Circuit court is the name of court systems in several common law jurisdictions. Common law refers to law and the corresponding legal system developed through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive Originally it meant a court that would hold sessions in multiple locations within its judicial district; the judge or judges would travel in a circuit in order to adjudicate cases across a wide area. Especially on the United States frontier, a judge might travel alone on horseback along with a group of lawyers. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A frontier is a Political and Geographical term referring to areas near or beyond a boundary, or of a different nature Abraham Lincoln was one such attorney who would ride the circuit in Illinois. Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal In more settled areas, a stagecoach would be used. For other meanings see Stagecoach (disambiguation. A stagecoach (also called diligence) is a type of four-wheeled enclosed Eventually the legal caseload in a county would become great enough for a local judiciary. Most of these local judicial circuits have been thus replaced.
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Republic of Ireland
In the Republic of Ireland a "circuit court" is part of the Courts of First Instance, which replaced the Assize Court used before the Irish Free State reformed the justice system. The Circuit Court ( An Chúirt Chuarda in Irish) of Ireland consists of a President and thirty-three judges Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. The Court of Assize, or Assizes, is a medieval term for Legal codes (such as Assizes of Jerusalem) that continues to be used in modern times The Irish Free State (Saorstát Éireann (1922&ndash1937 was the state established as a Dominion on 6 December 1922 under the Anglo-Irish Treaty, signed by The circuit court system includes a judge and jury system, but is not allowed to hear, among others, murder, treason or rape cases. The civil jurisdiction of the court is limited to damages of €38,092 and actions involving land with a ratable value of less than €254 (Land value worth approx. €3 million).
United States
Federal courts
The United States Circuit Courts were United States federal courts established in each federal judicial district. The United States circuit courts were the original intermediate level courts of the United States federal court system. The United States federal courts are the system of Courts organized under the Constitution and laws of the Federal government of the United States For purposes of the federal judicial system, Congress has divided the United States into judicial districts. These circuit courts exercised both original (first instance) and appellate jurisdiction. The original jurisdiction of a court is the right to hear a case for the first time as opposed to Appellate jurisdiction when a court has the right to review the decision of Appellate jurisdiction is the power of a Court to review decisions and change outcomes of decisions of lower courts They existed from 1789 to 1912. Year 1789 ( MDCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting The original jurisdiction formerly exercised by the United States circuit courts is now exercised by the United States district courts, and their appellate jurisdiction is now exercised by the United States courts of appeals. The United States district courts are the general Trial courts of the United States federal court system. The United States courts of appeals (or circuit courts) are the intermediate appellate courts
The name "circuit court" is also informally used to refer to the existing United States court of appeals. The United States courts of appeals (or circuit courts) are the intermediate appellate courts Those courts were officially known as United States circuit courts of appeals from their establishment in 1894 until their name was changed to United States courts of appeals in 1947. Year 1894 ( MDCCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
State courts
In some U.S. states, including Illinois, Kentucky, Oregon, and many of the southern states, the state court of superior general original jurisdiction is known as the "circuit court". A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. The Commonwealth of Kentucky ( is a state located in the East Central United States of America. Oregon's circuit courts are General jurisdiction Trial courts of the U In the United States, a state court has Jurisdiction over disputes with some connection to a U In Common law systems a superior court is a Court of general Competence which typically has unlimited Jurisdiction with regard to civil and The original jurisdiction of a court is the right to hear a case for the first time as opposed to Appellate jurisdiction when a court has the right to review the decision of
In Virginia, for example, a circuit court is a court of record that has appellate jurisdiction over a county's general district court and juvenile and domestic relations court and original jurisdiction over major civil cases and all the county's felony cases. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state In Common law jurisdictions a court of record is a judicial tribunal having attributes and exercising functions independently of the person of the magistrate designated generally In Common law legal systems a felony is a serious Crime, often contrasted with a Misdemeanor. A circuit court has the power to issue death sentences and impanel grand juries. Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. In the Common law, a grand jury is a type of Jury which determines whether there is enough evidence for a trial. The court's decisions become legal precedents. In Common law legal systems, a precedent or authority is a Legal case establishing a principle or rule that a Court or other judicial
In many states, such as Missouri, a judicial circuit can encompass one or more counties. Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee A county is a Land area of Regional Government within a larger State. Each circuit court can have several divisions, including circuit, associate, small claims, probate, family or drug court. Probate is the Legal process of settling the estate of a deceased person specifically resolving all claims and distributing the decedent's Property Each division hears cases within its particular area of subject-matter jurisdiction, and jurisdiction is based on the size or type of a civil claim, or the severity or type of a criminal charge. Subject-matter jurisdiction is the authority of a Court to hear cases of a particular type or cases relating to a specific subject matter Drug court, for example, hears only drug-related criminal cases. Drug courts are specialized courts designed to handle cases involving offenders who abuse addictive substances.
England and Wales
England and Wales is divided into six regions or Circuits for the purposes of the administration of justice.
- Northern Circuit
- North Eastern Circuit
- Wales and Chester Circuit (also known as Wales and Cheshire)
- Midland Circuit
- Western Circuit
- South Eastern Circuit [1].
The system is overseen by the Lord Chancellor. The Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, or Lord Chancellor is a senior and important functionary in the Government of the United Kingdom. The membership consists of High Court Judges, Circuit Judges, District Judges, law practitioners and academic lawyers. The Circuits also form the basis for administration of the Bar in England and Wales. The Circuit Bars are represented on the Bar Council through the Circuit Leaders. [2].
Western Circuit
The Western Circuit is geographically the largest circuit. It covers an area from just west of Guildford to the tip of Cornwall. The Wine Treasurer is a traditional title for the person in charge of social arrangements.
The circuit office is run by the circuit secretary in Winchester. Winchester or Winton ( archaic) is a historic city in southern England, with a population of around 40000 within a radius of its centre A newsletter is published each term.
The Circuit has published three books, Pie Powder; Circuit Ghosts; and Recollections of the Western Circuit
The Wales and Chester circuit has been disbanded following the Government of Wales Act (2006). Wales now has its own circuit in readiness for any 'Welsh laws' passed by the National Assembly for Wales
References
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