Circuit theory is the theory of accomplishing work by means of routing matter through a loop. In Physics, mechanical work is the amount of Energy transferred by a Force. In Mathematics and Computer science, a graph is the basic object of study in Graph theory. The types of matter used are:

• In electronic or electrical circuits: electrons (and charged ions, both positive and negative)
• In pneumatic circuits: compressed gas (normally ordinary air)
• In hydraulic circuits: pressurized, relatively incompressible fluid

Contents 1 Parts of a circuit 2 Circuit vs. network 3 Open circuit vs. closed circuit 4 Short circuit 5 Loops 6 Types 6.1 Electronic circuit 6.2 Pneumatic circuit 6.3 Hydraulic circuit 7 See also 8 References

Parts of a circuit

Every circuit consists of three basic components:

• "Active components": Source of energy
• Transmission lines
  • Control devices (optional)
• "Passive components": Load

A gun, a rocket and an internal combustion engine all use compressed gas to do work, but the spent gas is vented to the atmosphere and is not reused in the system, so these are not examples of pneumatic circuits. An electronic circuit is a closed path formed by the interconnection of Electronic components through which an Electric current can flow An electrical network is an interconnection of Electrical elements such as Resistors Inductors Capacitors Transmission lines Voltage The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge A pneumatic circuit is an interconnected set of components that convert compressed gas (usually air into Mechanical work. A hydraulic circuit is an interconnected set of components that convert pressurized liquid (usually oil into Mechanical work. Passivity is a property of engineering systems most commonly used in electronic engineering and control systems Passivity is a property of engineering systems most commonly used in electronic engineering and control systems Refrigeration systems do, however, recycle the compressed gases they use, but are not typically thought of as circuits.

Gears, levers, linkages, pulleys/ropes and sprockets/chains transmit work energy from one location to another, but there is no loop, so these are not examples of circuits. This is the page for mechanical Gears For other uses see Gear (disambiguation For the gear-like device used to drive a roller chain see Sprocket A mechanical linkage is a series of rigid links connected with joints to form a closed chain or a series of closed chains A pulley (also called a sheave or block) is a Wheel with a groove between two Flanges around its Circumference A rope is a length of Fibers twisted or Braided together to improve strength for pulling and Connecting. A sprocket is a profiled Wheel with teeth that meshes with a chain, track or other perforated or indented material Roller chain or bush roller chain is the type of chain most commonly used for transmission of mechanical power on Bicycles Motorcycles

Circuit vs. network

An electrical circuit is a collection of electrical components which accomplish a specific task such as heating, lighting or running a motor. This collection may or may not form a complete topological loop, depending on whether it is presently connected to power, integrated into a larger device or circuit, or damaged. ^[1][2] Sometimes, it is convenient to speak of an electrical circuit as a network, de-emphasizing the return path. Return paths are sometimes omitted from circuit diagrams, making the resulting graphic visually resemble a network topology rather than some sort of loop topology. See circuit diagram and schematic. A circuit diagram (also known as an electrical diagram Wiring diagram, elementary diagram or electronic Schematic) is a simplified conventional pictorial representation A schematic is a diagram that represents the elements of a System using abstract graphic Symbols rather than realistic pictures

Open circuit vs. closed circuit

A fundamental part of circuit analysis is determining whether the matter has a return path to the power source. A network in the context of Electronics, is a collection of interconnected components If the matter is blocked from returning to the power source, either wholly or partially, the entire assemblage will be prevented from accomplishing work. In an electrical circuit, an open circuit is caused intentionally when a user opens a switch or unintentionally when vibration or mechanical damage severs a wire. In a pneumatic or hydraulic circuit, this occurs when a valve is closed or there is a leak in one of the lines or components.

In electrical circuits, closing a switch creates a closed loop for the electrons to flow through. This is sometimes referred to as "completing the circuit. " Other synonyms are also used.

Short circuit

In an electrical or electronic circuit, sometimes an unintended connection is made, such as when insulation is broken, frayed, melted or chewed by rodents, or a technician inserts a metal tool into a live device. When this happens, current bypasses some or all of the components in the circuit, taking a "shorter" path back to the power source. This can lead to excessive current drain, which in turn generates excessive heat, damaging or destroying sensitive parts of the system such as transistors and ICs. Microchipsjpg|right|thumb|200px|Microchips ( EPROM memory with a transparent window showing the integrated circuit inside

Loops

In Graph theory, an edge whose two ends meet is called a loop, which is an entirely different usage of the word. In Mathematics and Computer science, graph theory is the study of graphs: mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects In Graph theory, a loop (also called a self-loop) is an edge that connects a vertex to itself In any kind of circuit, such a loop has no distinct function. An argument can be made that redundant lines for transmission of power do have a function, even if it is only a backup function.

Types

There are three basic types of circuit currently used in industry:

• Electronic or electrical
• Pneumatic
• Hydraulic

The following is a rough list of the types of components which make up each type of circuit. An electronic circuit is a closed path formed by the interconnection of Electronic components through which an Electric current can flow A pneumatic circuit is an interconnected set of components that convert compressed gas (usually air into Mechanical work. A hydraulic circuit is an interconnected set of components that convert pressurized liquid (usually oil into Mechanical work.

Electronic circuit

• Sources of energy
  • Batteries
  • Generators
  • Solar cells
• Transmission lines
  • Wires
  • Switches
• Passive components
  • Transducers

Pneumatic circuit

• Sources of energy
  • Compressor
• Transmission lines
  • Air tank
  • Pneumatic hoses
  • Open atmosphere (for returning the spent gas to the compressor)
  • Valves
• Passive components
  • Pneumatic cylinders

Hydraulic circuit

• Sources of energy
  • Power pack
• Transmission lines
  • Hydraulic hoses
• Passive components
  • Hydraulic cylinders

See also

• Network analysis (electronics)
• Mesh analysis
• Active component
• Passive component
• Fluid power

References

In electronics a battery is a combination of two or more Electrochemical cells which store chemical Energy which can be converted into electrical energy In Electricity generation, an electrical generator is a device that converts Mechanical energy to Electrical energy, generally using Electromagnetic A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device that converts Solar energy into Electricity by the photovoltaic effect. A wire is a single usually cylindrical, elongated string of drawn Metal. A switch is a mechanical device used to connect and disconnect an electric Circuit at will A transducer is a device usually electrical, electronic, Electro-mechanical, Electromagnetic, Photonic, or Photovoltaic A gas compressor is a mechanical device that increases the Pressure of a Gas by reducing its Volume. A pressure vessel is a closed container designed to hold gases or liquids at a Pressure different from the ambient Pressure. For other uses see Valve (disambiguation. For the electronic component see Thermionic valve. Pneumatic cylinders (sometimes known as air cylinders) are Mechanical devices which produce Force, often in combination with movement, and are Power Pack is a team of fictional child Superheroes in the Marvel Comics universe. A Hydraulic cylinder (also called a linear Hydraulic motor) is a mechanical Actuator that is used to give a linear Force through a linear stroke A network in the context of Electronics, is a collection of interconnected components Mesh analysis (sometimes referred to as loop analysis or mesh current method) is a method that is used to solve planar circuits for the Voltage and Passivity is a property of engineering systems most commonly used in electronic engineering and control systems Passivity is a property of engineering systems most commonly used in electronic engineering and control systems Fluid power is the technology of exploiting the properties of fluids to generate control and transmit power as a result of the pressurization of fluids

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