Civil engineers Marilyn Reece & Carol Schumaker, at a Reece-designed freeway interchange, Los Angeles, 1964

A civil engineer is a person who practices civil engineering, one of the many engineering professions. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design construction and maintenance of the physical and naturally built Originally a civil engineer worked on public works projects and was contrasted with the military engineer, who worked on armaments and defenses. An engineer is a person professionally engaged in a field of Engineering. A military engineer is primarily responsible for the design and construction of offensive defensive and logistical structures for Warfare Other duties include the Over time, various branches of engineering have become recognized as distinct from civil engineering, including chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, and electrical engineering, while much of military engineering has been absorbed by civil engineering. Chemical engineering is the branch of Engineering that deals with the application of Physical science (e Mechanical Engineering is an Engineering discipline that involves the application of principles of physics for analysis Design, Manufacturing Electrical engineering, sometimes referred to as electrical and electronic engineering, is a field of Engineering that deals with the study and application of

In some places, a civil engineer may perform land surveying; in others, surveying is limited to construction surveying, unless an additional qualification is obtained. Surveying is the technique and science of accurately determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional space Position of points and the distances and angles between

Education and licensure

In most countries, a civil engineer has graduated from a post-secondary school with a degree in civil engineering, which requires a strong background in mathematics, economics and the physical sciences; this degree is typically a four-year degree, though many civil engineers continue on to obtain a masters, engineer, doctoral and post doctoral degrees. Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Physical science is an encompassing term for the branches of Natural science and Science that study non-living systems in contrast to the biological sciences A bachelor's degree is usually an Undergraduate Academic degree awarded for a course or major that generally lasts for three four or in some cases and An engineer's degree is a graduate Academic degree intermediate in rank between a Master's degree and a doctoral degree in the United States A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement A postdoctoral fellow (colloquially " post-doc " is a temporary research position held by a person who has completed his or her doctoral studies In many countries, civil engineers are subject to licensure, and often, persons not licensed may not call themselves "civil engineers". Licensure refers to the granting of a License, which gives a 'permission to practice

Europe

Belgium

In Belgium, Civil Engineer (abbreviated Ir) (Ingénieur Civil in French, Burgerlijk Ingenieur in Dutch) is a legally protected title applicable to graduates of the five-year engineering course of one of the six universities and the Royal Military Academy. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects Their speciality can be all fields of engineering: civil, structural, electrical, mechanical, chemical. Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design construction and maintenance of the physical and naturally built Structural engineering is a field of Engineering dealing with the analysis and design of Structures that support or resist loads Structural engineering is Electrical engineering, sometimes referred to as electrical and electronic engineering, is a field of Engineering that deals with the study and application of Mechanical Engineering is an Engineering discipline that involves the application of principles of physics for analysis Design, Manufacturing Chemical engineering is the branch of Engineering that deals with the application of Physical science (e This use of the title may cause confusion to the English speaker as the Belgian "civil" engineer can have a speciality other than civil engineering.

The formation of the civil engineer has a strong mathematical and scientific base and is more theoretical in approach than the practical oriented industrial engineer (ing. Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding This is a list of notable industrial engineers, people who were trained in or practiced Industrial engineering who have established prominence in their profession ) educated in a four-year program at a polytechnic. Institute of technology, and polytechnic, are designations employed in a wide range of learning institutions awarding different types of degrees and operating often at variable Traditionally, students were required to pass an entrance exam on mathematics to start civil engineering studies. A test or an examination (or "exam" is an Assessment, often administered on paper or on the computer, intended to measure the test-takers' or This exam was abolished in 2004 for the Flemish Community, but is still organised in the French Community. The term Flemish Community has two distinct though related meanings Culturally and sociologically it refers to Flemish organizations media social and cultural The French Community of Belgium (Communauté française de Belgique Franse Gemeenschap van België Französische Gemeinschaft Belgiens is one of the three official communities

Scandinavia

In Scandinavian countries, men some Master of Science and Master of Technology degrees are called civil engineer (civilingenjör (Swedish), sivilingeniør (Norwegian), civilingeniør (Danish)). Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well That is if they have their graduation, or "diploma", from an institute of technology. Institute of technology, and polytechnic, are designations employed in a wide range of learning institutions awarding different types of degrees and operating often at variable As in English the word has its origin in the distinction between civilian and military engineers, as in before the start of the 19th century only military engineers existed and the prefix "civil" was a way to separate those who had studied engineering in a regular University from their military counterparts. During the middle of 19th century (before [3] 1874), its Swedish interpretation also became "a person graduated from an institute of technology", and now the profession represents all fields within engineering professions, like civil engineering, computer science, electronics engineering, etc.

There is generally a slight difference between the Master degree and the Scandinavian civil engineer, the latter's programme having closer ties with the industry's demands. A civil engineer is the most well-known of the the two; still, the area of expertise remains obfuscated for most of the public. A noteworthy difference is the mandatory courses in mathematics and physics, regardless of the equivalent master degree, e. g. computer science.

Although a 'college engineer' (högskoleingenjör, diplomingenjör/mellaningenjör (Swedish), høgskoleingeniør (Norwegian), diplomingeniør (Danish)) represents a Bachelor of Science in Scandinavia, to become a 'civil engineer' one often has to do up to one extra year of overlapping studies compared to attaining a B. A bachelor's degree is usually an Undergraduate Academic degree awarded for a course or major that generally lasts for three four or in some cases and Sc. /M. Sc. combination. This is because the higher educational system is not fully adopted to the international standard graduation system, since it is treated as a professional degree. A first professional degree is a type of Academic degree designed to prepare the holder for a particular profession by emphasizing practical skills over theory and analysis A Scandinavian "civilingenjör" will in international contexts commonly call itself "Master of Science in engineering" and will occasionally wear an engineering class ring possibly inspired by the Canadian iron ring. A class ring (also known as a graduate senior ring or grad ring is a ring worn by Students and Alumni to commemorate their Graduation The Iron Ring is a symbolic ring worn by many Canadian engineers Obtaining the ring is an optional endeavour – the ring is not a prerequisite for practicing

In Norway the title "Sivilingeniør" will no longer be issued after 2007, and have been replaced with "Master i teknologi", which translates to "Master of Technology". The extra overlapping year of studies have also been abolished with this change to make Norwegian degrees more equal to their international counterparts.

Spain

In Spain, a civil engineering degree is obtained after six years of study in the various branches of mathematics, physics, mechanics, etc. The official title of Civil Engineers in Spain, Ingeniero de Caminos, Canales y Puertos (often shortened to Ingeniero de Caminos) literally means Engineer of Roads, Canals and Harbors, though civil engineers in Spain practice in the same fields beyond those as civil engineers do elsewhere. The first Civil Engineering Institute, the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos Canales Y Puertos de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid:

North America

United States

In the United States, most civil engineers practice in particular specialties of civil engineering, such as geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, transportation engineering, hydraulic engineering, or environmental engineering. Geotechnical engineering is the branch of Civil engineering concerned with the engineering behavior of earth materials Structural engineering is a field of Engineering dealing with the analysis and design of Structures that support or resist loads Structural engineering is Transport engineering (alternatively transportation engineering) is the science of safe and efficient movement of people and goods ( Transport) Hydraulic engineering is a sub-discipline of Civil engineering concerned with the flow and conveyance of Fluids principally Water. Environmental engineering is the application of Science and Engineering principles to improve the environment (air water and/or land resources Civil engineers are typically employed by municipalities, construction firms, consulting engineering firms, architect/engineer firms, state governments, and the federal government. Each State requires engineers who offer their services to the public to be licensed by the State^[1]. Licensure is obtained by meeting specified educational, examination, and work experience requirements. Specific requirements vary by State. Typically licensed engineers have to graduate from an ABET-accredited University or College engineering program, pass the Fundamentals of Engineering exam, obtain several years of engineering experience under the supervision of a licensed engineer, and pass the Principles and Practice of Engineering Exam. In the United States, the Fundamentals of Engineering exam (also known as the FE exam) is the first of two examinations Engineers must pass in order to be The Principles and Practice of Engineering exam is the examination that is required to be passed before one can become a Professional Engineer (PE in the United States After completing these steps and granting of licensure by the State Board, engineers may use the title "Professional Engineer" or PE in advertising and documents. ^[2]

References

1. ^ [1] National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying; Licensure for Engineers; Engineering licensure - what is it?
2. ^ [2] National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying; Licensure for Engineers; Engineering licensure; How do I get licensed?

See also

• Canal engineer
• List of civil engineers
• Professional Engineer