Citizendia

A city-state is a region controlled exclusively by a city, usually having sovereignty. The article is about the geographic sense of the term For other uses including Regions and Regional, see Region (disambiguation. A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself Historically, city-states have often been contingent of larger cultural areas, as in the city-states of ancient Greece (such as Athens, Sparta and Corinth), the Phoenician cities of Canaan (such as Tyre and Sidon), the Mayans of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica (including sites such as Chichen Itza and El Mirador), the central Asian cities along the Silk Road (which includes Samarkand and Bukhara), or the city-states of Northern Italy (especially Florence and Venice). The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's The city of Sparta ( Doric Σπάρτα Attic Σπάρτη Corinth, or Korinth ( Greek Κόρινθος ( is a city in Greece. Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun Canaanites redirects here For the 1940s social and political movement in Israel, see Canaanites (movement. Tyre ( Arabic صور Ṣūr, Phoenician Phoenician wawsvg|12px|ו]] Ṣur, Hebrew Sidon,or Saïda, ( Arabic ar صيدا; Phoenician phoenician yodh The Maya civilization is a Mesoamerican Civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the Pre-Columbian Americas Mesoamerica or Meso-America (Mesoamérica is a Region extending approximately from central Mexico to Honduras and Nicaragua, defined Chichen Itza (tʃiːˈtʃɛn iːˈtsɑː from Chi'ch'èen Ìitsha' "At the mouth of the well of the Itza " is a El Mirador is a large Pre-Columbian Mayan settlement located in the north of the modern department of El Petén, Guatemala. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south The Silk Road, or Silk Routes, are an extensive interconnected network of Trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East South and Western Asia with the Samarkand (Samarqand Самарқанд سمرقند UniPers: "Samarqand" is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Bukhara (Buxoro Бухоро بُخارا Бухара also spelled as Bukhoro and Bokhara, from the Soghdian βuxārak ("lucky The Italian city states were a remarkable political phenomenon of small independent states in the northern Italian peninsula between the tenth and fifteenth centuries Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the More recently the neologism citistate has been developed, referring to the city as the center of a 'city region' including relocated urban business like factory and company towns, and supply economies like agricultural, timber and mineral extraction whose commodities find a market in the city. The term "city-state" should not be confused with "independent city", which refers to a city which is not administered as part of another local government area (eg, a county). An independent city is a City that does not form part of another general-purpose Local government entity Local governments are administrative offices that are smaller than a State. A county is a Land area of Regional Government within a larger State.

Among the most creative periods in human history is when the Greek city-states, and the city-states of Renaissance Italy organized themselves in small independent centers. The success of small regional units coexisting as disunited parts of loose geographical and cultural unity, as in Italy or Hellas (Greece), acted as a barrier to the creation of larger national units with greater staying power. However, these small groupings usually only survived for short periods because they lacked the size and strength to defend themselves against the onslaught of larger groups. Thus, they inevitably gave way to larger organizations of society, the empire and eventually the nation-state. For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy [1]

Whereas the nation-states rely on invented or common heritage — commonly linguistic, historical, religious, economic, etc — the city-state relies on the common interest in the well functioning urban center. The urban center and its activity supplies the livelihoods of all urbanites inhabiting the city-state.

Today, Singapore, Monaco and the Vatican City are the only sovereign states which bear any resemblance to the classical definition of a city-state. Singapore For other uses see Monaco (disambiguation Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco ( French: Principauté de Monaco; Monégasque Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory Several sovereign countries have self-governing areas delineated around cities. The typical case are nations with a federal administrative structure that have granted their capitals a special status outside that structure; examples are Washington, D.C. (coterminous with the District of Columbia) in the United States, Brasília (coterminous with the Brazilian Federal District), Mexico City (being the Mexican Federal District) and Canberra (part of the Australian Capital Territory). Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Brasília (bɾaˈziliɐ is the Capital of Brazil. The city and its District are located in the Central-West region of the country along a Plateau The Federal District ( Portuguese: Distrito Federal   is set apart for Brasília, the capital of Brazil. Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico Canberra ( is the capital city of Australia With a population of over 340000 it is Australia's largest inland City. } The Australian Capital Territory (ACT is the Capital territory of the Commonwealth of Australia and its smallest self-governing internal territory In nations without a federal administrative structure, capital cities sometimes enjoy a greater degree of autonomy, e. g. London. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. In Germany, Berlin has been a federal state (Land) of its own since 1990, but, unlike the above, remains inside the general administrative structure. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. (Note but this has nothing to do with its being the capital; the cities of Hamburg and Bremen have an identical status and look back on a much longer history of political independence. Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany Bremen (ˈbʁeːmən is a Hanseatic city in northwestern Germany (official name Stadtgemeinde Bremen / City Municipality of Bremen ) A similar situation can be found in Austria, where the capital Vienna has the status of a state within the Austrian federation of states. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Yet another case are Hong Kong and Macau, currently Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. A Special Administrative Region ( SAR) is a high autonomous administrative division of the People's Republic of China. Neither capitals nor, arguably, even cities, their temporary, relative political independence results from agreements between China and the colonial powers that formerly controlled them.

Contents

Ancient city-states

City-states were common in ancient times. "Ancient" redirects here For other uses see Ancient_(disambiguation. They usually consisted of groups of interacting polities whose populations shared a common language and culture. Mogens Hansen calls these groups "city-state cultures. "[2] Though sovereign, in many cases city-states joined in formal or informal leagues under a high king. A high king is a king who holds a position of seniority over a group of other kings without the title of Emperor; compare King of Kings. In some cases, historical empires or leagues were formed by the right of conquest (e. The right of conquest is the purported Right of a conqueror to territory taken by force of arms g. , Mycenae, or Rome), but many were formed under peaceful alliances or for mutual protection (e. "Lion Gate" redirects here For other uses see Lions' Gate (disambiguation. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 g. , the Peloponnesian League). The Peloponnesian League was an alliance of states in the Peloponnese in the 6th and 5th centuries BC. City-state cultures were far from universal in the ancient world. In some areas, such as the ancient Andes, large territorial states, empires, and other forms of polity were common but city-state cultures did not develop. [3]. Archaeologist Bruce Trigger identified city-states as one of two basic forms of political organization among ancient civilizations; the other form is the large territorial state. Bruce Graham Trigger ( June 18, 1937 – December 1, 2006) was a Canadian archaeologist, anthropologist, and [4]

Examples of city-states and city-state cultures include:

The Middle Ages and the early-modern era

In the Middle Ages, city-states were particularly a feature of what are now Germany, Italy and Russia. The Shang Dynasty ( Chinese: 商[[wiktionary 朝|朝]] or Yin Dynasty ( 殷[[wiktionary 代|代]] was according to traditional sources the The Zhou Dynasty ( POJ: Chiu Tiau 1122 BC to 256 BC was preceded by the Shang Dynasty and followed by the Qin Dynasty in China. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending A number of them formed the Hanseatic League, which was a significant force in trade for a number of centuries. The Hanseatic League (also known as the Hansa) was an alliance of trading cities and their Guilds that established and maintained trade

The Holy Roman Empire

For further details, see under: Imperial Free City. In the Holy Roman Empire, a free imperial city (in German: freie Reichsstadt) was a City formally ruled by the Emperor only &mdash

During the long history of the Holy Roman Empire, dozens of towns and cities obtained local independence. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in By the late 18th century, their number had slowly been reduced to around 50, but almost all were eliminated ("mediatized") in 1803; in 1815 , once peace had returned at the end of the Napoleonic era, only Bremen, Hamburg, Lübeck and Frankfurt remained independent. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system The German Mediatisation was the series of mediatisations and secularisations that occurred in Germany in 1795 &ndash 1814, during 1803 ( MDCCCIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Bremen (ˈbʁeːmən is a Hanseatic city in northwestern Germany (official name Stadtgemeinde Bremen / City Municipality of Bremen Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany Lübeck ( is the second largest City in Schleswig-Holstein, in Northern Germany, and one of the major Those four cities became members of the German Confederation (effectively the Holy Roman Empire's successor). The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to Frankfurt was annexed by Prussia in 1866 , while Lübeck, Hamburg and Bremen joined the North German Confederation in 1867 (and then the German Empire). Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state The North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund came into existence in August 1866 as a military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany with the Kingdom of Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Hamburg and Bremen continued until today as states in the modern Federal Republic of Germany, while Lübeck lost its independence in 1937 due to the Greater Hamburg Act. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Greater Hamburg Act (Groß-Hamburg-Gesetz was passed by the government of the German Reich on January 26 1937, and mandated the exchange of territories

Netherlands

In the time of the Dutch Golden Age of the Seventeenth Century, many Dutch cities - and especially Amsterdam, the biggest and richest of them - exhibited many of the characteristics of city-states, maintaining their own militias and navies and often conducting their own policies and pursuing specific political and commercial interests, with little regard for the rest of the Netherlands.

This was exemplified in the Amsterdam Town Hall erected at the time on the Dam Square, which was sumptuous enough to be later converted into a Royal Palace (which it still is), and having among its decorations a giant painting of Imperial Amsterdam depicted as an enthroned Queen, served by three female slaves representing Asia, Africa and America.

The recent past

In the 19th and 20th centuries, a variety of changing political circumstances left several self-governing city-states as enclaves surrounded by the territory of another state. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The twentieth century of the Common Era began on In Europe, they have included Kraków, Fiume, Danzig, Memel and Trieste. Kraków, in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (ˈkrækaʊ M-W: krăk'ou krāk'ō is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland Rijeka (other Croatian dialects Rika and Reka, Reka Italian and Hungarian: Fiume, Sankt Veit am Pflaumb is Gdańsk ( Polish pronunciation; 'Danzig', Gduńsk Gedania Dantiscum is the City at the centre of the fourth-largest Metropolitan area in Poland Klaipėda ( ˈklaɪpɛdə Memel is a City in Lithuania situated at the mouth of the Curonian Lagoon where it flows into the Baltic Sea Trieste (Trieste Slovene and Croatian: Trst; German: Triest) is a city and port in northeastern Italy very near to On the edges of Europe they have included Batumi and Tangiers. Batumi (ბათუმი formerly Batum or Batoum) is a seaside city on the Black Sea coast and Capital of Adjara, an Autonomous Tangier or Tangiers ]] ( Tanja طنجة in Berber and Arabic, Tánger in Spanish Elsewhere in the world, European colonialism resulted in a number of tiny colonies that were no bigger than a port and its immediate surroundings, such as Hong Kong, Macau, Pondicherry, Singapore, Weihai, and others. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. Puducherry (formerly; புதுச்சேரி or பாண்டிச்சேரி పాండిచెర్రి പുതുശ്ശേരി Pondichéry is a Singapore Administrative divisions The Prefecture-level city of Weihai administers 4 county-level divisions, including 1 districts and 3 county-level cities

Contemporary city-states

Today there are only a handful of cities which exercise authority akin to a sub-regional state (like Washington DC, Macau or Berlin), and even fewer which are sovereign states in their own right (like Singapore or Monaco). Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Singapore For other uses see Monaco (disambiguation Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco ( French: Principauté de Monaco; Monégasque

Sovereign city-states

Monaco

The Principality of Monaco is another example of a city-state: Monaco-Ville (the ancient fortified city, which is not a city even though its name means "Monaco-City") and the well known area Monte Carlo are actually districts, not cities. For other uses see Monaco (disambiguation Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco ( French: Principauté de Monaco; Monégasque Monaco-Ville is the original Fortified town of Monaco. The Palais Princier (Prince's Palace Saint Nicholas Cathedral, and the Oceanographic Monte-Carlo ( Occitan: Montcarles, Monégasque: Monte-Carlu) is one of Monaco 's various administrative areas sometimes erroneously The territory of the country corresponds to the city limits (one government and one town hall, each having specific powers): the Principality of Monaco and the city of Monaco. However, due to its small land area and population size, Monaco is not a fully sovereign state. In July 1918, a treaty was signed providing for limited French protection over Monaco. The treaty, part of the Treaty of Versailles, established that Monegasque policy would be aligned with French political, military, and economic interests. Only in 1993 did Monaco become a member of the United Nations, with full voting rights. In 2002, a new treaty between France and Monaco clarifies that if there are no heirs to carry on the dynasty, the principality will remain an independent nation rather than revert to France (which were the terms of the previous arrangement). Monaco's military defense, however, is still the responsibility of France. Monaco did not receive its first foreign ambassador, the French ambassador, until 16 February 2006. While Monaco cannot now be disputed to be a sovereign state in a de jure sense, its dependency on France means it can be regarded as a European microstate. A microstate or ministate is a sovereign state having a very small population or very small land area but usually both

Singapore

Singapore is an island city-state in Southeast Asia. Singapore About 4. 5 million people live and work within 700 square kilometers, making Singapore the fourth most densely populated country in the world. List of countries and dependencies by Population density in inhabitants/km² The entire island functions as a single metropolitan area. A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central The city centre in the south of the island is surrounded by satellite towns, parks, reservoirs and industrial estates, which are connected to the centre and each other by a dense network of roads, expressways and metro railway lines. A central business district ( CBD) is the commercial and often geographic heart of a city A park is a protected area of Land and Water, usually in its natural or semi-natural (landscaped state and set aside for some purpose often to do with human A reservoir is most broadly a place or hollow vessel where Fluid is kept in Reserve, for later use An industrial estate is an area of land set aside for industrial development. A road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places. An expressway is a Divided highway for high-speed traffic with at least partial Control of access. A rapid transit, underground, subway, elevated railway or metro(politan system is an electric passenger railway Singapore has a highly centralised, unitary government with a unicameral legislature. A unitary state is a State whose three Organs of state are governed Constitutionally as one single unit with one Constitutionally created Unicameralism is the practice of having only one legislative or Parliamentary chamber While there are town councils and mayors in Singapore, these are essentially property managers in charge of the maintenance of public housing within their constituency boundaries. A town council is a democratically elected form of government for small municipalities or Parishes A council may serve as both the representative and executive branch A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government Property management is the operation of commercial industrial and/or residential Real estate. Public housing is a form of Housing tenure in which the property is owned by a Government authority which may be central or local A constituency is any cohesive corporate unit or body bound by shared structures goals or loyalty They do not represent local authorities with any legislative or executive autonomy from the national government. Local governments are administrative offices that are smaller than a State. A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation In Political science and Constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the State. Autonomy ( Greek: Auto- Nomos - nomos meaning "law" one who gives oneself his/her own Law) is the right to Self-government

Prior to the 19th century, Singapore was a minor part of various regional empires, including Srivijaya, Majapahit, Malacca and Johor. An empire (from the Latin " Imperium " denoting military Command within the ancient Roman government) is a State that Srivijaya or Sriwijaya was an ancient Malay kingdom on the island of Sumatra, Southeast Asia which influenced much of the Malay Archipelago. Majapahit was an Indianized kingdom based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500. The Sultanate of Malacca was founded by Parameswara in 1402 and later married the princess of Pasai in 1409. This article concerns the Sultanate of Johor For office of the sultan see Sultan of Johor. From 1826 to the Japanese conquest, Singapore was the capital of the Straits Settlements, a British colony that included the Settlements of Malacca and Penang along the Straits of Malacca. The Battle of Singapore was fought in the South-East Asian theatre of World War II when the Empire of Japan invaded the Allied stronghold The Straits Settlements were a collection of territories of the British East India Company in Southeast Asia, which were given collective administration in 1826 Penang (pəˈnæŋ Malay: Pulau Pinang) is a state in Malaysia, located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia The Strait of Malacca is a narrow 805 km (500 mile stretch of water between Peninsular Malaysia (West Malaysia) and the Indonesian island of Sumatra After the Second World War, Singapore was hived off as a separate colony while the other two Settlements joined the Malay States to form the Federation of Malaya. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Within Malaysia, the Malay states are the nine states of Peninsular Malaysia that have hereditary Rulers. The Federation of Malaya (Persekutuan Tanah Melayu was a federation of 11 states formed on January 31 1948 from the nine Malay states and the British In 1963, Singapore merged with Malaya, Sabah and Sarawak to form Malaysia. Sabah is a Malaysian state located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo. Sarawak is one of two Malaysian states on the Island of Borneo. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and However, due to a number of problems, Singapore left the federation in 1965, becoming an independent republic. On 16 September 1963, Singapore joined the Federation of Malaya together with Sabah and Sarawak to form Malaysia

Since 1965, Singapore rapidly industrialised and modernised, becoming one of the four "Asian Tigers". The term Four Asian Tigers or East Asian Tigers refers to the Economies of South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore In addition to the substantial absolute and per-capita size of its economy, Singapore maintains a significant armed forces. There are three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation This article includes three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP at Purchasing power parity (PPP Per capita The economy of Singapore is a highly developed capitalist Mixed economy. It ranks highly in terms of defence spending and troop size. This is a list of countries by military expenditures using the latest information available This is a list of countries sorted by the number of total troops within the command of that country including reserve forces that can aid a depleted active military and/or paramilitary Singapore may be a small country, but it is a medium to large sized developed city. Despite its small land area, Singapore therefore has a population, economy and armed forces that place it in a similar league to small but full fledged nations like New Zealand, Ireland, Israel and the Nordic countries, rather than semi-independent micro-states. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The Nordic countries make up a region in Northern Europe called the Nordic region, consisting of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, A microstate or ministate is a sovereign state having a very small population or very small land area but usually both Singapore also maintains a network of diplomatic representation around the world, including membership of international organizations like the UN, the Commonwealth and ASEAN. Singapore opened its first diplomatic missions in Kuala Lumpur and New York City in the first few months after gaining independence in 1965 The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The English noun commonwealth dates from the fifteenth century. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, commonly referred to as ASEAN, ˈɑːsiːɑːn AH-see-ahn in English (the Official language Singapore places emphasis on self-sufficiency in basic needs, like water. The government also stockpiles other key resources, such as sand and oil. In this way, Singapore tries to avoid over dependence economically, politically or militarily on larger entities. As such, Singapore may represent the most complete contemporary example of a city-state, meeting the full definitions of both a city and a fully sovereign state. A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself

Vatican City

Until 1870, the city of Rome had been controlled by the pope as part of his "papal states". Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa When King Victor Emmanuel II annexed the city in 1870, Pope Pius IX refused to recognize the newly-formed Kingdom of Italy. Victor Emmanuel II King of Italy ( Vittorio Emanuele II; March 14, 1820 – January 9, 1878) was the King of Blessed Pope Pius IX (May 13 1792 &ndash February 7 1878 born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was Pope from June 16 1846 until 1878 Italian Unification ( Italian: il Risorgimento, or "The Resurgence" was the political and social movement that unified different states of the Italian Because he could not travel through a place that he did not admit existed, Pius IX and his successors each claimed to be a "Prisoner in the Vatican", unable to leave the 0. A prisoner in the Vatican is what Pope Pius IX claimed to be after the army of the Kingdom of Italy entered Rome ( September 20 44 km² (0. 17-square mile) papal enclave once they had ascended the papal throne.

The impasse was resolved in 1929 by the Lateran Treaties negotiated by the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini between King Victor Emmanuel III and Pope Pius XI. The Lateran Treaty is one of the Lateran Pacts of 1929 or Lateran Accords, three agreements made in 1929 between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy Victor Emmanuel III (Vittorio Emanuele III 11 November, 1869 – 28 December, 1947) was a member of the House of Savoy and Pope Pius XI ( Latin: Pius PP XI; Italian: Pio XI; May 31 1857 &ndash February 10 1939) born Under this treaty, the Vatican was recognized as an independent state, with the pope as its head. The Vatican City State has its own citizenship, diplomatic corps, flag, and postal system. Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory The diplomatic corps or corps diplomatique is the collective body of foreign Diplomats accredited to a particular country or body With a population of less than 1000, it is by far the smallest sovereign country in the world, and widely recognized internationally as such.

Non-sovereign city states

City of London

See also: City of London Corporation

Although the City of London is not commonly considered a city-state, it does have a unique political status (sui generis), a legacy of its uninterrupted integrity as a corporate city since the Anglo Saxon period and its singular relationship with the Crown. The City of London Corporation (formerly known as the Corporation of London)is the municipal governing body of the City of London. Sui generis (English pronunciation ( IPA) /ˌsuːiˈdʒɛnərɪs/ roughly "SOO-ee JEN-a-ris" Latin pronunciation /ˌsuːiˈgeneris/ is a Neo-Latin Historically its system of government was not unusual, but it was not reformed by the Municipal Reform Act 1835. The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 (5 & 6 Wm IV c76 - sometimes known as the Municipal Reform Act - required members of town councils ( Municipal corporations

It is administered by the City of London Corporation, headed by the Lord Mayor of the City of London (not the same post as the more recent Mayor of London, who presides over Greater London). The City of London Corporation (formerly known as the Corporation of London)is the municipal governing body of the City of London. The Right Honourable Lord Mayor of London is the legal title for the Mayor of (and head of the City of London Corporation. The Mayor of London is an elected politician who along with the London Assembly of 25 members is accountable for the strategic government of Greater London (see The City is a ceremonial county too, although instead of having its own Lord-Lieutenant, the City of London has a Commission, headed by the Lord Mayor, exercising this function. The ceremonial counties are areas of England that are appointed a Lord-Lieutenant, and are defined by the government as the Counties for the purposes of the Lieutenancies The title Lord Lieutenant is given to the British Monarch 's personal representatives in the United Kingdom, usually in a county or similar circumscription with varying

Washington, D. C.

See also: District of Columbia home rule
The John A. Wilson Building houses the offices of the mayor and council of the District of Columbia.
The John A. Wilson Building houses the offices of the mayor and council of the District of Columbia. District of Columbia home rule is a term encompassing the controversy regarding the lack of an intrinsic right for citizens of the District of Columbia (i The John A Wilson Building, popularly known simply as the Wilson Building, is the building in downtown Washington D

Not being part of any U. S. state, Washington, D. C. 's government operates as a city and state combined, although it is not a US state of its own. The city is run by an elected mayor (Adrian Fenty) and a city council. Adrian Malik Fenty (born December 6, 1970) is the sixth and current mayor of the District of Columbia, having begun his term of office on The Council of the District of Columbia is the legislative branch of the local government of Washington D The council is composed of 13 members: one elected from each of the eight wards and five members, including the chairman, elected at large. The District of Columbia is divided into eight wards and 37 Advisory Neighborhood Commissions (ANCs within these wards In Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States, a ward is an Electoral district The council conducts its work through standing committees and special committees established as needed. District schools are administered by a chancellor, who is appointed by the mayor; in addition, a Superintendent of Education and a Board of Education are responsible for setting some educational policies. There are 37 elected Advisory Neighborhood Commissions that provide the most direct access for residents to their local government. Membership and qualifications Each ANC Commissioner is nominated and elected by the registered voters who reside in the same Single Member District as the candidate The commissions are elected by small neighborhood districts, and their suggestions are required to be given "great weight" by the D. C. Council and city agencies. However, the U. S. Congress has the ultimate plenary power over the district. It has the right to review and overrule laws created locally and has often done so. The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which grants to states all rights not belonging to the federal government, does not apply to the District of Columbia. The Tenth Amendment ( Amendment X) of the United States Constitution, which is part of the Bill of Rights, was ratified on December 15,

D. C. residents pay federal taxes, such as income tax, as well as local taxes. Taxation in the United States is a complex system which may involve payment to at least four different levels of government and many methods of taxation The mayor and council adopt a budget, which Congress has the right to change. Much property in the District (an estimated 41 percent) is owned by the Federal government, foreign governments, or tax-exempt organizations and hence is exempt from local property taxes. In addition, attempts by the District government to impose an income tax on suburban commuters who work in the city have been disallowed by Congress. The city, however, does receive about 25 percent of its budget from the federal government, part of which is to pay for "state"-level costs that cities normally do not bear and part of which are categorical grants (Medicaid, for example) that also go to all states.

Historically, the city's perennially Democratic-controlled local government has earned something of a reputation for mismanagement and waste, particularly during the mayoralty of Marion Barry. Marion Shepilov Barry Jr (born March 6, 1936) is an American politician who served as the second elected mayor of the District of Columbia A front-page story in the July 21, 1997 Washington Post reported that Washington had some of the highest cost, lowest quality services in the entire region, including a high-cost school system with excessive administrative staff but shabby schools and low learning standards. Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Despite prosperity and budget surpluses in the late 1990s and early 2000s, the city still faces daunting urban renewal, housing, public health and public education challenges. Urban Renewal (similar to Urban Regeneration in British English) is a controversial U

Other examples

As well as the above sovereign states, the term "city-state" can also refer to states within federations such as the German states of Berlin, Hamburg and, though consisting of two separate cities, Bremen; the Austrian state of Vienna; the Russian cities of Moscow and Saint Petersburg; the Ethiopian chartered cities (astedader akababiwach) of Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa; and the Spanish ciudades autónomas of Ceuta and Melilla. Germany (Deutschland is a Federal Republic consisting of sixteen States, known in German as Länder (singular Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany The Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (German Freie Hansestadt Bremen) is the smallest of Germany's 16 Federal States ( Bundesländer) Austria is a federal republic made up of nine States, known in German as Länder (singular Land) Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page |||} Ethiopia has the following administrative divisions Regions and chartered cities See also Regions of Ethiopia The 9 regions or killoch are Addis Ababa (sometimes spelled Addis Abeba, the spelling used by the official Ethiopian Mapping Authority Amharic Dire Dawa is one of two chartered cities ( astedader akabibi) in Ethiopia (the other being the capital Addis Ababa) Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. An autonomous community is a first-level political division of the Kingdom of Spain, established in accordance with the Spanish Constitution. Ceuta is an autonomous city of Spain located on the Mediterranean, on the North African side of the Strait of Gibraltar, which Melilla is an autonomous city of Spain located on the Mediterranean, on the North African coast Constitutionally, the British overseas territory of Gibraltar is a city. Gibraltar (dʒɨˈbrɒltər is a British overseas territory located near the southernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar Buenos Aires is also an Autonomous City, not belonging to any province and actually self-governed, with its own status roughly similar to that of Washington D. Buenos Aires is the Capital and largest city of Argentina. It is geographically located on the southern shore of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern C. in the USA.

In China, the term is sometimes used for the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau, due to their long histories as colonies of the British and Portuguese respectively; while neither are legally defined as cities, they enjoy an equivalent status to a province within China, with a high degree of autonomy. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES A Special Administrative Region ( SAR) is a high autonomous administrative division of the People's Republic of China. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. This article is about a type of political territory For other uses see Colony (disambiguation. The British Overseas Territories are fourteen territories that are under the Sovereignty of the United Kingdom, but which do not form part of the United Kingdom The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta An autonomous area is an area of a Country that has a degree of Autonomy, or freedom from an external authority

Countries that have a very high proportion of their population within a single city, such as Kuwait and Djibouti, are sometimes referred to as virtual or near city-states, especially when they are relatively small in total land area; however, city-states are not small nation-states. The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed Djibouti ( جيبوتي Jībūtī, Somali: Jabuuti) officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country in the

See also

References

  1. ^ Sri Aurobindo, ‘’Ideal of Human Unity included in Social and nvgdgcfgfhfhjThought’’, 1970. A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy A microstate or ministate is a sovereign state having a very small population or very small land area but usually both Colonies in antiquity were City-states founded from a mother- City City-states ' have been an important aspect of human society There are many fictional ones in literature including Fictional city-states
  2. ^ Hansen, Mogens Herman (editor) (2000) A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State Cultures. The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Copenhagen.
  3. ^ Wilson, David J. (1997) Early State Formation on the North Coast of Peru: A Critique of the City-State Model. In The Archaeology of City-States: Cross-Cultural Approaches, edited by Deborah L. Nichols and Thomas H. Charlton, pp. 229-244. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
  4. ^ Trigger, Bruce G. (2003) Understanding Early Civilizations: A Comparative Study. Cambridge University Press, New York.
  5. ^ Hodge, Mary G. (1984) Aztec City-States. Memoirs vol. 18. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Smith, Michael E. (2008) Aztec City-State Capitals. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
  6. ^ Grube, Nikolai (2000) The City-States of the Maya. In A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State Cultures, edited by Mogens Herman Hansen, pp. 547-566. The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Copenhagen. Martin, Simon and Nikolai Grube (2000) Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya. Thames and Hudson, New York.
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