Citizenship is membership in a society, community, or (originally a city or town but now usually a country) and carries with it rights to political participation; a person having such membership is a citizen. In Law legal status refers to the concept of individuals having a particular place in society relative to the law as it determines the laws which affect them The term person is used in Common sense to mean an individual Human being. Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty Naturalization is the acquisition of Citizenship or Nationality by somebody who was not a citizen or national of that country when he or she was born The Leave to Remain is the legal status of a person issued by a government office of internal affairs to one who is not yet a citizen Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term Illegal immigration refers to Immigration across National Borders in a way that violates the Immigration laws of the destination Country Statelessness is the Legal and social concept of a person lacking belonging (or a legally enforceable claim to any recognised State. A native-born citizen of a country is a person who was born within the country's territory and has been legally recognized as that country's citizen from birth Naturalization is the acquisition of Citizenship or Nationality by somebody who was not a citizen or national of that country when he or she was born Multiple citizenship, or multiple nationality is a status in which a person is concurrently regarded as a Citizen under the laws of more than one state. In US law, an alien is a legal term for a person, either a corporation or a human who is not a United States national. The term migrant worker has different official meanings and connotations in different parts of the world the United Nations' definition is very broad essentially including anyone According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race Illegal immigration refers to Immigration across National Borders in a way that violates the Immigration laws of the destination Country A political prisoner is someone held in Prison or otherwise detained perhaps under House arrest, for his or her involvement in political activity A stateless person is someone with no Citizenship or Nationality. Administrative detention - Is an arrest without trial usually for security reasons Immigration law refers to national Government policies which control the phenomenon of Immigration to their country Nationality law is the branch of a country's legal system wherein legislation custom and court precedent combine to define the ways in which that country's Nationality and The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Nativism is an Opposition to immigration which originated in United States politics with roots in the country's historic role as a Melting pot. Illegal immigration refers to Immigration across National Borders in a way that violates the Immigration laws of the destination Country A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status In Political geography and International politics, a country is a Political division of a geographical entity A right is a legal or moral Entitlement or Permission. Rights are of vital importance in theories of Justice and deontological ethics Citizenship status often implies some responsibilities and duties. It is largely coterminous with nationality, although it is possible to have a nationality without being a citizen (i. Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty e. , be legally subject to a state and entitled to its protection without having rights of political participation in it); it is also possible to have political rights without being a national of a state. In most nations, a non-citizen is a non-national and called either a foreigner or an alien. Citizenship, which is explained above, is the political rights of an individual within a society. Thus, you can have a citizenship from one country and be a national of another country. One example might be as follows: A Cuban-American might be considered a national of Cuba due to his being born there, but he could also become an American citizen through naturalization. Nationality most often derives from place of birth (i. e. jus soli) and, in some cases, ethnicity (i. Jus soli ( Latin for "right of the soil" or somewhat figuratively "right of the territory" or birthright citizenship, is a Right e. jus sanguinis). Jus sanguinis ( Latin for "right of blood" is a Social policy by which Nationality or Citizenship is not determined by place of birth Citizenship derives from a legal relationship with a state. Citizenship can be lost, as in denaturalization, and gained, as in naturalization. Naturalization is the acquisition of Citizenship or Nationality by somebody who was not a citizen or national of that country when he or she was born Naturalization is the acquisition of Citizenship or Nationality by somebody who was not a citizen or national of that country when he or she was born

The term lokoll implies working towards the betterment of one's community through economic participation, public service, volunteer work, and other such efforts to improve life for all citizens. Active citizenship generally refers to a Philosophy espoused by some organizations and educational institutions In biological terms a community is a group of interacting Organisms sharing an environment. A volunteer is someone who works for a community or for the benefit of environment primarily because they choose to do so In this vein, schools in England provide lessons in citizenship. A school (from Greek σχολεῖον - scholeion) is an Institution designed to allow and encourage Students (or "pupils" England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland ^[1] In Wales the model used is Personal and Social Education. Personal and Social Education (PSE is a component of the State school Curriculum in Wales and Scotland. ^[2][3] In the Republic of Ireland it is known as C. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. S. P. E. (Cival,Social and Political Education).

Subnational citizenship

Citizenship most usually relates to membership of the nation state, but the term can also apply at subnational level. Subnational entities may impose requirements, of residency or otherwise, which permit citizens to participate in the political life of that entity, or to enjoy benefits provided by the government of that entity. But in such cases, those eligible are also sometimes seen as "citizens" of the relevant state, province, or region. An example of this is how the fundamental basis of Swiss citizenship is citizenship of an individual commune, from which follows citizenship of a canton and of the Confederation. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation

Honorary citizenship

Some countries extend "honorary citizenship" to those whom they consider to be especially admirable or worthy of the distinction.

By act of United States Congress and presidential assent, honorary United States citizenship has been awarded to only six individuals. A non- United States citizen of exceptional merit may be declared an Honorary Citizen of the United States by an Act of Congress, or by a proclamation issued by the

Honorary Canadian citizenship requires the unanimous approval of Parliament. Honorary Canadian citizenship ( French: Citoyenneté canadienne honoraire) is an honour wherein Canadian citizenship is bestowed by the Governor The Parliament of Canada (Parlement du Canada is Canada 's legislative branch, seated at Parliament Hill in Ottawa, Ontario. The only people to ever receive honorary Canadian citizenship are Raoul Wallenberg posthumously in 1985, Nelson Mandela in 2001, the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso in 2006, and Aung San Suu Kyi in 2007. Raoul Wallenberg (August 4 1912 &ndash July 17 1947? was a Swedish Humanitarian of the prominent Swedish Wallenberg family who worked in Budapest Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (xolíɬaɬa mandéːla born 18 July 1918 is a former President of South Africa, the first to be elected in fully representative The Dalai Lama is the spiritual and political leader of the Tibetan people according to Tibetan Buddhism. Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso (born Lhamo Döndrub ( 6 July 1935 in Qinghai) He is the head of the Tibetan government-in-exile Aung San Suu Kyi ( àunsʰánsṵtʃì born 19 June 1945 in Rangoon, is a pro- Democracy activist and leader of the National League for

In 2002 South Korea awarded honorary citizenship to Dutch football (soccer) coach Guus Hiddink who successfully and unexpectedly took the national team to the semi-finals of the 2002 FIFA World Cup. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː Guus Hiddink (born 8 November 1946 in Varsseveld) is a Dutch former professional football player and manager, currently the manager of the The 2002 FIFA World Cup, the 17th staging of the World Cup, was held in South Korea and Japan from May 31 to June 30. Honorary citizenship was also awarded to Hines Ward, a black Korean American football player, in 2006 for his efforts to minimize discrimination in Korea against half-Koreans. Hines E Ward Jr ( Korean: /Kim Hyun-ae (born March 8, 1976 in Seoul, South Korea) is a multiracial (African American & Korean Korean Americans ( Korean: ko 한국계 미국인 Hanja: ko 韓國系美國人 hangukgye migugin) are Americans of Korean origin

American actress Angelina Jolie received an honorary Cambodian citizenship in 2005 due to her humanitarian efforts. Angelina Jolie (born Angelina Jolie Voight on June 4 1975 is an American film actor The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East

Cricketers Matthew Hayden and Herschelle Gibbs were awarded honorary citizenship of St. Kitts and Nevis in March 2007 due to their record-breaking innings' in the 2007 Cricket World Cup. Matthew Lawrence Hayden (29 October 1971 is an Australian Cricketer. Herschelle Herman Gibbs (born 23 February 1974 in Cape Town) is a South African Cricketer more specifically a Batsman. The Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis (also known as the Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis) located in the Leeward Islands, is a federal two-island The 2007 ICC Cricket World Cup was a Men 's Cricket Tournament that took place in the West Indies from 13 March to 28 April 2007 using the sport's

In Germany the honorary citizenship is awarded by cities, towns and sometimes federal states. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The honorary citizenship ends with the death of the honored, or, in exceptional cases, when it is taken away by the council or parliament of the city, town or state. In the case of war criminals all such honors were taken away by "Article VIII, section II, letter i of the directive 38 of the Allied Control Council for Germany" on October 12, 1946. In some cases, honorary citizenship was taken away from members of the former GDR regime, e. The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state g. Erich Honecker, after the collapse of the GDR in 1989/90. Erich Honecker ( August 25, 1912 – May 29, 1994) was a German Communist Politician who led the German Democratic

Historical citizenship

Historically, many states limited citizenship to only a proportion of their population, thereby creating a citizen class with political rights superior to other sections of the population, but equal with each other. The classical example of a limited citizenry was Athens where slaves, women, and resident foreigners (called metics) were excluded from political rights. Athenian democracy developed in the Greek City-state of Athens In Ancient Greece, the term metic meant resident alien a person who did not have citizen rights in their Greek City-state ( Polis) of residence The Roman Republic forms another example (see Roman citizenship), and, more recently, the nobility of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth had some of the same characteristics. The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the Citizenship in the time of Ancient Rome was a privileged status afforded to certain individuals with respect to laws property and governance Szlachta ( refers to the noble class in the Kingdom of Poland, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (since 1569 semi-federal semi-confederal The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic

Polis citizenship

Main article: Polis

The first form of citizenship was based on the way people lived in the ancient Greek times, in small-scale organic communities of the polis. A polis ( πόλις, pronunciation, in English-- plural poleis ( πόλεις, pronunciation, in English --is a City, a In those days citizenship was not seen as a public matter, separated from the private life of the individual person. The obligations of citizenship were deeply connected into one’s everyday life in the polis. To be truly human, one had to be an active citizen to the community, which Aristotle famously expressed: “To take no part in the running of the community's affairs is to be either a beast or a god!” This form of citizenship was based on obligations of citizens towards the community, rather than rights given to the citizens of the community. This was not a problem because they all had a strong affinity with the polis; their own destiny and the destiny of the community were strongly linked. Also, citizens of the polis saw obligations to the community as an opportunity to be virtuous, it was a source of honour and respect. In Athens, citizens were both ruler and ruled, important political and judicial offices were rotated and all citizens had the right to speak and vote in the political assembly.

However, an important aspect of polis citizenship was exclusivity. Citizenship in ancient Greece and Rome, as well as Medieval cities that practiced polis citizenship, was exclusive and inequality of status was widely accepted. Citizens had a much higher status than non-citizens: Women, slaves or ‘barbarians’. For example, women were seen to be irrational and incapable of political participation (although some, most notably Plato, disagreed). Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece Methods used to determine whether someone could be a citizen or not could be based on wealth (the amount of taxes one paid), political participation, or heritage (both parents had to be born in the polis).

In the Roman Empire, polis citizenship changed form: Citizenship was expanded from small scale communities to the entire empire. Romans realised that granting citizenship to people from all over the empire legitimized Roman rule over conquered areas. They also found that taxes were more easily collected and the need for expensive military power in those areas with citizenship was reduced. Citizenship in the Roman era was no longer a status of political agency; it had been reduced to a judicial safeguard and the expression of rule and law.

School subject

In 2002, Citizenship was introduced as a compulsory subject of the National Curriculum in all state-run schools in the United Kingdom. There are two very different kinds of Citizenship education, The first is education intended to prepare noncitizens to become legally and social accepted as Citizens. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Some state schools offer an examination in this subject, all state schools have a statutory requirement to report student's progress in Citizenship. ^[1]

Citizenship is not offered as a normal GCSE course in many schools. Only some schools offer this subject as a GCSE course, and this is usually not a compulsory subject. Some schools may even give students an option, whether to study Citizenship or not at GCSE. All 14-16 year-olds must study Citizenship, but there are no exams, few assessments and is quite a different subject.

Citizenship is not taught as a subject in Scottish schools, however they do teach a subject called "Modern Studies" which covers the social, political and economic study of local, national and international issues. ^[4]

It is taught in the Republic of Ireland as an exam subject for the Junior Certificate. It is known as C. S. P. E. (Cival,Social and Political Education).

Responsibilities of citizenship

The legally enforceable duties of citizenship vary depending on one's country, and may include such items as:^[5]

• paying taxes (although tourists and illegal aliens also pay some taxes such as sales taxes,etc)
• serving in the country's armed forces when called upon (in the US even illegal immigrants must serve in case of a draft^[6]). Conscription (also known as the draft, the call-up or national service) is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by some established authority
• obeying the criminal laws enacted by one's government, even while abroad.

Purely ethical and moral duties tend to include:

• demonstrating commitment and loyalty to the democratic political community and state
• constructively criticizing the conditions of political and civic life
• participating to improve the quality of political and civic life
• respecting the rights of others
• defending one's own rights and the rights of others against those who would abuse them
• exercising one's rights

Bibliography

• Carens, Joseph (2000). Joseph H Carens is a Professor at the Department of Political Science of the University of Toronto, Canada. Culture, Citizenship, and Community: A Contextual Exploration of Justice as Evenhandedness. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198297680.  
• Heater, Derek (2004). A Brief History of Citizenship. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0814736722.  
• Kymlicka, Will (1995). Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198290919.  
• Maas, Willem (2007). Creating European Citizens. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0742554863.  
• Marshall, T. H. (1950). Citizenship and Social Class and Other Essays. Cambridge University Press.  
• Smith, Rogers (2003). Stories of Peoplehood: The Politics and Morals of Political Membership. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521520034.  
• Turner, Bryan S. (1994). Citizenship and Social Theory. Sage. ISBN 978-0803986114.  
• Shue, Henry (1950). Basic Rights.  

See also

• Blood quantum laws
• Canadians of convenience
• Citizenship education
• Citizenship of the European Union
• Global Citizen
• Global Citizens Movement
• Jus sanguinis
• Jus soli
• Multiple citizenship
• Nationality law
• Examples of nationality law in specific countries
• Naturalization
• Denaturalization
• Permanent residency
• Second-class citizen
• Stateless person
• United States nationality law about US citizenship
• World citizen
• Right of foreigners to vote

References

External links

• Citizenship of the European Union
• The Concept of Citizenship in Education for Democracy
• Citizenship Laws of the World (pdf). United States Office of Personnel Management Investigations Service (March 2001). Archived from the original on 2006-04-04. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Retrieved on 2007-03-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus
• Time for Citizenship A UK-based website for primary schools
• Citizenship entry at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy by Dominique Leydet