The circulatory system is an organ system that moves nutrients, gases, and wastes to and from cells, helps fight diseases and helps stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis. In Biology, an organ ( Latin: organum, "instrument tool" from Greek όργανον - organon "organ instrument The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living Organisms It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living and is often called pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a Solution. Homeostasis (from Greek: ὅμος hómos, "equal" and ιστημι istēmi, "to stand" lit This system may be seen strictly as a blood distribution network, but some consider the circulatory system as composed of the cardiovascular system, which distributes blood, and the lymphatic system, which distributes lymph. The lymphatic system in Vertebrates is a network of conduits that carry a clear fluid called Lymph. While humans, as well as other vertebrates, have a closed cardiovascular system (meaning that the blood never leaves the network of arteries, veins and capillaries), some invertebrate groups have an open cardiovascular system. Vertebrates are members of the Subphylum Vertebrata, Chordates with backbones or spinal columns The grouping sometimes includes An invertebrate is an Animal lacking a Vertebral column. The group includes 98% of all animal Species — all animals except those in the Chordate The most primitive animal phyla lack circulatory systems. A phylum ( Plural: phyla) is a Taxonomic rank between Kingdom and above Class. The lymphatic system, on the other hand, is an open system.
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Human circulatory system
The main components of the human circulatory system are the heart, the blood, and the blood vessels. The heart is a muscular organ in all Vertebrates responsible for pumping Blood through the Blood vessels by repeated rhythmic Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products The blood vessels are part of the Circulatory system and function to transport Blood throughout the body The circulatory system includes: the pulmonary circulation, a "loop" through the lungs where blood is oxygenated; and the systemic circulation, a "loop" through the rest of the body to provide oxygenated blood. Pulmonary circulation is the portion of the Cardiovascular system which carries Oxygen -depleted Blood away from the heart to the Lungs, and lung is the essential Respiration organ in air-breathing Animals including most Tetrapods a few Fish and a few Snails The most primitive Systemic circulation is the portion of the Cardiovascular system which carries Oxygenated Blood away from the heart to the Body, and returns Oxygenated chemical compounds contain Oxygen as a part of their chemical structure An average adult contains five to six quarts (roughly 4. 7 to 5. 7 liters) of blood, which consists of plasma that contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells are the most common type of Blood cell and the Vertebrate body's principal means of delivering Oxygen to the body tissues via the Blood Platelets, or Thrombocytes, are small cytoplasmic bodies derived from cells They circulate in the Blood of Mammals and are involved
Two types of fluids move through the circulatory system: blood and lymph. The blood, heart, and blood vessels form the cardiovascular system. This is an article about the rock music band "Circulatory System" The lymph, lymph nodes, and lymph vessels form the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system in Vertebrates is a network of conduits that carry a clear fluid called Lymph. The cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system collectively make up the circulatory system.
Systemic circulation
Systemic circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Systemic circulation is the portion of the Cardiovascular system which carries Oxygenated Blood away from the heart to the Body, and returns Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products The heart is a muscular organ in all Vertebrates responsible for pumping Blood through the Blood vessels by repeated rhythmic With regard to living things, a body is the integral physical material of an individual
Arteries always take blood away from the heart, regardless of their oxygenation, and veins always bring blood back. Arteries are Blood vessels that carry blood away from the Heart. In the Circulatory system, a vein is a Blood vessel that carries Blood back toward the Heart (as opposed to Artery, a blood vessel In general, arteries bring oxygenated blood to the tissues; veins bring deoxygenated blood back to the heart. In the case of the pulmonary vessels, however, the oxygenation is reversed: the pulmonary artery takes deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, and oxygenated blood is pumped back through the pulmonary vein to the heart. Pulmonary circulation is the portion of the Cardiovascular system which carries Oxygen -depleted Blood away from the heart to the Lungs, and The pulmonary arteries carry Blood from the Heart to the Lungs. The four pulmonary veins carry Oxygen -rich Blood from the Lungs to the left atrium of the Heart. As blood circulates through the body, oxygen and nutrients diffuse from the blood into cells surrounding the capillaries, and carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood from the capillary cells. Capillaries are the smallest of a body's Blood vessels measuring 5-10 μm in diameter which connect Arterioles and Venules and enable the interchange [1]
The release of oxygen from red blood cells or erythrocytes is regulated in mammals. Red blood cells are the most common type of Blood cell and the Vertebrate body's principal means of delivering Oxygen to the body tissues via the Blood It increases with an increase of carbon dioxide in tissues, an increase in temperature, or a decrease in pH. Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Tissue is a cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organism Such characteristics are exhibited by tissues undergoing high metabolism, as they require increased levels of oxygen. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the
Pulmonary circulation
Pulmonary circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart. Pulmonary circulation is the portion of the Cardiovascular system which carries Oxygen -depleted Blood away from the heart to the Lungs, and Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products lung is the essential Respiration organ in air-breathing Animals including most Tetrapods a few Fish and a few Snails The most primitive
De-oxygenated blood enters the right atrium of the heart and flows into the right ventricle where it is pumped through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs. Pulmonary veins return the now oxygen-rich blood to the heart, where it enters the left atrium before flowing into the left ventricle. From the left ventricle the oxygen-rich blood is pumped out via the aorta, and on to the rest of the body.
Coronary circulation
The coronary circulatory system provides a blood supply to the heart. Coronary circulation is the circulation of blood in the Blood vessels that supply Blood to and from the Heart muscle
Heart
In the heart there is one atrium and one ventricle for each circulation, and with both a systemic and a pulmonary circulation there are four chambers in total: left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium and right ventricle. The heart is a muscular organ in all Vertebrates responsible for pumping Blood through the Blood vessels by repeated rhythmic In Anatomy, the atrium (plural atria) refers to a chamber or space In the Heart, a ventricle is a heart chamber which collects Blood from an atrium (another heart chamber that is smaller than a ventricle and The left atrium is one of the four chambers in the Human Heart. The left ventricle is one of four chambers (two atria and two ventricles in the Human Heart. The right atrium (in older texts termed the "right auricle" is one of four chambers (two atria and two ventricles in the Human The right ventricle is one of four chambers (two atria and two ventricles in the Human Heart.
Closed cardiovascular system
The cardiovascular systems of humans is closed, meaning that the blood never leaves the system of blood vessels. The blood vessels are part of the Circulatory system and function to transport Blood throughout the body In contrast, oxygen and nutrients diffuse across the blood vessel layers and enters interstitial fluid, which carries oxygen and nutrients to the target cells, and carbon dioxide and wastes in the opposite direction. Interstitial fluid (or tissue fluid) is a solution which bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular animals The other component of the circulatory system, the lymphatic system, is not closed. The lymphatic system in Vertebrates is a network of conduits that carry a clear fluid called Lymph.
Other vertebrates
The circulatory systems of all vertebrates, as well as of annelids (for example, earthworms) and cephalopods (squid and octopus) are closed, just as in humans. Vertebrates are members of the Subphylum Vertebrata, Chordates with backbones or spinal columns The grouping sometimes includes The annelids, collectively called Annelida (from Latin anellus "little ring" are a large phylum of Animals comprising Earthworm is the usual name for the largest members of Oligochaeta (which is either a class or subclass depending on the author in the phylum Annelida In classical The cephalopods ( Greek plural (kephalópoda "head-feet" are the Mollusc class Cephalopoda characterized by Squid are marine Cephalopods of the order Teuthida, which comprises around 300 species The Still, the systems of fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds show various stages of the evolution of the circulatory system. Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two Prehistoric amphibian Amphibians (class Amphibia such as Frogs Toads Salamanders Newts Gymnophiona, Sirens and Reptiles, or members of the class Reptilia are air-breathing Cold-blooded Vertebrates that have skin covered in scales as opposed to hair or feathers Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008
In fish, the system has only one circuit, with the blood being pumped through the capillaries of the gills and on to the capillaries of the body tissues. A gill is an anatomical structure found in many aquatic organisms This is known as single circulation. The heart of fish is therefore only a single pump (consisting of two chambers). In amphibians and most reptiles, a double circulatory system is used, but the heart is not always completely separated into two pumps. The double circulatory system of blood flow refers to the separate systems of Pulmonary circulation and the Systemic circulation in Amphibians Amphibians have a three-chambered heart.
Birds and mammals show complete separation of the heart into two pumps, for a total of four heart chambers; it is thought that the four-chambered heart of birds evolved independently from that of mammals.
Open circulatory system
The open circulatory system is an arrangement of internal transport present in many animals such as molluscs and arthropods, in which fluid (called hemolymph) in a cavity called the hemocoel bathes the organs directly with oxygen and nutrients and there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid; this combined fluid is called hemolymph or haemolymph. Molluscs are animals belonging to the phylum Mollusca. There are around 250000 extant Species within the phylum with an estimated 70000 Arthropods are Animals belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda (from Greek ἄρθρον arthron, " Joint " Hemolymph or haemolymph is the Blood analogue used by all Arthropods and most Mollusks that have an Open circulatory system. A hemocoel is a cavity or series of spaces between the organs of organisms with Open circulatory systems like most Arthropods and Mollusks A combination Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products Interstitial fluid (or tissue fluid) is a solution which bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular animals Muscular movements by the animal during locomotion can facilitate hemolymph movement, but diverting flow from one area to another is limited. In Biomechanics, animal locomotion is the study of how Animals move. When the heart relaxes, blood is drawn back toward the heart through open-ended pores (ostia). The heart is a muscular organ in all Vertebrates responsible for pumping Blood through the Blood vessels by repeated rhythmic
Hemolymph fills all of the interior hemocoel of the body and surrounds all cells. The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living Organisms It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living and is often called Hemolymph is composed of water, inorganic salts (mostly Na+, Cl-, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+), and organic compounds (mostly carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids). Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Inorganic chemistry is the branch of Chemistry concerned with the properties and behavior of Inorganic compounds This field covers all Chemical compounds Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 Magnesium (mægˈniːziəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Mg, Atomic number 12 Atomic weight 24 Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Organic chemistry is a discipline within Chemistry which involves the scientific study of the structure properties composition reactions, and preparation Carbohydrates (from ' Hydrates of Carbon ' or saccharides ( Greek σάκχαρον meaning " Sugar " are the most Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl Lipids are broadly defined as any fat- Soluble ( lipophilic) naturally-occurring Molecule, such as fats oils waxes cholesterol sterols fat-soluble The primary oxygen transporter molecule is hemocyanin. Hemocyanins (also spelled haemocyanins) are respiratory Proteins in the form of Metalloproteins containing two Copper atoms that reversibly
There are free-floating cells, the hemocytes, within the hemolymph. For the creatures in the film I Am Legend, see there A hemocyte is a cell that plays a role in the Immune system of an They play a role in the arthropod immune system. An immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an Organism that protects against Disease by identifying and killing Pathogens and Tumor
No circulatory system
Circulatory systems are absent in some animals, including flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes). The flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes from the Greek πλατύ platy, meaning "flat" and ἕλμινς (root ἑλμινθ- helminth- The flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes from the Greek πλατύ platy, meaning "flat" and ἕλμινς (root ἑλμινθ- helminth- Their body cavity has no lining or enclosed fluid. By the broadest definition a body cavity is any fluid filled space in a Multicellular organism. Instead a muscular pharynx leads to an extensively branched digestive system that facilitates direct diffusion of nutrients to all cells. The pharynx (plural pharynges) is the part of the Neck and Throat situated immediately Posterior to (behind the Mouth and Nasal Digestion is the breaking down of chemicals in the body into a form that can be absorbed Diffusion is the net movement of particles (typically molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration by uncoordinated random movement The flatworm's dorso-ventrally flattened body shape also restricts the distance of any cell from the digestive system or the exterior of the organism. Oxygen can diffuse from the surrounding water into the cells, and carbon dioxide can diffuse out. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Consequently every cell is able to obtain nutrients, water and oxygen without the need of a transport system.
Measurement techniques
- Electrocardiogram — for cardiac electrophysiology
- Sphygmomanometer and stethoscope — for blood pressure
- Pulse meter — for cardiac function (heart rate, rhythm, dropped beats)
- Pulse — commonly used to determine the heart rate in absence of certain cardiac pathologies
- Nail bed blanching test — test for perfusion
- Vessel cannula or catheter pressure measurement — pulmonary wedge pressure or in older animal experiments. A sphygmomanometer ( or blood pressure meter is a device used to measure Blood pressure, comprising an inflatable Cuff to restrict blood flow and a The stethoscope (from Greek στηθοσκόπιο, of στήθος stéthos - chest and σκοπή skopé - examination) is an acoustic This article refers to a device used by laypersons For the article on the medical device performing a similar function see Electrocardiography. In Medicine, a person's pulse is the throbbing of their arteries. A cannula (from Latin "little reed" plural cannulae) or canula is a tube which can be inserted into the body often for the delivery or removal In Medicine a catheter is a tube that can be inserted into a body cavity duct or vessel
Health and disease
History of discovery
The valves of the heart were discovered by a physician of the Hippocratean school around the 4th century BC. Cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular diseases refers to the class of diseases that involve the Heart or Blood vessels ( arteries and A congenital heart defect (CHD is a defect in the structure of the Heart and Great vessels of a Newborn. However their function was not properly understood then. Because blood pools in the veins after death, arteries look empty. Ancient anatomists assumed they were filled with air and that they were for transport of air.
Herophilus distinguished veins from arteries but thought that the pulse was a property of arteries themselves. Herophilos, sometimes Latinized Herophilus (335-280 BC was a Greek physician Erasistratus observed that arteries that were cut during life bleed. He ascribed the fact to the phenomenon that air escaping from an artery is replaced with blood that entered by very small vessels between veins and arteries. Thus he apparently postulated capillaries but with reversed flow of blood.
The 2nd century AD, Greek physician, Galen, knew that blood vessels carried blood and identified venous (dark red) and arterial (brighter and thinner) blood, each with distinct and separate functions. Galen ( Greek: Γαληνός Galēnos; Latin: Claudius Galenus, Aelius Galenus, Claudius Aelius Galenus, or Growth and energy were derived from venous blood created in the liver from chyle, while arterial blood gave vitality by containing pneuma (air) and originated in the heart. Blood flowed from both creating organs to all parts of the body where it was consumed and there was no return of blood to the heart or liver. The heart did not pump blood around, the heart's motion sucked blood in during diastole and the blood moved by the pulsation of the arteries themselves.
Galen believed that the arterial blood was created by venous blood passing from the left ventricle to the right by passing through 'pores' in the interventricular septum, air passed from the lungs via the pulmonary artery to the left side of the heart. As the arterial blood was created 'sooty' vapors were created and passed to the lungs also via the pulmonary artery to be exhaled.
In 1242, the Arabian physician, Ibn al-Nafis, became the first person to accurately describe the process of blood circulation in the human body, particularly pulmonary circulation, for which he is considered the father of circulatory physiology. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ala al-Din Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi ( Pulmonary circulation is the portion of the Cardiovascular system which carries Oxygen -depleted Blood away from the heart to the Lungs, and Cardiovascular physiology is the study of the Circulatory system. [2] Ibn al-Nafis stated in his Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon:
". . . the blood from the right chamber of the heart must arrive at the left chamber but there is no direct pathway between them. The thick septum of the heart is not perforated and does not have visible pores as some people thought or invisible pores as Galen thought. The blood from the right chamber must flow through the vena arteriosa (pulmonary artery) to the lungs, spread through its substances, be mingled there with air, pass through the arteria venosa (pulmonary vein) to reach the left chamber of the heart and there form the vital spirit. The pulmonary arteries carry Blood from the Heart to the Lungs. The four pulmonary veins carry Oxygen -rich Blood from the Lungs to the left atrium of the Heart. . . "
Contemporary drawings of this process have survived. In 1552, Michael Servetus described the same, and Realdo Colombo proved the concept, but it remained largely unknown in Europe. Michael Servetus (also Miguel Servet or Miguel Serveto; 29 September, 1511 &ndash 27 October, 1553) was a Spanish Matteo Realdo Colombo or Renaldus Columbus (c 1516 - 1559 was an Italian professor of Anatomy and a surgeon at the University of Padua
Finally William Harvey, a pupil of Hieronymus Fabricius (who had earlier described the valves of the veins without recognizing their function), performed a sequence of experiments and announced in 1628 the discovery of the human circulatory system as his own and published an influential book about it. William Harvey ( April 1, 1578 – June 3, 1657) was an English Physician who is credited with being the first in Hieronymus Fabricius is the Latin name by which the Italian Anatomist Girolamo Fabrici ( May 20 1537 &ndash May 21 Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus, (An Anatomical Exercise on the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Living Beings is the best-known work of the physician This work with its essentially correct exposition slowly convinced the medical world. Harvey was not able to identify the capillary system connecting arteries and veins; these were later described by Marcello Malpighi. Marcello Malpighi ( March 10, 1628 - September 30, 1694) was an Italian doctor who gave his name to several physiological features
See also
References
- ^ Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins, Charles William McLaughlin, Susan Johnson, Maryanna Quon Warner, David LaHart, Jill D. Cardiology (from Greek grc καρδίᾱ kardiā, "heart" and grc -λογία -logia) is the branch of Internal medicine The lymphatic system in Vertebrates is a network of conduits that carry a clear fluid called Lymph. The blood vessels are part of the Circulatory system and function to transport Blood throughout the body Vital heat, also called innate or natural heat, or calidum innatum, is a term that has generally referred to the heat produced within the body The cardiac muscle is a type of involuntary striated Muscle found in the walls of the Heart. Human anatomy, which with physiology and biochemistry is a complementary basic medical science is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult Human body The heart is a muscular organ in all Vertebrates responsible for pumping Blood through the Blood vessels by repeated rhythmic João Rodrigues de Castelo Branco, better known as Amato Lusitano and Amatus Lusitanus (1511&ndash1568 was a notable Portuguese Jewish William Harvey ( April 1, 1578 – June 3, 1657) was an English Physician who is credited with being the first in Wright (1993). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-981176-1.
- ^ Chairman's Reflections (2004), "Traditional Medicine Among Gulf Arabs, Part II: Blood-letting", Heart Views 5 (2), p. 74-85 [80].
External links
- The Circulatory System, a comprehensive overview
- The InVision Guide to a Healthy Heart An interactive website
- NCP Cardiovascular Medicine A Journal Covering Clinical Cardiovascular Medicine
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Dictionary
circulatory system
-noun
- (physiology) The parts of a animal body comprising the heart, veins, capillaries and arteries.
- The parts of a machine responsible for the circulation of some fluid.
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