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 Cinnamon foliage and flowers
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| Cinnamomum verum J.Presl |
Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum, synonym C. zeylanicum) is a small evergreen tree 10–15 meters (32. In Botany, an Evergreen plant is a plant having leaves all year round A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or 8–49. 2 feet) tall, belonging to the family Lauraceae, and is native to Bangladesh, India, and Nepal. The Lauraceae or Laurel family comprises a group of Flowering plants included in the order Laurales. ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Nepal (नेपाल) is a Landlocked country in South Asia. [1] The bark is widely used as a spice due to its distinct odour. A spice is a dried Seed, Fruit, Root, Bark or vegetative substance used in Nutritionally insignificant quantities as a Food additive
The leaves are ovate-oblong in shape, 7–18 cm (2. In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. 75–7. 1 inches) long. The flowers, which are arranged in panicles, have a greenish color, and have a distinct odor. A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also A panicle is a compound Raceme, a loose much-branched indeterminate Inflorescence with pedicellate Flowers (and Fruit The fruit is a purple one-centimetre berry containing a single seed. The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. The word berry has two meanings one based on a botanical definition the other on common identification A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored
Its flavour is due to an aromatic essential oil that makes up 0. An essential oil is a concentrated Hydrophobic Liquid containing volatile Aroma compounds from Plants They are also known as volatile 5% to 1% of its composition. This oil is prepared by roughly pounding the bark, macerating it in seawater, and then quickly distilling the whole. Distillation is a method of separating Mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture It is of a golden-yellow colour, with the characteristic odour of cinnamon and a very hot aromatic taste. The pungent taste and scent come from cinnamic aldehyde or cinnamaldehyde and, by the absorption of oxygen as it ages, it darkens in colour and develops resinous compounds. Taste (or more formally gustation) is a form of direct Chemoreception and is one of the traditional five Senses Olfaction (also known as olfactics or smell) refers to the Sense of smell. An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a terminal Carbonyl group. Cinnamic aldehyde or cinnamaldehyde (more precisely trans -cinnamaldehyde, the only naturally-occurring form is the Chemical compound that Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Chemical components of the essential oil include ethyl cinnamate, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, beta-caryophyllene, linalool, and methyl chavicol. Ethyl cinnamate is the Ester of Cinnamic acid and Ethanol. It is present in the essential oil of Cinnamon; pure ethyl cinnamate has a "fruity Eugenol (C10H12O2 is an allyl chain-substituted Guaiacol. Eugenol is a member of the Phenylpropanoids class of chemical compounds Cinnamic aldehyde or cinnamaldehyde (more precisely trans -cinnamaldehyde, the only naturally-occurring form is the Chemical compound that Caryophyllene, or (&minus-β-caryophyllene is a natural bicyclic sesquiterpene that is a constituent of many Essential oils especially clove oil the oil from Linalool (lɪˈnæloʊɒl is a naturally-occurring Terpene Alcohol chemical found in many Flowers and Spice plants with many commercial Estragole, or p -allylanisole or methyl chavicol is a natural Organic compound.
The name cinnamon comes from Greek kinnámōmon, itself ultimately from Phoenician. Phoenician was a language originally spoken in the coastal region then called Pūt in Ancient Egyptian Canaan in Phoenician, Hebrew, and The botanical name for the spice—Cinnamomum zeylanicum—is derived from Sri Lanka's former name, Ceylon. Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island [1]
Contents |
History
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Cinnamon has been known from remote antiquity, and it was so highly prized among ancient nations that it was regarded as a gift fit for monarchs and other great potentates. Cinnamon is native to the Indian subcontinent. This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. [1] It was imported to Egypt from China as early as 2000 BC. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National It is mentioned in the Bible in Exodus 30:23, where Moses is commanded to use both sweet cinnamon (Hebrew קִנָּמוֹן, qinnāmôn) and cassia; in Proverbs 7:17–18, where the lover's bed is perfumed with myrrh, aloe and cinnamon; and in Song of Solomon 4:14, a song describing the beauty of his beloved, cinnamon scents her garments like the smell of Lebanon. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Exodus ( Greek: έξοδος eksodos = "departure" is the second book of the Jewish Torah and of the Christian Old Testament. Moses ( Latin: Moyses,; Greek: grc Mωυσής in both the Septuagint and the New Testament; Arabic: ar موسىٰ The Book of Proverbs is one of the books of the Ketuvim of the Tanakh, and thus also one of the books of the Old Testament. Myrrh is a reddish-brown Resinous material the dried sap of the tree Commiphora myrrha, native to Yemen, Somalia Aloe, also written Aloë, is a Genus containing about four hundred Species of flowering succulent Plants It is also alluded to by Herodotus and other classical writers. Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash It was commonly used on funeral pyres in Rome, and the Emperor Nero is said to have burned a year's supply of cinnamon at the funeral for his wife Poppaea Sabina in 65 AD. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( December 15, 37 – June 9, 68) born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, also called Poppaea Sabina (30-65 was a Roman Empress and second wife of the Roman Emperor Nero.
Indonesian rafts transported cinnamon (known in Indonesia as kayu manis- literally "sweet wood") on a "cinnamon route" directly from the Moluccas to East Africa, where local traders then carried it north to the Roman market. [2][3][4] See also Rhapta. Rhapta was a Marketplace on the coast of Eastern Africa, which first rose to prominence in the first century CE.
In the Middle Ages, the source of cinnamon was a mystery to the Western world. Arab traders brought the spice via overland trade routes to Alexandria in Egypt, where it was bought by Venetian traders from Italy who held a monopoly on the spice trade in Europe. Alexandria ( Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Standard Arabic: ar الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariyya; Ἀλεξάνδρεια Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the In Economics, a monopoly (from Greek monos, alone or single + polein, to sell exists when a specific individual or enterprise has sufficient The disruption of this trade by the rise of other Mediterranean powers, such as the Mamluk Sultans and the Ottoman Empire, was one of many factors that led Europeans to search more widely for other routes to Asia. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish
Portuguese traders finally discovered Ceylon (Sri Lanka) at the end of the fifteenth century and restructured the traditional production of cinnamon by the salagama caste. Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island Salagama ( Halagama, Haali or Chaliya) is the name of a Caste in Sri Lanka. The Portuguese established a fort on the island in 1518 and protected their own monopoly for over a hundred years.
Dutch traders finally dislodged the Portuguese by allying with the inland Ceylon kingdom of Kandy. Kandy ( maha nuvara, mahaˈnuərə in Sinhala, கண்டி kaṇṭi, ˈkaɳɖi in Tamil) is the English name for the city of They established a trading post in 1638, took control of the factories by 1640, and expelled all remaining Portuguese by 1658. "The shores of the island are full of it", a Dutch captain reported, "and it is the best in all the Orient: when one is downwind of the island, one can still smell cinnamon eight leagues out to sea. A league is a unit of Length or Area long common in Europe and Latin America, although no longer an official unit in any nation " (Braudel 1984, p. 215)
The Dutch East India Company continued to overhaul the methods of harvesting in the wild, and eventually began to cultivate its own trees. The Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in old-spelling Dutch, literally "United East Indian
The British took control of the island from the Dutch in 1796. However, the importance of the monopoly of Ceylon was already declining, as cultivation of the cinnamon tree spread to other areas, the more common cassia bark became more acceptable to consumers, and coffee, tea, sugar, and chocolate began to outstrip the popularity of traditional spices. CoFFEE is an Open source Software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL in a digital classroom Tea refers to the cured agricultural product of the leaves leaf buds and internodes of Camellia sinensis, which have been prepared and cured for the market Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. Chocolate ( pronounced or /-ˈələt/ comprises a number of raw and processed foods that are produced from the seed of the tropical Cacao tree
According to the International Herald Tribune, in 2006 Sri Lanka produced 90% of the world's cinnamon, followed by China, India, and Vietnam. [5] According to the FAO, Indonesia produces 40% of the world's Cassia genus of cinnamon.
Cultivation
Cinnamon is harvested by growing the tree for two years and then coppicing it. Coppicing is a traditional method of Woodland management in which young tree stems are cut down to near ground level The next year, about a dozen shoots will form from the roots. These shoots are then stripped of their bark, which is left to dry. Only the thin (0. 5 mm) inner bark is used; the outer woody portion is removed, leaving metre-long cinnamon strips that curl into rolls ("quills") on drying; each dried quill comprises strips from numerous shoots packed together. These quills are then cut into 5–10 cm lengths for sale.
Cinnamon comes from Sri Lanka, and the tree is also grown commercially at Tellicherry in southern India, Bangladesh, Java, Sumatra, the West Indies, Brazil, Vietnam, Madagascar, Zanzibar, and Egypt. Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island For the ship wrecked in 1806 see Tellicherry (ship Thalassery, also known as Tellicherry, is a city on the Malabar Coast of Kerala India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially Java (Jawa is an Island of Indonesia and the site of its Capital city Jakarta. Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic) is an Island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern Zanzibar ( is part of the East African republic of Tanzania. It consists of the Zanzibar Archipelago in the This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Sri Lanka cinnamon has a very thin, smooth bark with a light-yellowish brown color and a highly fragrant aroma.
Cinnamon and cassia
The name cinnamon is correctly used to refer to Ceylon cinnamon, also known as "true cinnamon" (from the botanical name C. Cinnamomum burmannii, also known as Indonesian Cinnamon, Padang Cassia, or Korintje, it is one of several plants whose bark is sold as the zeylanicum). However, the related species, Cassia (Cinnamomum aromaticum), Saigon Cinnamon (Cinnamomum loureiroi), and Cinnamomum burmannii are sometimes sold labeled as cinnamon, sometimes distinguished from true cinnamon as "Chinese cinnamon", "Vietnamese cinnamon", or "Indonesian cinnamon. Saigon Cinnamon ( Cinnamomum loureiroi, also known as Vietnamese cinnamon or Vietnamese cassia and Quế Trà My or Quế Thanh in Cinnamomum burmannii, also known as Indonesian Cinnamon, Padang Cassia, or Korintje, it is one of several plants whose bark is sold as the " Ceylon cinnamon, using only the thin inner bark, has a finer, less dense, and more crumbly texture, and is considered to be less strong than cassia. Cassia has a much stronger (somewhat harsher) flavor than cinnamon, is generally a medium to light reddish brown, hard and woody in texture, and thicker (2–3 mm thick), as all of the layers of bark are used. All of the powdered cinnamon sold in supermarkets in the United States is actually cassia. Customer divider barjpg|thumb|In supermarkets sellers periodically change prices for classes of goods in response to market conditions rather than negotiating the price of each good The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Due to a toxic component called coumarin, European health agencies have recently warned against consuming high amounts of cassia, . Coumarin is a Chemical compound ( Benzopyrone) a Toxin found in many Plants notably in high concentration in the Tonka bean, [2] This is contained in much lower dosages in Cinnamomum burmannii due to its low essential oil content. Cinnamomum burmannii, also known as Indonesian Cinnamon, Padang Cassia, or Korintje, it is one of several plants whose bark is sold as the Coumarin is known to cause liver and kidney damage in high concentrations. True Ceylon cinnamon has negligible amounts of coumarin.
The two barks, when whole, are easily distinguished, and their microscopic characteristics are also quite distinct. Cinnamon sticks (or quills) have many thin layers and can easily be made into powder using a coffee or spice grinder, whereas cassia sticks are much harder. Indonesian cassia (Cinnamomum burmannii) is often sold in neat quills made up of one thick layer, capable of damaging a spice or coffee grinder. Cinnamomum burmannii, also known as Indonesian Cinnamon, Padang Cassia, or Korintje, it is one of several plants whose bark is sold as the Saigon cassia (Cinnamomum loureiroi) and Chinese cassia (Cinnamomum aromaticum) are always sold as broken pieces of thick bark, as the bark is not supple enough to be rolled into quills. Saigon Cinnamon ( Cinnamomum loureiroi, also known as Vietnamese cinnamon or Vietnamese cassia and Quế Trà My or Quế Thanh in It is a bit harder to tell powdered cinnamon from powdered cassia. When powdered bark is treated with tincture of iodine (a test for starch), little effect is visible in the case of pure cinnamon of good quality, but when cassia is present, a deep-blue tint is produced, the intensity of the coloration depending on the proportion of cassia. Tincture of iodine is a disinfectant usually 8% elemental Iodine in Ethanol. Starch, CAS # 9005-25-8 Chemical formula (C6H10O5n is a Polysaccharide
Cinnamon is also sometimes confused with Malabathrum (Cinnamomum tamala) and Saigon cinnamon (Cinnamomum loureiroi). Malabathrum, also known as Malobathrum or Malabar leaf, is the name used in classical and medieval texts for the leaf of the plant Cinnamomum tamala Saigon Cinnamon ( Cinnamomum loureiroi, also known as Vietnamese cinnamon or Vietnamese cassia and Quế Trà My or Quế Thanh in
Uses
Cinnamon bark is widely used as a spice. A spice is a dried Seed, Fruit, Root, Bark or vegetative substance used in Nutritionally insignificant quantities as a Food additive It is principally employed in cookery as a condiment and flavouring material, being largely used in the preparation of some kinds of desserts, chocolate, spicy candies, tea, hot cocoa, and liqueurs. Dessert is a course that typically comes at the end of a meal usually consisting of sweet Food but sometimes of a strongly-flavored one such as some Cheeses The Chocolate ( pronounced or /-ˈələt/ comprises a number of raw and processed foods that are produced from the seed of the tropical Cacao tree Candy, specifically sugar candy, is a confection made from a concentrated solution of sugar in water to which a variety of flavorings and colorants is added Tea refers to the cured agricultural product of the leaves leaf buds and internodes of Camellia sinensis, which have been prepared and cured for the market Hot chocolate (also known as hot cocoa, drinking chocolate or just cocoa) is a heated Beverage that typically consists of A liqueur is a sweet Alcoholic beverage, often flavored with Fruits, Herbs Spices Flowers Seeds Roots Plants In the Middle East, it is often used in savoury dishes of chicken and lamb. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. In the United States, cinnamon and sugar are often used to flavour cereals, bread-based dishes, and fruits, especially apples; a cinnamon-sugar mixture is even sold separately for such purposes. A breakfast cereal (often simply called cereal is a packaged food product made from Cereal intended to be consumed as part of a Breakfast. The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. The apple is the pomaceous Fruit of the apple tree Species Malus domestica in the Rose family Rosaceae. Cinnamon sugar is a mixture of ground Cinnamon and granulated Sugar used as a spice for desserts Cinnamon can also be used in pickling. Pickling, also known as brining or corning, is the process of preserving Food by Anaerobic fermentation in Brine (a solution Cinnamon bark is one of the few spices that can be consumed directly. Long known in Persia, Cinnamon powder is a very important spice in Persian cuisine, used in a variety of thick soups, drinks, and sweets. Persian cuisine or the cuisine of Iran is diverse with each province featuring dishes culinary traditions and styles distinct to their regions It is often mixed with rosewater or other spices to make a cinnamon-based curry powder for stews or just sprinkled on sweet treats (most notably Sholezard Per. thumb|right|250px|Rose water Rose water or rose syrup (گلاب Golâb, Gül suyu ماء ورد Māʾ ward, Urdu: گلاب رس شله زرد)
In medicine it acts like other volatile oils and once had a reputation as a cure for colds. Acute viral nasopharyngitis or acute coryza, usually known as the common cold, is a highly contagious viral Infectious disease of the It has also been used to treat diarrhea and other problems of the digestive system. In Medicine, diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences) is frequent loose or liquid Bowel movements Acute diarrhea [3] Cinnamon is high in antioxidant activity. An antioxidant is a Molecule capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation of other molecules [4][5] The essential oil of cinnamon also has antimicrobial properties,[6] which can aid in the preservation of certain foods. An antimicrobial is a substance that kills or inhibits the growth of Microbes such as Bacteria, Fungi, or Viruses. [7]
"Cinnamon" has been reported to have remarkable pharmacological effects in the treatment of type II diabetes and Insulin Resistance. Diabetes mellitus type 2 or Type 2 Diabetes (formerly called non - Insulin -dependent Diabetes mellitus (NIDDM or adult-onset diabetes is a metabolic However, the plant material used in the study was most from cassia and only few of them are truly from Cinnamomum zeylanicum (see cassia's medicinal uses for more information about its health benefits). [8], [9]. Recent advancement in phytochemistry has shown that it is a cinnamtannin B1 isolated from C. zeylanicum, which is of theraputic effect on type II diabetes [10] with the exception for the postmenopausal patients studied on C. Diabetes mellitus type 2 or Type 2 Diabetes (formerly called non - Insulin -dependent Diabetes mellitus (NIDDM or adult-onset diabetes is a metabolic cassia [11]. Cinnamon has traditionally been used to treat toothache and fight bad breath and its regular use is believed to stave off common cold and aid digestion. Acute viral nasopharyngitis or acute coryza, usually known as the common cold, is a highly contagious viral Infectious disease of the [12]
Cinnamon is used in the system of Thelemic Magick for the invocation of Apollo, according to the correspondences listed in Aleister Crowley's work Liber 777. Magick, in the broadest sense is any act designed to cause intentional change Aleister Crowley, born Edward Alexander Crowley (ˈkroʊli (12 October 1875 – 1 December 1947 was a British Occultist Writer, mountaineer 777 and other Qabalistic writings of Aleister Crowley is a collection of papers written by Aleister Crowley. In Hoodoo, it is a multipurpose ingredient used for purification, luck, love, and money. [13]
Cinnamon is also used as an insect repellent. An insect repellent is a substance applied to skin clothing or other surfaces which discourages Insects (and Arthropods in general from landing or climbing on that [14]
It is reported that regularly drinking of Cinnamomum zeylanicum tea made from the bark could be beneficial to oxidative stress related illness in humans, as the plant part contains significant antioxidant potent [15]. Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or easily
References
This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
- Braudel, Fernand (1984). Fernand Braudel ( August 24 1902 &ndash November 27 1985) was the foremost French historian of the postwar era The Perspective of the World, Vol III of Civilization and Capitalism.
- Corn, Charles (1998). The Scents of Eden: A Narrative of the Spice Trade. New York: Kodansha International.
- "Cinnamon Extracts Boost Insulin Sensitivity" (2000). Agricultural Research magazine, July 2000.
- Alan W. Archer (1988). "Determination of cinnamaldehyde, coumarin and cinnamyl alcohol in cinnamon and cassia by high-performance liquid chromatography". Journal of Chromatography 447: 272–276. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- Medicinal Seasonings, The Healing Power Of Spices Book by Dr. Keith Scott
Notes
- ^ a b (2008) "Cinnamon", Encyclopaedia Britannica. “(species Cinnamomum zeylanicum), bushy evergreen tree of the laurel family (Lauraceae) native to Sri Lanka (Ceylon), the neighboring Malabar Coast of India, and Myanmar (Burma) and also cultivated in South America and the West Indies for the spice consisting of its dried inner bark. ”
- ^ Harris, Emily, German Christmas Cookies Pose Health Danger, <http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6672644>. Retrieved on 1 May 2007
- ^ Felter, Harvey, Cinnamomum.—Cinnamon., <http://www.henriettesherbal.com/eclectic/kings/cinnamomum.html>. Retrieved on 1 May 2007
- ^ Shan B, Cai YZ, Sun M, Corke H (October 2005). "Antioxidant capacity of 26 spice extracts and characterization of their phenolic constituents". J. Agric. Food Chem. 53 (20): 7749–59. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 16190627.
- ^ Mancini-Filho J, Van-Koiij A, Mancini DA, Cozzolino FF, Torres RP (December 1998). "Antioxidant activity of cinnamon (Cinnamomum Zeylanicum, Breyne) extracts". Boll Chim Farm 137 (11): 443–7. PMID 10077878.
- ^ López P, Sánchez C, Batlle R, Nerín C (August 2005). "Solid- and vapor-phase antimicrobial activities of six essential oils: susceptibility of selected foodborne bacterial and fungal strains". J. Agric. Food Chem. 53 (17): 6939–46. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 16104824.
- ^ George Mateljan Foundation, Cinnamon, ground, Research: Thalido…, <http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=68>. Retrieved on 1 May 2007
- ^ Khan A, Safdar M, Ali Khan MM, Khattak KN, Anderson RA (December 2003). "Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type 2 diabetes". Diabetes Care 26 (12): 3215–8. PMID 14633804.
- ^ Verspohl, Eugen J. et al. (2005). "Antidiabetic effect of Cinnamomum cassia and Cinnamomum zeylanicum In vivo and In vitro". Phytotherapy Research 19 (3): 203 - 206. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Taher, Muhammad et al. . A proanthocyanidin from Cinnamomum zeylanicum stimulates phosphorylation of insullin receptor in 3T3-L1 adipocyties. Retrieved on 11 May 2008. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Vanschoonbeek, Kristof et al. . Cinnamon Supplementation Does Not Improve Glycemic Control in Postmenopausal Type 2 Diabetes Patients. Retrieved on 11 May 2008. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Alice Hart-Davis (16 January 2007). Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Chillies Are the Spice of Life. Retrieved on 2007-12-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila
- ^ Yronwode, Cat, <http://www.luckymojo.com>. Retrieved on 12 December 2007
- ^ Beck, Leslie, Cinnamon — December 2006's Featured Food, <http://www.lesliebeck.com/ingredient_index.php?featured_food=80>. Retrieved on 1 May 2007
- ^ Ranjbar, Akram et al. . Antioxidative stress potential of Cinnamomum zeylanicum in humans: a comparative cross-sectional clinical study. DOI:10.2217/14750708.3.1.113. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. Retrieved on 11 May 2008. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
See also
External links
- Antifungal Properties of Cinnamon Essential oil
- BBC News - In pictures: Sri Lanka's spice of life
- American Botanical Council Web site News, studies, and uses for Cinnamon from The American Botanical Council
Dictionary
cinnamon
-noun
- (countable) A small evergreen tree native to Sri Lanka and southern India, Cinnamomum verum or Cinnamomum zeylanicum, belonging to the family Lauraceae.
- Several related trees, notably the Indonesian cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) and Chinese cinnamon or cassia (Cinnamomum aromaticum or Cinnamomum cassia).
- (uncountable) A spice from the dried aromatic bark of the cinnamon tree, either rolled into strips or ground into a powder. The word is commonly used as trade name for spices made of any of the species above. The product made of Cinnamomum verum is sometimes referred to as true cinnamon.
- (countable) A yellowish-brown colour, the color of cinnamon.
-adjective
- Containing cinnamon, or having a cinnamon taste.
- Of a yellowish-brown colour.
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