ". ^[13] This requirement is enforced by state and provincial legislation such as Quebec's Engineers Act. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk ^[14] In other countries, no such legislation exists. In Australia, state licensing of engineers is limited to the state of Queensland. Queensland is a state of Australia, occupying the north-eastern corner of the mainland continent Practically all certifying bodies maintain a code of ethics that they expect all members to abide by or risk expulsion. ^[15] In this way, these organizations play an important role in maintaining ethical standards for the profession. Even in jurisdictions where certification has little or no legal bearing on work, engineers are subject to contract law. A contract is an exchange of promises between two or more parties to do or refrain from doing an act which is enforceable in a court of law In cases where an engineer's work fails he or she may be subject to the tort of negligence and, in extreme cases, the charge of criminal negligence. Negligence (Lat negligentia from negligere to neglect literally "not to pick up" is a legal concept in the Common law legal systems usually used to In the Criminal law, criminal negligence is one of the three general classes of Mens rea ( Latin for "guilty mind" element required An engineer's work must also comply with numerous other rules and regulations such as building codes and legislation pertaining to environmental law. A building code, or building control, is a set of rules that specify the minimum acceptable level of safety for constructed objects such as Buildings and Nonbuilding Environmental law is a complex and interlocking body of Statutes, Common law, Treaties, conventions Regulations and policies which very

Careers

There is no one typical career path for civil engineers. Most engineering graduates start with jobs of low responsibility, and as they prove their competence, they are given more and more responsible tasks, but within each subfield of civil engineering, and even within different segments of the market within each branch, the details of a career path can vary. In some fields and firms, entry-level engineers are put to work primarily monitoring construction in the field, serving as the "eyes and ears" of more senior design engineers; while in other areas, entry-level engineers end up performing the more routine tasks of analysis or design and interpretation. More senior engineers can move into doing more complex analysis or design work, or management of more complex design projects, or management of other engineers, or into specialized consulting, including forensic engineering. Forensic Engineering is the investigation of materials, products, Structures or components that fail or do not operate/function as

Engineers are in high demand at banks, financial institutions and management consultancies because of their analytical skills. ^[16]

Sub-disciplines

In general, civil engineering is concerned with the overall interface of human created fixed projects with the greater world. General civil engineers work closely with surveyors and specialized civil engineers to fit and serve fixed projects within their given site, community and terrain by designing grading, drainage, pavement, water supply, sewer service, electric and communications supply, and land divisions. General engineers spend much of their time visiting project sites, developing community consensus, and preparing construction plans. General civil engineering is also referred to as site engineering, a branch of civil engineering that primarily focuses on converting a tract of land from one usage to another. Civil engineers typically apply the principles of geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, environmental engineering, transportation engineering and construction engineering to residential, commercial, industrial and public works projects of all sizes and levels of construction.

Costal engineering

Main article: Coastal management

Coastal engineering is concerned with managing coastal areas. In some jurisdictions the terms sea defense and coastal protection are used to mean respectively defence against flooding and erosion

Building construction for several apartment blocks

Construction engineering

Main article: Construction engineering

Construction engineering involves planning and execution of the designs from transportation, site development, hydraulic, environmental, structural and geotechnical engineers. Construction engineering concerns the planning and management of the Construction of structures such as Highways Bridges Airports Railroads As construction firms tend to have higher business risk than other types of civil engineering firms, many construction engineers tend to take on a role that is more business-like in nature: drafting and reviewing contracts, evaluating logistical operations, and closely-monitoring prices of necessary supplies. A contract is an exchange of promises between two or more parties to do or refrain from doing an act which is enforceable in a court of law Logistics is the management of the flow of Goods, Information and other resources including Energy and people between the point of origin and the point

Environmental engineering

A filter bed, a part of sewage treatment

Main article: Environmental engineering

Environmental engineering deals with the treatment of chemical, biological, and/or thermal waste, the purification of water and air, and the remediation of contaminated sites, due to prior waste disposal or accidental contamination. Sewage treatment, or domestic wastewater treatment, is the process of removing Contaminants from Wastewater, both Runoff ( Effluents Environmental engineering is the application of Science and Engineering principles to improve the environment (air water and/or land resources Generally remediation means providing a Remedy, so environmental remediation deals with the removal of Pollution or Contaminants from environmental Among the topics covered by environmental engineering are pollutant transport, water purification, waste water treatment, air pollution, solid waste treatment and hazardous waste management. Water purification is the process of removing contaminants and other harmful microorganisms from a raw water source Sewage treatment, or domestic wastewater treatment, is the process of removing Contaminants from Wastewater, both Runoff ( Effluents Air pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of Chemicals Particulate matter, or Biological materials that cause harm or discomfort The term hazardous waste comprises all toxic chemicals radioactive materials, and biologic or infectious waste. Waste management is the collection Transport, processing, Recycling or disposal of Waste materials Environmental engineers can be involved with pollution reduction, green engineering, and industrial ecology. Industrial Ecology (IE is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on the sustainable combination of environment, Economy and Technology. Environmental engineering also deals with the gathering of information on the environmental consequences of proposed actions and the assessment of effects of proposed actions for the purpose of assisting society and policy makers in the decision making process.

Environmental engineering is the contemporary term for sanitary engineering, though sanitary engineering traditionally had not included much of the hazardous waste management and environmental remediation work covered by the term environmental engineering. Sanitary engineering is the application of scientific or mathematical principles with to the field of Sanitation, especially in regards to its effect on Some other terms in use are public health engineering and environmental health engineering.

Geotechnical engineering

A slab-on-grade foundation

Main article: Geotechnical engineering

Geotechnical engineering is an area of civil engineering concerned with the rock and soil that civil engineering systems are supported by. A shallow foundation is a type of foundation which transfers building loads to the earth very near the surface rather than to a subsurface layer or a range of depths as does Geotechnical engineering is the branch of Civil engineering concerned with the engineering behavior of earth materials In Geology, rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of Minerals and/or Mineraloids The Earth's outer solid layer the ‘ Lithosphere Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel Knowledge from the fields of geology, material science and testing, mechanics, and hydraulics are applied by geotechnical engineers to safely and economically design foundations, retaining walls, and similar structures. Geology (from Greek γη gê, "earth" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit Materials Science or Materials Engineering is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of Science and Mechanics ( Greek) is the branch of Physics concerned with the behaviour of physical bodies when subjected to Forces or displacements For the mechanical technology see Hydraulic machinery and Hydraulic cylinder Hydraulics is a topic of science and Engineering A foundation is a Structure that transfers loads to the earth A retaining wall is a structure that holds back Soil or rock from a Building, structure or area Environmental concerns in relation to groundwater and waste disposal have spawned a new area of study called geoenvironmental engineering where biology and chemistry are important. Groundwater is Water located beneath the Ground surface in Soil pore spaces and in the Fractures of lithologic formations For other uses see Water treatment and Land reclamation. A landfill, also known as a dump (and historically as Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties ^[17][18]

Some of the unique difficulties of geotechnical engineering are the result of the variability and properties of soil. Boundary conditions are often well defined in other branches of civil engineering, but with soil, clearly defining these conditions can be impossible. In Mathematics, in the field of Differential equations a boundary value problem is a Differential equation together with a set of additional restraints The material properties and behavior of soil are also difficult to predict due to the variability of soil and limited investigation. Geotechnical investigations are performed by geotechnical engineers or engineering geologists to obtain information on the physical properties of soil and rock around a site to design This contrasts with the relatively well defined material properties of steel and concrete used in other areas of civil engineering. Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 Concrete is a construction material composed of Cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as Fly ash and Slag Soil mechanics, which define the behavior of soil, is complex due to stress-dependent material properties such as volume change, stress–strain relationship, and strength. Soil mechanics is a discipline that applies principles of Engineering mechanics, e Stress is a measure of the average amount of Force exerted per unit Area. Shear strength in reference to Soil is a term used to describe the maximum strength of soil at which point significant plastic deformation or yielding ^[17]

Water resources engineering

Hoover dam

See also: Hydraulic engineering

See also: Hydrology

Water resources engineering is concerned with the collection and management of water (as a natural resource). Hoover Dam, also sometimes known as Boulder Dam, is a Concrete Arch-gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, on the Hydraulic engineering is a sub-discipline of Civil engineering concerned with the flow and conveyance of Fluids principally Water. Hydrology (from Greek Yδωρ hudōr, "water" and λόγος logos, "study" is the study of the movement distribution and quality of Natural resources are naturally occurring substances that are considered valuable in their relatively unmodified ( natural) form As a discipline it therefore combines hydrology, environmental science, meteorology, geology, conservation, and resource management. Hydrology (from Greek Yδωρ hudōr, "water" and λόγος logos, "study" is the study of the movement distribution and quality of Environmental science is the study of interactions among physical chemical and biological components of the environment. Meteorology (from Greek grc μετέωρος metéōros, "high in the sky" and grc -λογία -logia) is the Interdisciplinary Geology (from Greek γη gê, "earth" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit Water conservation refers to reducing the use of water The goals of water conservation efforts include Sustainability - To ensure availability for In Organizational studies, resource management is the efficient and effective deployment of an organization's resources when they are needed This area of civil engineering relates to the prediction and management of both the quality and the quantity of water in both underground (aquifers) and above ground (lakes, rivers, and streams) resources. An aquifer is an underground layer of Water -bearing Permeable rock or unconsolidated materials ( Gravel, Sand, Silt, or Clay Water resource engineers analyze and model very small to very large areas of the earth to predict the amount and content of water as it flows into, through, or out of a facility. Although the actual design of the facility may be left to other engineers. Hydraulic engineering is concerned with the flow and conveyance of fluids, principally water. This area of civil engineering is intimately related to the design of pipelines, water distribution systems, drainage facilities (including bridges, dams, channels, culverts, levees, storm sewers), and canals. Pipeline transport is the transportation of goods through a pipe. A water supply network is a system of engineered Hydrologic and Hydraulic components including the watershed or geographic area that collects Physical geography, a channel is the physical confine of a River, slough or ocean Strait consisting of a bed and banks A culvert is a conduit used to enclose a flowing body of Water. Dike (constructionEmbankmentA levee, levée, dike (or dyke) embankment, floodbank or stopbank is a natural or artificial A storm drain, storm sewer ( US) stormwater drain ( Australia and New Zealand) or surface water system ( UK) Hydraulic engineers design these facilities using the concepts of fluid pressure, fluid statics, fluid dynamics, and hydraulics, among others. Fluid pressure is the Pressure at some point within a Fluid, such as water or air Fluid statics (also called hydrostatics) is the Science of Fluids at rest and is a sub-field within Fluid mechanics. Fluid dynamics is the sub-discipline of Fluid mechanics dealing with fluid flow: Fluids ( Liquids and Gases in motion For the mechanical technology see Hydraulic machinery and Hydraulic cylinder Hydraulics is a topic of science and Engineering

Materials engineering

Main article: Materials science

Civil engineering also includes elements of materials engineering, also known as materials science. Materials Science or Materials Engineering is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of Science and Materials Science or Materials Engineering is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of Science and Construction materials with broad applications in civil engineering include ceramics such as Portland cement concrete (PCC) and hot mix asphalt concrete, metals such as aluminum and steel, and polymers such as polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and carbon fibers. Poly(methyl methacrylate ( PMMA) or poly(methyl 2-methylpropenoate is a Thermoplastic and transparent Plastic. Current research in these areas focus around increased strength, durability, workability, and reduced cost.

Structural engineering

Burj Dubai, the world's tallest building, currently under construction in Dubai

Clifton Suspension Bridge, designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, in Bristol, UK

Main article: Structural engineering

Structural engineering is concerned with the structural design and structural analysis of buildings, bridges, towers, flyovers, tunnels, off shore structures like oil and gas fields in the sea and other structures. Burj Dubai ( برج دبي "Dubai Tower" is a Skyscraper under construction in the Business Bay district of Dubai, United Arab While determining the world's tallest structure has generally been straightforward the definition of the world's tallest building or the Dubai (in دبيّ,) is one of the seven emirates and most populous city of the United Arab Emirates (UAE The Clifton Suspension Bridge is a Suspension bridge, spanning the Avon Gorge and linking Clifton in Bristol to Leigh Woods in Isambard Kingdom Brunel, FRS (9 April 1806 &ndash 15 September 1859 (ˈɪzəmbɑrd ˈkɪŋdəm brʊˈnɛl was a British Engineer. Bristol ( ˈbrɪstəl is a city, Unitary authority and ceremonial county in South West England, west of London The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Structural engineering is a field of Engineering dealing with the analysis and design of Structures that support or resist loads Structural engineering is In Structural engineering, structural design is an Iterative process of applying Engineering mechanics and past experience to create a functional economic Structural analysis comprises the set of physical laws and mathematics required to study and predict the behavior of structures Towers are tall human-made Structures that are always taller than they are wide usually by a significant Margin. A tunnel is an underground passageway The definition of what constitutes a tunnel is not universally agreed upon Structure is a fundamental and sometimes Intangible notion covering the Recognition, Observation, nature, and Stability of This involves identifying the loads which act upon a structure and the forces and stresses which arise within that structure due to those loads, and then designing the structure to successfully support and resist those loads. The loads can be self weight of the structures, other dead load, live loads, moving (wheel) load, wind load, earthquake load, load from temperature change etc. The structural engineer must design structures to be safe for their users and to successfully fulfil the function they are designed for (to be serviceable). Due to the nature of some loading conditions, sub-disciplines within structural engineering have emerged, including wind engineering and earthquake engineering. Wind engineering is a field of Structural engineering devoted to the analysis of Wind effects on the natural or Built environment to protect it from possible Earthquake engineering is the study of the behavior of buildings and structures subject to Seismic loading.

Design considerations will include strength, stiffness and stability of the structure when subjected to loads which may be static, such as furniture or self-weight, or dynamic, such as wind, seismic, crowd or vehicle loads, or transitory, such as temporary construction loads or impact. Other considerations include cost, constructability, safety, aesthetics and sustainability. Safety is the state of being "safe" (from French sauf) the condition of being protected against physical social spiritual financial political Sustainability, in a general sense is the capacity to maintain a certain process or state indefinitely

Surveying

An all-female surveying crew in Idaho, 1918

Main article: Surveying

Surveying is the process by which a surveyor measures certain dimensions that generally occur on the surface of the Earth. The State of Idaho ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States of America. Surveying is the technique and science of accurately determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional space Position of points and the distances and angles between Modern surveying equipment, such as electronic distance measurement (EDM), total stations, GPS surveying and laser scanning, allow for accurate measurement of angular deviation, horizontal, vertical and slope distances. This information is crucial to convert the data into a graphical representation of the Earth's surface, in the form of a map. This information is then used by civil engineers, contractors and even realtors to design from, build on, and trade, respectively. Elements of a building or structure must be correctly sized and positioned in relation to each other and to site boundaries and adjacent structures. Civil Engineers are trained in the basics of surveying and mapping, as well as geographic information systems.

Transportation engineering

Main article: Transport engineering

Transportation engineering is concerned with moving people and goods efficiently, safely, and in a manner conducive to a vibrant community. Transport engineering (alternatively transportation engineering) is the science of safe and efficient movement of people and goods ( Transport) This involves specifying, designing, constructing, and maintaining transportation infrastructure which includes streets, canals, highways, rail systems, airports, ports, and mass transit. Canals are artificial channels for water There are two types of canals water conveyance canals which are used for the conveyance and delivery of water and Waterways * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Before adding any more images to this * * page please do carefully consider * * whether they would be mere decoration * * or actually improve "Railroad" and "Railway" both redirect here For other uses see Railroad (disambiguation. An airport is a location where Aircraft such as airplanes, Helicopters and blimps take off and land ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo It includes areas such as transportation design, transportation planning, traffic engineering, urban engineering, queueing theory, pavement engineering, Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), and infrastructure management. Transportation planning is the field involved with the siting of Transportation facilities (generally Streets Highways sidewalks bike lanes and Public Urban Engineering applies the tools of Civil Engineering in an urban environment Queueing theory is the mathematical study of waiting lines (or queues ' Pavement engineering is a branch of Civil engineering that uses engineering techniques to design and maintain flexible (asphalt and rigid (concrete pavements The term intelligent transportation system (ITS refers to efforts to add Information and communications technology to Transport Infrastructure

See also

• Civil engineer
• List of civil engineers
• List of historic civil engineering landmarks

Associations

• American Society of Civil Engineers
• Canadian Society for Civil Engineering
• Chi Epsilon, a civil engineering honor society
• Engineers Australia
• Institution of Civil Engineers

Footnotes

References

External links

• American Society of Civil Engineers
• Institution of Civil Engineers
• Planete TP - The World of Public Works