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Persian Arts
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Cinema

The cinema of Iran (or Persian cinema) is a flourishing film industry with a long history. The Iranian cultural region - consisting of the modern nations of Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, and The visual arts are art forms that focus on the creation of works which are primarily Visual in nature such as Painting, Photography Persian painting has several branches most famously the classical art of the Persian miniature, and including the modern popular form of "Qahveh Khanehei" Painting A Persian miniature is a small painting whether a book illustration or a separate work of art intended to be kept in an album of such works The decorative arts are traditionally defined as ornamental and functional works in Ceramic, Wood, Glass, Metal, or Textile. Iran (Persia possesses an extraordinary treasure of royal Jewelry, including a copious amount of Mother-of-pearl from the Persian Gulf. Persian embroidery is one of the many forms of the multi-faceted Persian arts. Persia ( Iran) has an ancient tradition of its own design of motifs Iranian craftwork, are Handicrafts works that are useful in ordinary life or are decorative This article has references but they are not inline references Iranian pottery (sometimes known as gombroon) production presents a continuous Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter Persian literature ( spans two and a half millennia though much of the pre- Islamic material has been lost By Persian Mythology is meant the myths and sacred narratives of the culturally and linguistically related group of ancient peoples who inhabited the Iranian Plateau Iranian folklore including jokes legends games folklore heroes and beliefs is sophisticated and complex Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual Architecture in " Greater Iran " has a continuous history from at least 5000BCE to the present with characteristic examples distributed over a vast area from Syria Persian cuisine or the cuisine of Iran is diverse with each province featuring dishes culinary traditions and styles distinct to their regions The Persian carpet ( Pahlavi bōb Persian farš فرش meaning "to spread" and qāli) is an essential part of The tradition and style of Garden design of Persian gardens ( Persian باغ ایرانی influenced the design of gardens from Andalusia to India This article is about Performance art For other uses see Performance (disambiguation Persian dance refers to the type of Dancing from Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan. The music of Iran or Persian music has thousands of years of history dating back to the Neolithic age as seen in the archeological While many popular commercial films are annually made in Iran, Iranian art films are among the finest, winning praise from around the world. An Art film (also called an “art cinema” “art movie” or in the U [1]

Film festivals that honour Iranian films are held annually around the globe. Along with China, Iran has been lauded as one of the best exporters of cinema in the 1990s. [2] Some critics now rank Iran as the world's most important national cinema, artistically, with a significance that invites comparison to Italian neorealism and similar movements in past decades. Italian neorealism is a style of film characterized by stories set amongst the poor and Working class, filmed on location frequently using nonprofessional Actors [1] World-renowned Austrian filmmaker Michael Haneke and German filmmaker Werner Herzog, along with many film critics from around the world, have praised Iranian cinema as one of the world’s most important artistic cinemas. Michael Haneke (born March 23 1942 in Munich, Germany is an Austrian filmmaker and writer best known for his bleak and disturbing style Werner Herzog (born Werner H Stipetić; September 5 1942 is a German Film director, Screenwriter, actor and Opera director [3]

Besides films made in Iran, the terms "Iranian cinema" and "Persian cinema" can also refer to the cinema of the Iranian Cultural Continent ("Greater Iran"), such as Tajikistan and Afghanistan. Greater Iran (in Irān-e Bozorg, or fa ایران‌زمین Irān-zamīn; the Encyclopedia Iranica uses the term Tajikistan (təˈdʒɪkɨstæn or /təˈdʒiːkɨstæn/ Тоҷикистон tɔʤikɪsˈtɔn or, Persian تاجیکستان‎ taajikestaan officially the Republic of Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, The term may also refer to movies made using the Persian language but filmed or produced in other regions, such as Europe and the United States or to movies made by Iranians in languages other than Iranian ones. The Iranian languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family and its subfamily Indo-Iranian.

Contents

History

Visual arts in Persia

See also: Persian theatre One of the earliest examples in visual representations in Iranian history can be traced to the bas-reliefs in Persepolis (c. Theater background in Persia goes back to antiquity (641-1000 BC) A bas-relief (baʁəljɛf in French; French for "low relief" derived from the Italian basso rilievo) or low relief is a Sculpture Persepolis ( Old Persian: Pārsa, Modern Persian: تخت جمشید/پارسه Takht-e Jamshid or Chehel Minar) was the ceremonial 500 B. C. ). Bas relief is a method of sculpting which entails carving or etching away the surface of a flat piece of stone or metal. Persepolis was the ritual center of the ancient kingdom of Achaemenids and "the figures at Persepolis remain bound by the rules of grammar and syntax of visual language. The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire ( haχɒmaneʃijɒn (558–330 BC was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of "[4]

This style and complexity of visual representation reached its high peak about a thousand years later during the Sassanian reign. The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire A bas-relief in Taq-e-Bostan (western Iran) depicts a complex hunting scene. A bas-relief (baʁəljɛf in French; French for "low relief" derived from the Italian basso rilievo) or low relief is a Sculpture In these visual representations, movements and actions are articulated in a sophisticated manner. It is even possible to see the progenitor of the cinema close-up: a wounded wild pig escaping from the hunting ground. [5]

After the Arab invasion and conversion from Zoroastrianism to Islam — a religion in which visual symbols were avoided — Persian art continued its visual practices. Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Persian miniatures are great examples of such attempts. The deliberate lack of perspective enabled the artist to have different plots and sub-plots within the same image space. A very popular form of such art was Pardeh-Khani. Another type of art in the same category was Naqqali. [5]

Other than-popular dramatic performance arts, before the advent of cinema in Iran, are Khaymeshab-bazi (puppet show), Saye-bazi (shadow plays), Rouhozi (comical acts), and Ta'zieh. Ta'zieh ( Persian: تعزیه means Condolence Theater and Naqqali are traditional Persian Theatrical genres in which the Drama [6]

Early Persian cinema

Cinema was only five years old when it came to Persia at the beginning of the 20th century. The first Persian filmmaker was Mirza Ebrahim Khan Akkas Bashi, the official photographer of Muzaffar al-Din Shah, the Shah of Persia from 1896–1907. Mirza Ebrahim Khan Akkas Bashi (1874-1915 was the royal Photographer of Mozzafar al-Din Shah Qajar, the King of Persia. Mozaffar al-Din Shah Qajar, KG ( 25 March 1853 &ndash 7 January 1907) ( was the fifth Qajar dynasty Shah of Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year After a visit to Paris in July 1900, Akkas Bashi obtained a camera and filmed the Shah's visit to Europe upon the Shah's orders. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar Mirza Ebrahim Khan Akkas Bashi (1874-1915 was the royal Photographer of Mozzafar al-Din Shah Qajar, the King of Persia. Shah is an Iranian term for a Monarch (leader that has been adopted in many other languages He is said to have filmed the Shah’s private and religious ceremonies, but no copies of such films exist today. A few years after Akkas Bashi started photography, Khan Baba Motazedi, another pioneer in Iranian motion picture photography emerged. Khan Baba Motazedi was a Pioneer in Iranian Motion picture photography [7] He shot a considerable amount of newsreel footage during the reign of Qajar to the Pahlavi dynasty. The Qajar dynasty (also known as Ghajar or Kadjar ( ( - or دودمان قاجار) is a common term to describe Iran (then known as Persia) under [8]

In 1904, Mirza Ebrahim Khan Sahhafbashi opened the first movie theater in Tehran. Mirza Ebrahim Khan Sahhafbashi was a poineering Persian photographer and cinematographer. Tehran (or Teheran) ( Persian: تهران Tehrān) is the capital and largest City of Iran, and the administrative center of [7] After Mirza Ebrahim Khan, several others like Russi Khan, Ardeshir Khan, and Ali Vakili tried to establish new movie theaters in Tehran. Until the early 1930s, there were little more than 15 theatres in Tehran and 11 in other provinces. [5]

In 1925, an Armenian-Iranian cinematographer, Ovanes Ohanian, decided to establish the first film school in Iran. Armenian Iranians (Armenian "Իրանահայ" translit Ovanes Ohanian ( - 1961 Tehran) was an Armenian-Iranian filmmaker who established the first film school in Persia. Within five years he managed to run the first session of the school under the name "Parvareshgahe Artistiye cinema" (The Cinema Artist Educational Centre). [9]

1930s and 40s

In 1932, Abdolhossein Sepanta made the first Iranian sound film, entitled Lor Girl. Abdolhossein Sepanta ( June 4, 1907 &ndash March 28, 1969) was a noted Iranian Film director and producer. A sound film is a motion picture with synchronized sound, or sound technologically coupled to image as opposed to a Silent film. Lor Girl ( Dokhtar-e Lor) ( Persian: دخترِ لُر was the first sound film ever to be produced in the Persian language Later, in 1935, he directed movies such as Ferdowsi (the life story of the most celebrated epic poet of Iran), Shirin and Farhaad (a classic Iranian love story), and Black Eyes (the story of Nader Shah's invasion of India). Hakīm Abū l-Qāsim Firdawsī Tūsī ( more commonly transliterated as Ferdowsi, (935&ndash1020 was a highly revered Persian Poet. Nāder Shāh Afshār ( also known as Nāder Qoli Beg - نادر قلی بیگ or Tahmāsp Qoli Khān - تهماسپ قلی خان) (November In 1937, he directed Laili and Majnoon, an Eastern love story similar to the English story of Romeo and Juliet. Leyli o Majnun or Leyli va Majnun (aka Leili-o-Majnun or Laili-o-Majnoon) is a 1936 Iranian film produced in Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written early in the

The present day Iranian film industry owes a lot of its progress to two industrious personalities, Esmail Koushan and Farrokh Ghaffari. Esmail Koushan or Kooshan is a one of the pioneering figures of Persian cinema By establishing the first National Iranian Film Society in 1949 at the Iran Bastan Museum and organizing the first Film Week during which English films were exhibited, Ghaffari laid the foundation for alternative and non-commercial films in Iran.

Early Persian directors like Abdolhossein Sepanta and Esmail Koushan took advantage of the richness of Persian literature and ancient Persian mythology. Abdolhossein Sepanta ( June 4, 1907 &ndash March 28, 1969) was a noted Iranian Film director and producer. Esmail Koushan or Kooshan is a one of the pioneering figures of Persian cinema Persian literature ( spans two and a half millennia though much of the pre- Islamic material has been lost By Persian Mythology is meant the myths and sacred narratives of the culturally and linguistically related group of ancient peoples who inhabited the Iranian Plateau In their work, they put emphasized ethics and humanity. Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life Compassion is a profound human Emotion prompted by the pain of others [10]

Pre-revolutionary cinema, 1950s-70s

Poster of the film Qaysar
Poster of the film Qaysar

The 1960s was a significant decade for Iranian cinema, with 25 commercial films produced annually on average throughout the early ‘60s, increasing to 65 by the end of the decade. The majority of production focused on melodrama and thrillers.

The movie that really boosted the economy of Iranian cinema and initiated a new genre was Ganj-e-Qarun (Croesus Treasure), made in 1965 by Siamak Yasami. Four years later Masud Kimiaie made Kaiser. Qeysar may refer to Qeysar (film, an Iranian film Qeysar Farah, Afghanistan Qeysar Faryab, Afghanistan With Kaiser (Qeysar), Kimiaie depicted the ethics and morals of the romanticized poor working class of the Ganj-e-Qarun genre through his main protagonist, the titular Qeysar. But Kimiaie's film generated another genre in Iranian popular cinema: the tragic action drama. [11]

With the screening of the films Kaiser and The Cow, directed by Masoud Kimiay and Darius Mehrjui respectively in 1969, alternative films established their status in the film industry. Qeysar may refer to Qeysar (film, an Iranian film Qeysar Farah, Afghanistan Qeysar Faryab, Afghanistan The Cow ( Gāv) is a 1969 Iranian movie directed by Dariush Mehrjui, written by Gholam-Hossein Saedi based on his own play Masoud Kimiai ( is an Iranian director, Screenwriter and producer. Dariush Mehrjui ( born 8 December, 1939 in Tehran) is an Iranian director, Screenwriter, producer, and Film Attempts to organize a film festival that had begun in 1954 within the framework of the Golrizan Festival, called for the boring of fruits with the Sepas Festival in 1969 and the endeavors of Ali Mortazavi, which resulted in the formation of the Tehran World Festival in 1973.

Pre-revolutionary Iranian cinema produced notable movies such as:

Post-revolutionary cinema

"The Last Supper" touches on traditional Iranian cinema taboos such as inter-generational marriage.
"The Last Supper" touches on traditional Iranian cinema taboos such as inter-generational marriage. Ebrahim Golestan (also spelt Ibrahim Golestan,, born 1922 in Shiraz Iran) is an Iranian Filmmaker and literary figure with a career spanning

Post-revolutionary Iranian cinema has been celebrated in many international forums and festivals for its distinct style, themes, authors, idea of nationhood, and cultural references. Starting With Viva. . . by Khosrow Sinai and followed by Many excellent Iranian directors who emerged in the last few decades, such as Abbas Kiarostami and Jafar Panahi. Khosrow Sinai ( born 19 January 1941 in Sari Iran) is an Iranian Film director. Abbas Kiarostami ( `Abbās Kiyārostamī born 22 June 1940 is an internationally acclaimed Iranian Film director, Screenwriter, and Film producer Jafar Panahi ( born July 11, 1960 in Mianeh, Iran) is an internationally acclaimed Iranian filmmaker and is one of the most influential Kiarostami, who some critics regard as one of the few great directors in the history of cinema,[12] planted Iran firmly on the map of world cinema when he won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival for Taste of Cherry in 1997. The Palme d'Or ( English: Golden Palm) is the highest prize awarded to competing films at the Cannes Film Festival. The Cannes Film Festival (le Festival de Cannes founded in 1946 is one of the world's oldest most influential and prestigious Film festivals alongside Venice, Taste of Cherry ( Ta'm-e gīlās) is a 1997 film by Iranian Filmmaker Abbas Kiarostami.

The continuous presence of Iranian films in prestigious international festivals such as Cannes, the Venice Film Festival, and Berlin Film Festival attracted world attention to Iranian masterpieces., as Iranian films have repeatedly been nominated for or won prestigious prizes at those festivals. The Venice Film Festival is the oldest Film festival in the world The Berlin International Film Festival, also called the Berlinale, is one of the world's leading Film festivals and most reputable media events held in Berlin In 2006, six Iranian films, with six different styles, represented Iranian cinema at the Berlin Film Festival, and critics considered this a remarkable event in the history of Iranian cinema. [13][14]

An important step was taken in 1998 when the Iranian government began to fund ethnic cinema. Since then Iranian Kurdistan has seen the rise of numerous filmmakers. Iranian Kurdistan ( Kurdish: کوردستانی ئران Kurdistanî Iran) or Kurdistana Rojhilat (Eastern Kurdistan or Rojhilatê In particular the film industry got momentum in Iranian Kurdistan and the region has seen the emergence of filmmakers such as Bahman Ghobadi, actually the entire Ghobadi family, Ali-Reza Rezai, Khosret Ressoul and many other younger filmmakers. Iranian Kurdistan ( Kurdish: کوردستانی ئران Kurdistanî Iran) or Kurdistana Rojhilat (Eastern Kurdistan or Rojhilatê Bahman Ghobadi ( Kurdish: به‌همه‌نی قوبادی Persian: بهمن قبادی) is a Kurdish Iranian Film director. [15]

Contemporary Iranian cinema

Today, the Iranian box office is dominated by commercial Iranian films. Foreign films are not commonly shown in movie theaters as part of a ban on films originating from the West. But heavily censored versions of classic and contemporary Hollywood productions are shown on state television. Uncensored versions are easily available in black markets. Iranian art films are often not screened officially, and are viewable via illegal DVDs which are easily available. Nevertheless, some of these acclaimed films were screened in Iran and had box office success. Examples include Rassul Sadr Ameli's "I’m Taraneh, 15", Rakhshan Bani-Etemad's "Under the skin of the City", Bahman Ghobadi's "Marooned in Iraq" and Manijeh Hekmat's "Women’s Prison". [16]

Commercial cinema in Iran

Actress La'ya Zanganeh stars in the box office hit Mozahem.
Actress La'ya Zanganeh stars in the box office hit Mozahem.

The internationally award-winning cinema of Iran is quite different from the domestically oriented films. The latter caters to an entirely different audience, which is largely under the age of 25. This commercial Iranian cinema genre is largely unknown in the West, as the films are targeted at local audiences. There are two categories of this type of film:

For many years, the most visible face of Iranian commercial cinema was Mohammad Ali Fardin, who starred in a number of popular successful films. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Mohammad Ali Fardin ( 7 April 1930 - 6 April 2000) was an Iranian Wrestler and actor. In the more conservative social climate of Iran after the Iranian Revolution of 1979, however, he came to be considered an embarrassment to Iranian national identity and his films — which depicted romance, alcohol, scantily-clad women, and a lifestyle now condemned by the Islamic government — were banned. The Iranian Revolution' (mostly known as the Islamic Revolution, Persian: انقلاب اسلامی Enghelābe Eslāmi was the Revolution that transformed Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) A ban (derived from Banishment) is generally any Decree that prohibits something Although this would effectively prevent Fardin from making films for the remainder of his life, the ban did little to diminish his broad popularity with Iranian moviegoers: His funeral in Tehran was attended by 20,000 mourners. Tehran (or Teheran) ( Persian: تهران Tehrān) is the capital and largest City of Iran, and the administrative center of [21] Before Fardin, one could argue, Iran simply did not have a commercial cinema. [22]

During the war years, crime thrillers such as Senator (1983), The Eagles (1984), Boycott (1985), The Tenants (1986), and Kani Manga (1987) occupied the first position on the sales charts. [23]

Officially, the Iranian government disdains American cinema: in 2007 President Ahmadinejad's media adviser told the Fars news agency, "We believe that the American cinema system is devoid of all culture and art and is only used as a device. "[24] However, numerous western commercial films such as Edison, The Illusionist, Passion of the Christ, House of Sand and Fog, Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow, The Others and The Aviator have been screened in Iranian cinemas and Iranian film festivals since the revolution. Edison (known as Edison Force in the United States) is a 2005 movie written and directed by David J The Illusionist is a 2006 Period drama written and directed by Neil Burger and starring Edward Norton, Jessica Biel, and The Passion of the Christ is a 2004 film co-written co-produced and directed by Mel Gibson. House of Sand and Fog is a 2003 American Drama film directed by Vadim Perelman. Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow is a 2004 American Pulp adventure, Science fiction film written and directed by Kerry WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Despite great pride in the country’s more than one hundred year old film history, Western cinema is enormously popular among Iran’s young people, and practically every recent Hollywood film is available on CD, DVD, or video. [25][26][16][27] Conservative-controlled state television has also broadcast more Western movies -- partly because millions of Iranians have been switching to the use of banned satellite television equipment. [27]

There is no particular love of Arab or Indian cinema among the Iranian masses – in the last eight years, there has not been a single film from these countries screened in Iran. 6 to 8 Hollywood films make it to Iranian movie theaters each year.

Iranian New Wave films

Main article: Iranian New Wave
Dariush Mehrjui, iconic Iranian film director and the pioneer of Iranian new wave
Dariush Mehrjui, iconic Iranian film director and the pioneer of Iranian new wave

In the 1960s, there were 'New Wave' movements in the cinema of numerous countries. Dariush Mehrjui ( born 8 December, 1939 in Tehran) is an Iranian director, Screenwriter, producer, and Film The pioneers of the Iranian New Wave were directors like Forough Farrokhzad,Khosrow Sinai, Sohrab Shahid Saless, Bahram Beizai, and Parviz Kimiavi. Forugh Farrokhzad (فروغ فرخزاد ( January 5, 1935 — February 14, 1967) was an Iranian poet and film director Khosrow Sinai ( born 19 January 1941 in Sari Iran) is an Iranian Film director. Sohrab Shahid-Saless ( Sohrāb Shahǐd-Sāles,, b 28 June, 1944, Qazvin - d Bahrām Bayzai (also spelt Bahrām Beizai, Bahrām Beyzaie,, born 26 December, 1938 in Tehran) is an Iranian Parviz Kimiavi (پرويز کيمياوی Born 1939 Tehran) is an internationally acclaimed Iranian (Persian film director screenwriter editor and one of the most They made innovative art films with highly political and philosophical tones and poetic language. Subsequent films of this type have become known as the New Iranian cinema to distinguish them from their earlier roots. The most notable figures of the Iranian New Wave are Abbas Kiarostami, Jafar Panahi, Majid Majidi, Bahram Beizai, Darius Mehrjui, Mohsen Makhmalbaf, Khosrow Sinai, Sohrab Shahid-Saless, Parviz Kimiavi, Samira Makhmalbaf, Amir Naderi, and Abolfazl Jalili. Abbas Kiarostami ( `Abbās Kiyārostamī born 22 June 1940 is an internationally acclaimed Iranian Film director, Screenwriter, and Film producer Jafar Panahi ( born July 11, 1960 in Mianeh, Iran) is an internationally acclaimed Iranian filmmaker and is one of the most influential Majid Majidi ( born 17 April 1959 in Tehran) is an internationally and critically acclaimed Iranian Film director, Film producer Bahrām Bayzai (also spelt Bahrām Beizai, Bahrām Beyzaie,, born 26 December, 1938 in Tehran) is an Iranian Dariush Mehrjui ( born 8 December, 1939 in Tehran) is an Iranian director, Screenwriter, producer, and Film Mohsen Makhmalbaf ( born May 29, 1957, Tehran) is an influential and controversial Iranian Film director, Writer, Khosrow Sinai ( born 19 January 1941 in Sari Iran) is an Iranian Film director. Sohrab Shahid-Saless ( Sohrāb Shahǐd-Sāles,, b 28 June, 1944, Qazvin - d Parviz Kimiavi (پرويز کيمياوی Born 1939 Tehran) is an internationally acclaimed Iranian (Persian film director screenwriter editor and one of the most Samira Makhmalbaf ( Persian: سمیرا مخملباف (born February 15, 1980 or 1977, Tehran) is an internationally acclaimed Iranian Amir Naderi ( born 1945 in Abadan) is a notable Iranian Film director, Screenwriter and one of the most influential figures of 20th-century Abolfazl Jalili ( born 1957 in Saveh, Iran) is an internationally acclaimed Iranian (Persian film director

The factors leading to the rise of the New Wave in Iran were, in part, due to the intellectual and political movements of the time. A romantic climate was developing after the 19 August 1953 coup in the sphere of arts. Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Alongside this, a socially committed literature took shape in the 1950s and reached a peak in the 1960s, which may consider as the golden era of contemporary Persian literature. Persian literature ( spans two and a half millennia though much of the pre- Islamic material has been lost [28]

Features of New Wave Iranian film, in particular the works of legendary Abbas Kiarostami, can be classified as postmodern. Abbas Kiarostami ( `Abbās Kiyārostamī born 22 June 1940 is an internationally acclaimed Iranian Film director, Screenwriter, and Film producer Postmodernism literally means 'after the modernist movement' While " Modern " itself refers to something "related to the present" the movement of modernism [29]

Iranian New Wave films shared some characteristics with the European art films of the period, in particular Italian Neorealism. Italian neorealism is a style of film characterized by stories set amongst the poor and Working class, filmed on location frequently using nonprofessional Actors However, in her article 'Real Fictions', Rose Issa argues that Iranian films have a distinctively Iranian cinematic language

"that champions the poetry in everyday life and the ordinary person by blurring the boundaries between fiction and reality, feature film with documentary. Fiction is the telling of stories which are not real More specifically fiction is an imaginative form of Narrative, one of the four basic Rhetorical modes. " She also argues that this unique approach has inspired European cinema directors to emulate this style, citing Michael Winterbottom's award winning In This World (2002) as an homage to contemporary Iranian cinema. Michael Winterbottom (b March 29 1961 in Blackburn, Lancashire) is a prolific British Filmmaker who has directed fifteen In This World is a 2002 British Docudrama directed by Michael Winterbottom. Issa claims that "This new, humanistic aesthetic language, determined by the film-makers’ individual and national identity, rather than the forces of globalism, has a strong creative dialogue not only on home ground but with audiences around the world. " [30]

In his book Close Up: Iranian Cinema, Past, Present, Future (2001) Hamid Dabashi describes modern Iranian cinema and the phenomenon of [Iranian] national cinema as a form of cultural modernity. Biography Born and raised in southern city of Ahvaz in Iran, Dabashi was educated in Iran and then in the United States where he received a dual Ph According to Dabashi, "the visual possibility of seeing the historical person (as opposed to the eternal Qur'anic man) on screen is arguably the single most important event allowing Iranians access to modernity. "

While Kiarostami and Panahi represent the first and second generations of New wave filmmakers respectively, the third generation is represented by Bahman Ghobadi, Maziar Miri, Asghar Farhadi, Mani Haghighi, and Babak Payami, [31][32] along with newly emerged filmmakers such as Kiarash Anvari, Maziar Bahari, Sadaf Foroughi, Saman Saloor, and Mona Zandi-Haqiqi. Abbas Kiarostami ( `Abbās Kiyārostamī born 22 June 1940 is an internationally acclaimed Iranian Film director, Screenwriter, and Film producer Jafar Panahi ( born July 11, 1960 in Mianeh, Iran) is an internationally acclaimed Iranian filmmaker and is one of the most influential Bahman Ghobadi ( Kurdish: به‌همه‌نی قوبادی Persian: بهمن قبادی) is a Kurdish Iranian Film director. Maziar Miri (Born 1971 is a renowned Iranian filmmaker Maziar Miri graduated in editing and started his career with making documentaries about Iran Asghar Farhadi (born 1972 is an Iranian Screenwriter and Film director. Mani Haghighi (born 1969 in Tehran is a renowned Iranian filmmaker and screen writer Babak Payami ( born 1966 in Tehran) is an Iranian film director Kiarash Anvari ( Persian: کيارش انوری (born 16 November 1977 in Tehran, Iran) is an Iranian Film maker Maziar Bahari (born 1967 in Tehran Iran) is an Iranian journalist and Film maker. Sadaf Foroughi ( Persian: صدف فروغی (born 27 July 1976 in Tehran Iran) is an Iranian Film maker, Video artist Saman Saloor (born 1976 Boroujerd) is an award winning Iranian (Persian filmmaker and screen writer Mona Zandi is an Iranian film director and script writer Mona Zandi was an assistant to renowned Persian film director Rakhshan Bani-Etemad.

Iranian popular art films

Parallel to the Iranian New Wave, with its neorealist and minimalist art cinema, there exists a so-called "popular art cinema" in Iran. Minimalism describes movements in various forms of art and design especially Visual art and music, where the work is stripped down to its most fundamental features Filmmakers who belong to this circle make films with a broader range of audience than the narrow spectrum of highly educated people who admire the New Wave, but believe that their movies are also artistically sound. Filmmakers such as Nasser Taghvaee and Ali Hatami are the best examples of this cinematic movement (some of these filmmakers also make new wave films (e. Nāsser Taghvāí (also spelt Nāser Taghvāee,, born 1941 is an Iranian film director and Screenwriter. Ali Hatami ( August 14, 1944 in Tehran, Iran – December 6, 1996 in Tehran was an Iranian Film director g. Mum's Guest by Darius Mehrjui). Mehman-e Maman ( Mother's Guest) is an Iranian family comedy film directed by Dariush Mehrjui. Dariush Mehrjui ( born 8 December, 1939 in Tehran) is an Iranian director, Screenwriter, producer, and Film [28]

Iranian women's cinema

Following the rise of the Iranian New Wave, there are now record numbers of film school graduates in Iran and each year more than 20 new directors make their debut films, many of them women. In the last two decades, there have been a higher percentage of women directors in Iran than in most countries in the West. [30]

Rakhshan Bani-Etemad, writer and director is probably Iran's best-known and certainly most prolific female filmmaker. Rakhshān Bani E'temād ( Rakhshān Bani E'temād, born 3 April 1954 in Tehran) is an internationally and critically acclaimed Iranian She has established herself as the elder stateswoman of Iranian cinema with documentaries and films dealing with social pathology. Pathology (from Greek grc πάθος pathos, "fate harm" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study and [33] Samira Makhmalbaf directed her first film, The Apple, when she was only 17 years old and won the Cannes Jury Prize in 2000 for her following film ‘’The Blackboard’’. The Apple (original title Sib) is the 1999 film directorial debut by Samira Makhmalbaf, daughter of the acclaimed Iranian director The Cannes Film Festival (le Festival de Cannes founded in 1946 is one of the world's oldest most influential and prestigious Film festivals alongside Venice,

The success and hard work of the pioneering Rakhshan Bani-Etemad is an example that many women directors in Iran were following much before Samira Makhmalbaf made the headlines. Rakhshān Bani E'temād ( Rakhshān Bani E'temād, born 3 April 1954 in Tehran) is an internationally and critically acclaimed Iranian Samira Makhmalbaf ( Persian: سمیرا مخملباف (born February 15, 1980 or 1977, Tehran) is an internationally acclaimed Iranian Internationally recognized figures in Persian women's cinema are:

The White Balloon
The White Balloon[34]

Besides women involved in screenwriting and filmmaking, numerous award winning Iranian actresses with uniques styles and talents attract critic. Samira Makhmalbaf ( Persian: سمیرا مخملباف (born February 15, 1980 or 1977, Tehran) is an internationally acclaimed Iranian Rakhshān Bani E'temād ( Rakhshān Bani E'temād, born 3 April 1954 in Tehran) is an internationally and critically acclaimed Iranian Pourān Derakh'shandeh ( Persian: پوران درخشنده (born 1951, Tehran, Iran) is an Iranian film director producer screen writer and Niki Karimi ( born 10 November 1971 in Tehran, is a multi-award winning Iranian actress and movie director Mahin Oskouei (born 1929 in Tehran) was an Iranian Theater director and instructor and Iran's pioneering female Theater art figure Pari Saberi ( born 1932 in Kerman) is an Iranian Drama and Theatre director and winner of the French Literature and Art Cavalier Tahmineh Milāni (تهمینه میلانی is an Iranian Film director, Screenwriter, and producer. Maryam Keshavarz (born in New York, United States) is Iranian American filmmaker Yassamin Maleknasr (also spelt Yasman Malek-Nasr, born Tehran, Iran) is an internationally acclaimed Iranian Filmmaker and Actress Marzieh Meshkini (born 1969 in Tehran) is an Iranian cinematographer, Film director and writer Hana Makhmalbaf ( is an Iranian filmmaker born in 1988 She is the younger sister of filmmaker Samira Makhmalbaf and daughter of filmmaker and filmteacher Mohsen Mona Zandi is an Iranian film director and script writer Mona Zandi was an assistant to renowned Persian film director Rakhshan Bani-Etemad. Parisa Bakhtavar is an Iranian film and television director She is famous for her television series Posht-e Konkooriha, which followed the lives of high school seniors The most notable Iranian actresses are:

In 2006, Marjane Satrapi, became a member of the Cannes Film festival Jury. Azita Hijian ( born 1957 in Tehran) is an Iranian Actress. Graduated in theatre acting and directing from the Faculty of Dramatic Arts in Tehran Azita Leila Hatami ( born 1972 in Tehran) is an award-winning Iranian actress The Locarno International Film Festival is an international Film festival held annually in the city of Locarno, Switzerland in the canton of Ticino Niki Karimi ( born 10 November 1971 in Tehran, is a multi-award winning Iranian actress and movie director The Festival of the Three Continents is an annual Film festival held since 1979 in Nantes, France, and is devoted to the cinemas of Asia, and Ladan Mostofi (born 1972 is an award winning Iranian actress She won the Best Actress Award at the third Eurasia International Film Festival in 2006 Marjane Satrapi ( Persian: مرجان ساتراپی) (born November 22, 1969 in Rasht, Iran) is an Iranian ref She is an Iranian contemporary graphic novelist, illustrator and author of the best selling "Persepolis". In 2007 she won the Cannes jury prize.

Iranian war films

War cinema in Iran was born simultaneously with the beginning of Iran-Iraq war. However, it took many years until it found its way and identity by defining characteristics of Iranian war cinema. In the Alleys of Love1990, by Khosrow Sinai shows the most poematic view on the Iran Iraq war and still after years, is one of the leading films about this historical event from a humanistic aspect, although unlike other Iranian war cinema which are fully supported by the Iranian government this film was made with numerous difficulties. In the Alleys of Love ( Dar Koocheha-ye Eshgh) is an Iranian War film about Khorramshahr shortly Khosrow Sinai ( born 19 January 1941 in Sari Iran) is an Iranian Film director. The politics and government of Iran takes place in the framework of a Republic with an Islamic ideology In the past decades, the Iranian film industry has produced many war films. In the Iranian war film genre, war has often been portrayed as glorious and "holy," bringing out the good in the protagonist and pandering to nationalist sentiments. Tears of Cold and Duel were two films that have gone beyond the traditional view of war. [35]

Many renowned directors were involved in developing Iranian war cinema:[36]

Iranian animations

See also: History of Iranian animation

Renowned actor and wrestler, M.A. Fardin (1930-2000)
Renowned actor and wrestler, M. Sayyed Morteza Avini (also spelled Aviny (1947 – 9 April 1993) was a distinguished Iranian Photographer of the Iran-Iraq war. Ebrahim Hatamikia is an Iranian Filmmaker. Biography Ebrahim Hatamikia who is internationally renowned for his role in the Cinema of Iran Mohsen Makhmalbaf ( born May 29, 1957, Tehran) is an influential and controversial Iranian Film director, Writer, Rasoul Mollagholipour (also spelt Rasool Mollagholi Poor, b 1955 - d Kamal Tabrizi () is an Iranian film director He was born in 1959 in Tabriz. The oldest records of animation in Persia (Iran dates back to 5000 years ago A. Fardin (1930-2000)

There exist some evidences suggesting that Ancient Iranians made animations. Mohammad Ali Fardin ( 7 April 1930 - 6 April 2000) was an Iranian Wrestler and actor. An animated piece on an earthen goblet made 5000 years ago was found in Burnt City in Sistan-Baluchistan province, southeastern Iran. The artist has portrayed a goat that jumps toward a tree and eats its leaves. [37]

The first Tehran International Animation Festival was held in 1999, four decades after the time the production of first animation films in Iran. The Second Tehran International Animation Festival was held in February 2001. Apart from Iranian films, animations from 35 foreign countries participated in the festival. [38]

The following are among the notable filmmakers of Iranian animated films:

Timeline of Iranian films

Main article: List of Iranian films

Ethnic and folk cinema in Iran

Iranian Azeri Cinema

In 2002, Iranian director, Mehdi Parizad, shot a documentary on Azeri filmmaking. Farshid Mesghali ( born July 1943 in Isfahan) is an Iranian Graphic designer, Illustrator, and Author. Morteza Momayez ( August 26, 1935 Tehran - October 25, 2005 Tehran is known to some as the greatest Iranian Graphic Design Master Ali Akbar Sadeghi (born 1937 a graduate of the College of Art University of Tehran, is one of the most prolific and successful Iranian painters and artists Noureddin Zarrinkelk (also spelt Noureddin Zarrin-Kelk, born 1937 in Mashhad) is a renowned Iranian animator, concept artist editor graphic A list of films produced in Iran ordered by year of release For an A-Z list of Iranian films see:CategoryIranian films A list of earliest films produced in Iran ordered by year of release before 1960. A list of films produced in Iran ordered by year of release in the 1960s. A list of films produced in Iran ordered by year of release in the 1970s. A list of films produced in Iran ordered by year of release in the 1980s. A list of films produced in Iran ordered by year of release in the 1990s A list of films produced in Iran ordered by year of release in the 2000s. The Azerbaijanis are an Ethnic group mainly in the Republic of Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran. On January 10, 2005, The Azeri cinema event "Prospects of Azeri Cinema" opened at Tehran's Contemporary Arts Museum. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In 1990, Mohsen Makhmalbaf made "Time of Love". Mohsen Makhmalbaf ( born May 29, 1957, Tehran) is an influential and controversial Iranian Film director, Writer, Time of Love ( Persian: Nobat e Asheghi) is a 1990 film by Iranian director Mohsen Makhmalbaf, based on a story wrote The film's dialogues are both in Turkish and Persian language.

Iranian Kurdish cinema

In 1998, Abolfazl Jalili made "Dance of Dust" in Kurdish and English. Abolfazl Jalili ( born 1957 in Saveh, Iran) is an internationally acclaimed Iranian (Persian film director The film won Silver Leopard at Locarno Film Festival and FIPRESCI Prize at London Film Festival. In 1999, The Wind Will Carry Us, by Abbas Kiarostami, was partly shot in Iran's Kurdistan province. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) The Wind Will Carry Us ( Bād mā rā khāhad bord) is a 1999 Iranian film by Abbas Kiarostami. Abbas Kiarostami ( `Abbās Kiyārostamī born 22 June 1940 is an internationally acclaimed Iranian Film director, Screenwriter, and Film producer History See also History of the Kurdish people Ancient period See also Hurrians, Guti, Mannaeans, Medes It was presented at both the Venice Film Festival and the Cannes Film Festival. The Venice Film Festival is the oldest Film festival in the world The Cannes Film Festival (le Festival de Cannes founded in 1946 is one of the world's oldest most influential and prestigious Film festivals alongside Venice,

Kurdish cinema came to international prominence in 2000 with the screening of two Kurdish language movies simultaneously at the Cannes Film Festival, namely, The Blackboard by Samira Makhmalbaf (entirely in Kurdish) and A Time for Drunken Horses by Bahman Ghobadi (in Kurdish and Persian). The Kurdish language (Kurdish Kurdî or کوردی is a term used for the language spoken by Kurds. Blackboards (Takhté siah is a 2000 Iranian film directed by Samira Makhmalbaf. Samira Makhmalbaf ( Persian: سمیرا مخملباف (born February 15, 1980 or 1977, Tehran) is an internationally acclaimed Iranian A Time for Drunken Horses ( Persian: زمانی برای مستی اسب‌ها Zamani barayé masti asbha, Kurdish: Demek jibo hespên Bahman Ghobadi ( Kurdish: به‌همه‌نی قوبادی Persian: بهمن قبادی) is a Kurdish Iranian Film director.

In 2000, Farhad Mehranfar made "The Legend of Love" which tells the story of Khazara, a young female medical student who wanders courageously among nomadic Kurdish tribes looking for her fiancé, who has set off to tend the wounded in a town besieged by Iraqi attacks. [39] The film won Special Jury Award in Santa Barbara International Film Festival (2001).

In 2002, Songs from my Motherland (aka Marooned in Iraq), another movie by Bahman Ghobadi in Kurdish and Persian, was presented at Cannes. Marooned in Iraq is a 2002 Iranian ( Kurdish / Persian) film directed by Bahman Ghobadi and produced in Iran. Bahman Ghobadi ( Kurdish: به‌همه‌نی قوبادی Persian: بهمن قبادی) is a Kurdish Iranian Film director. The movie won prizes at several other international festivals.

In 2005, Iranian director Jamil Rostami won the Fajr Festival's Simorgh for Best Director in Asia and Middle East for his Kurdish language movie Requiem of Snow written by Sholeh Shariati. Jamil Rostami born 1971 in Sanandaj, Kurdistan) is an Iranian film director of Kurdish origin The Fajr Film Festival or Fajr International Film Festival ( or simply) is Iran's annual Film festival, held every February in Requiem of Snow is a 2005 Film written by Iranian screenwriter Sholeh Shariati and directed by the Kurdish-Iranian director In 2006, Ghobadi's Half Moon (in Kurdish and Persian) won the Golden Seashell at the San Sebastian Film Festival. The San Sebastián International Film Festival is an annual FIAPF A category Film festival which originated in 1953 and is held in the Spanish city of The film was shot in Iranian Kurdistan and Iran's renowned actors Golshifteh Farahani, Hassan Poorshirazi and Hedyeh Tehrani (also executive and assistant director) acted in this movie. Golshifteh Farahani ( born July 10 1983 in Tehran) is an acclaimed Iranian actress The music in the movie was made by Iran's world-class musician Hossein Alizadeh. Hossein Alizadeh ( is a distinguished Iranian Composer, Radif -preserver researcher teacher and excellent tar and setar

Among other advocates of folk cinema is Iranian director Reza Allamehzadeh who trained and supported many young Kurdish directors. Reza Allamehzadeh (born 1943) is an Iranian (Persian film-maker film critic and writer

Iranian cinema and other Persian-speaking countries

Afghanistan

Cinema of Afghanistan is slowly rising after a long period of silence. Before the September 11th attacks, Iranian director Mohsen Makhmalbaf attracted world attention to Afghanistan by his celebrated movie, Kandahar. Mohsen Makhmalbaf ( born May 29, 1957, Tehran) is an influential and controversial Iranian Film director, Writer, Kandahar (originally titled Safar-e Ghandehar ("Journey to Kandahar" and alternatively The Sun Behind the Moon) is a 2001 film by It was an attempt to tell the world about a forgotten country. The film brought cinema of Afghanistan to Cannes film festival for the first time in history. Later on, Yassamin Maleknasr, Abolfazl Jalili, Samira Makhmalbaf, and Siddiq Barmak did significant contribution to Persian cinema in Afghanistan. Yassamin Maleknasr (also spelt Yasman Malek-Nasr, born Tehran, Iran) is an internationally acclaimed Iranian Filmmaker and Actress Abolfazl Jalili ( born 1957 in Saveh, Iran) is an internationally acclaimed Iranian (Persian film director Samira Makhmalbaf ( Persian: سمیرا مخملباف (born February 15, 1980 or 1977, Tehran) is an internationally acclaimed Iranian Siddiq Barmak (Born September 7, 1962 in Panjshir, Afghanistan) is an Afghan Film director and producer Barmak's first Persian film Osama (2003) won several awards in Cannes and London film festivals. Osama (أسامة is a 2003 film made in Afghanistan. It tells a story about a young girl who disguises as a boy Osama that exposes the cruelty of the Siddiq Barmak is also director of the Afghan Children Education Movement (ACEM), an association that promotes literacy, culture and the arts, founded by Iranian film director Mohsen Makhmalbaf. Mohsen Makhmalbaf ( born May 29, 1957, Tehran) is an influential and controversial Iranian Film director, Writer, The school trains actors and directors for the emerging cinema of Afghanistan.

The situation of Afghan immigrants has been also addressed extensively by Iranian cinematographers. The first step in this field was taken by Mohsen Makhmalbaf in Bicycle ran in 1998. Other examples in this line are Jafar Panahi's White Balloon in 1994, Abbas Kiarostami's Taste of Cherry in 1997, Majid Majidi's Rain and Bahram Beizaei's Killing Mad Dogs. The White Balloon ( Badkonake sefid, 1995) is the debut feature film of Iranian director Jafar Panahi, with a screenplay by Taste of Cherry ( Ta'm-e gīlās) is a 1997 film by Iranian Filmmaker Abbas Kiarostami. Baran ( is a 2001 Iranian film directed by Majid Majidi, based on an original script by Majid Majidi

In 2000, Djomeh made by one of Abbas Kiarostami’s assistants, Hassan Yektapanah; the story focuses on the plight of one of the two million young Afghan refugees in Iran without legal status. Abbas Kiarostami ( `Abbās Kiyārostamī born 22 June 1940 is an internationally acclaimed Iranian Film director, Screenwriter, and Film producer Hassan Yektapanah (Born 1963 Tehran is a world class Iranian (Persian filmmaker and screen writer Afghan refugees (known as Muhajir Afghans in South Asia) are people who fled Afghanistan after the Soviet invasion in 1979 and during the When the non-professional Afghan actor, used in this film, was invited to the Hamburg Film Festival, and then denied re-entry to Iran, his story became another film, Heaven's Path in 2002, by the architect-actor-film-maker Mahmoud Behraznia, who lives in Germany.

Tajikistan

In Tajikistan, Mohsen Makhmalbaf, the internationally known Iranian movie director, is playing the same role as he played in the reconstruction of the cinema of post-Taliban Afghanistan. Tajikistan (təˈdʒɪkɨstæn or /təˈdʒiːkɨstæn/ Тоҷикистон tɔʤikɪsˈtɔn or, Persian تاجیکستان‎ taajikestaan officially the Republic of The first Didar Film Festival, the first film festival to be held in Tajikistan, took place in 2004. The festival and the House of Cinema of Makhmalbaf (in Iran) allocated grants for the creation of short-feature film by young and gifted filmmakers Mirzob Nugmanov, Aloviddin Abdullaev, Denis Mechetov, Shahruyor Nazari, and grant to Bakhtiyor Kakhorov for the creation of a cartoon.

In 2002, Jamshid Usmonov won FIPRESCI Prize at London film festival for his Persian language comedy, Angel on the Right. Jamshed Usmonov (Ҷамшед Усмонов (born 1965 in Asht) is a Tajik film director producer scriptwriter and one of most notable figures of contemporary

In 2003, Iran’s Film Week was held in Dushanbe, Tajikistan. Dushanbe (Душанбе Dushanbe; formerly Dyushambe or Stalinabad) population 661100 people (2006 census is the Capital and largest city Several Iranian films including My Eyes for You, Last Supper, Bride, Avicenna, and Passion, went on screen at the Vatan Cinema in Dushanbe.

Tajikistan’s Filmmakers Guild which is an affiliate of Moscow Filmmakers Guild, in a ceremony on August 26, 2005 held in Dushanbe’s House of Cinema, presented the Guild’s honorary membership to Mohsen Makhmalbaf. Events 1071 - Battle of Manzikert: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Army at Manzikert. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Makhmalbaf made two of his 18 feature films in Tajikistan: “Silence” in Persian and “Sex and Philosophy” in Russian are the titles.

Influence of Iranians on French New Wave

Iranian graphic novelist and animator, Marjane Satrapi
Iranian graphic novelist and animator, Marjane Satrapi

Amongst the pioneers of French New Wave were François Truffaut, Jean-Luc Goddard, Claude Chabrol and Eric Rohmer or Barbet Schroeder (born in Tehran, Iran in 1941 where his German geologist Father was on assignment). Marjane Satrapi ( Persian: مرجان ساتراپی) (born November 22, 1969 in Rasht, Iran) is an Iranian ref "Nouvelle Vague" redirects here For the music group of the same name see Nouvelle Vague (band. François Roland Truffaut ( February 6 1932 – October 21 1984) was one of the founders of the French New Wave in filmmaking Jean-Luc Godard (French ʒɑ̃lyk gɔˈdaʀ (born on December 3 1930 is a French and Swiss Filmmaker and one of the founding members of the Nouvelle Vague Claude Chabrol (klod ʃaˈbʁɔl in French (born 24 June 1930 Paris) is a French film director and has become well-known since his first film Éric Rohmer (born Jean-Marie Maurice Scherer, 4 April 1920 Tulle, France) is a French Film director and Screenwriter. Barbet Schroeder (born August 26, 1941) is a French movie director and producer who started his career in French cinema in the 1960s Tehran (or Teheran) ( Persian: تهران Tehrān) is the capital and largest City of Iran, and the administrative center of

During the first half of the 20th century, France was the major destination for Iranian students who wished to study abroad. Iranian Ambassador to the United Nations Fereydoun Hoveyda was one of them. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Fereydoun Hoveyda ( Fereydūn Hoveyda, 21 September 1924 in Damascus, Syria – 3 November 2006 in Clifton Virginia, USA) was an Fereydoun Hoveyda played a major role in French cultural scene and especially in the field of Cinema, for he was the protégé of François Truffaut whom he befriended and with which he helped create the well-known film magazine Les Cahiers du Cinéma that spearheaded the French Nouvelle Vague or New Wave Cinema. François Roland Truffaut ( February 6 1932 – October 21 1984) was one of the founders of the French New Wave in filmmaking Cahiers du cinéma ( Notebooks on Cinema;) is an influential French Film Magazine founded in 1951 by André Bazin, "Nouvelle Vague" redirects here For the music group of the same name see Nouvelle Vague (band. He also worked closely with Italian film director Roberto Rossellini on several film scripts during that period. Roberto Rossellini ( May 8 1906 – June 3 1977) was an Italian Film director. Fereydoun Hoveyda was not the only Iranian of his generation to play an active role in promoting the French Cinéma d'Auteur. Youssef Ishaghpour is another example. [40]

Another Iranian figure in French New Wave was Shusha Guppy a singer, writer and filmmaker who was Jacques Prévert's girlfriend. Shushā (Shamsi Guppy ( Persian: شوشا (شمسی گوپی née Shamsi Assār (شمسی عصار ( December 24, 1935, Tehran Jacques Prévert (ʒak pʀeˈvɛʀ in French February 4, 1900 - April 11, 1977) was a French Poet and Screenwriter However, the most important contribution to the French New Wave cinema is that of Serge Rezvani an Iranian poet born in Tehran in 1928. He played a major role as music composer of both François Truffaut Jules et Jim and Jean Luc Godard Pierrot le Fou, considered as landmarks of French New Wave Cinema. François Roland Truffaut ( February 6 1932 – October 21 1984) was one of the founders of the French New Wave in filmmaking Jean-Luc Godard (French ʒɑ̃lyk gɔˈdaʀ (born on December 3 1930 is a French and Swiss Filmmaker and one of the founding members of the Nouvelle Vague Farah Diba studied at the Beaux Arts and became the focus of attention and the French Press was to see her as the new Persian Cinderella. Farah Diba was one of the rare foreign dignitaries to become a permanent member of the French Academie des Beaux Arts .

Iranian Robert Hossein (son of legendary musician Aminollah Hossein) started his acting career with his French Armenian friend Chahnour Varinag Aznavourian (known as the famed crooner Charles Aznavour) in the mid fifties essentially type casted as " Mr. Robert Hossein (born December 30, 1927 in Paris) is a French film actor director and writer André Hossein, born Aminoullah Husseinoff ( Persian: امين الله حسين Russian: Аминулла Гусейнов; 1905 Samarkand Charles Aznavour OC ( Armenian: Շառլ Ազնավուր born Shahnour Varenagh Aznavourian (Շահնուր Վաղինակ Ազնավուրյան Tough Guy ". However he got international acclaim in the early Sixties particularly in Europe, Russia and Asia as the mysterious " Jeoffrey, Comte de Peyrac " lover of the lovely Michèle Mercier in the soft erotic-adventure film series of Angélique Marquise des Anges . Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending In the seventies and eighties he was to play opposite Jean Paul Belmondo in police thrillers like The Professional . Jean-Paul Belmondo (born 9 April 1933 is a French Actor initially associated with the New Wave of the 1960s Hossein became known for being a talented theater director and his taste for popular historical vehicles involving large sets and numerous actors. [40]

After the overthrow of French President Charles De Gaulle, Iranian Anicée Shahmanesh became known under the screen name Anicée Alvina, playing a French girl in a British film hit called Friends , the music score of which propelled British Pop Star Elton John. Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ( 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French General and statesman who led the Free French Anicée Alvina, also known as Anicée Schahmaneche (b Anicée Shahmanesh or Anicee Schahmane on 28 January 1953 Boulogne-Billancourt, Sheet music is a hand-written or printed form of Musical notation; like its analogs -- books pamphlets etc Sir Elton Hercules John CBE (born Reginald Kenneth Dwight on 25 March 1947 is an English pop / rock Singer, Composer She was also to take on a courageous Lesbian role in the screen adaptation of Françoise Mallet-Joris' novel Le Rempart des Béguines. A lesbian is a Woman who is romantically or sexually attracted only to other women

Two major documentaries were produced in these years by respectively Agnès Varda and the duo Claude Lelouche-Claude Pinoteau. Agnès Varda (born 30 May 1928 is a Belgian Film director. Her movies photographs and art installations focus on documentary realism feminist issues and

Agnès Varda, first to be discovered to young actor Gérard Depardieu in her 1970 film Nausicaa , directed a love story set in Isfahan (1976) between a French woman (Valérie Mairesse) visiting Iran as a tourist and her guide an Iranian Man (Ali Raffi). Agnès Varda (born 30 May 1928 is a Belgian Film director. Her movies photographs and art installations focus on documentary realism feminist issues and Gérard Xavier Marcel Depardieu CQ (born 27 December 1948) is one of France's most prominent actors Esfahān or Isfahan (historically also rendered as Ispahan or Hispahan, Old Persian: Aspadana, Middle Persian: Spahān The film was entitled Plaisir D'Amour en Iran. The romantic film was shot on location in The Masjed Shah.

Claude Pinoteau and Claude Lelouche on the other hand shot their documentary just after the Persepolis Celebrations in 1971. Claude Pinoteau (born May 25, 1925) is a French film director and scriptwriter Claude Lelouch (born 30 October 1937 is a French Film director, writer, Cinematographer, Actor and producer. Persepolis ( Old Persian: Pārsa, Modern Persian: تخت جمشید/پارسه Takht-e Jamshid or Chehel Minar) was the ceremonial They decided to address the urban transformations and cultural emancipation that the country was subject to by the early seventies.

Several Iranian expats such as Philippe Khorsand or Persian play writer/actor Yasmina Reza have also gained notice in recent years. Philippe Khorsand ( February 17, 1948 - January 29, 2008 in Paris was a French actor Yasmina Reza (born 1 May 1959 or 1960) is a French Playwright, actress, Novelist and screenwriter. The latter is particularly known for her highly intellectual introspections in such plays like Art (Sean Connery bought the film rights advised by his French wife). [40]

Iranian-American cinema

Iranian American community is the largest Iranian community out of Iran. Iranian Americans are American citizens of Iranian ethnicity or heritage In December 2006 a showcase of Modern Independent Iranian-American Cinema was held in San Francisco. [41]

There is an Iranian presence in Hollywood commercial cinema. Academy Award nominee Shohreh Aghdashloo appeared in the House of Sand and Fog which portrays the life of Iranian-Americans. "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. Shohreh Aghdashloo ( Persian: شهره آغداشلو, born 11 May 1952) is an Academy Award -nominated Iranian-American House of Sand and Fog is a 2003 American Drama film directed by Vadim Perelman. Iranian Americans are American citizens of Iranian ethnicity or heritage Bahar Soomekh appeared in the award wining Crash, produced by Iranian American Bob Yari. Bahar Soomekh ( Persian: بهار سومخ Hebrew: בהאר סומך born March 30, 1975) is an Iranian - Crash is a 2005 Drama film directed by Paul Haggis. It premiered at the Toronto Film Festival in September 2004 and was released Bob Yari (born in Iran, 1962) is an Iranian-American film producer Also Persian actress and artist Nazanin Boniadi appears in Snitch and the feature film Gameface. Nazanin Boniadi ( Persian: نازنین بنیادی pronounced Naa-za-neen Bon-yaadi) born May 22 1980 in Tehran, Iran is a British

2006 film Apocalypto was written by Australian-American Mel Gibson and Iranian Farhad Safinia who was also a producer. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Mel Columcille Gerard Gibson, AO (born January 3 1956 For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Farhad Safinia ( Farhād Safīnīyā born 1975 is an Iranian-American screenwriter and producer It earned Golden Globe, BAFTA and BFCA nominations for Best Foreign-Language Film. The Golden Globe Awards are American awards for motion pictures and Television programs given out each year during a formal dinner The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA is a British charity that hosts annual awards shows for film television television craft video games and forms of animation The Broadcast Film Critics Association (BFCA is the largest film critics organization in the U It was nominated for 79th Academy Award for Sound Mixing, Sound Editing and Makeup. Sound editing of the film was done by another Iranian sound editor Kami Asgar. Kami Asgar is an Iranian-American Supervising Sound Editor Asgar is an industry professional and has over 60 credits as sound producer/editor in both film and television [42]

The following are films made also by Iranian-Americans:

Music in Iranian cinema

Although Iranian composers usually have their own special style and music structure, they all share one thing: melodic, lively rhythms. Maryam is a 2002 film about a young woman who is an Iranian immigrant living in the United States at the time of the Iran hostage That might be because they often begin with folkloric songs and shift to film music. In the past few decades, a few composers have emerged in the Iranian cinema with highly appraised works. Composers like Morteza Hannaneh, Fariborz Lachini, Ahmad Pejman, Majid Entezami, Babak Bayat, Naser Cheshmazar and Hossein Alizadeh were some of the most successful score composers for Iranian films in the past decades. Morteza Hannaneh (مرتضی حنانه‎ ( March 1, 1923 - October 17, 1989) was a Persian (Iranian composer and horn player Fariborz Lachini ( فریبرز لاچینی, born August 25, 1949) is a film score Composer originally from Iran based Hossein Alizadeh ( is a distinguished Iranian Composer, Radif -preserver researcher teacher and excellent tar and setar [47]

Iranian international film festivals

Film festivals have a rather long history in Iran that goes back to 1950s. The first Tehran International Film Festival opened in April 1973. Although the festival never reached the level of Cannes and Venice, however, it managed to become well known as a class A festival. It was a highly reputable festival and many well-known filmmakers took part in it with their films. Great filmmakers such as Francesco Rosi, Grigori Kozintsev, Alain Tanner, Pietro Germi, Nikita Mikhalkov, Krzysztof Zanussi, Martin Ritt won the festival's awards. Francesco Rosi (born November 15, 1922 in Naples) is an Italian Film director. Grigori Mikhailovich Kozintsev (Григорий Михайлович Козинцев Kiev, &ndash Leningrad now Saint Petersburg, 11 May 1973 Alain Tanner (born 6 December 1929 in Geneva) is a Swiss Film director. Pietro Germi ( September 14, 1914 - December 5, 1974) was an Italian Actor, Screenwriter, and Nikita Sergeyevich Mikhalkov ( Russian: Никита Сeргеевич Михалков; born October 21 1945 in Moscow) is an Academy Award Krzysztof Zanussi, (b June 17, 1939 in Warsaw, Poland) is a Polish producer and Film director. Martin Ritt ( March 2, 1914 &ndash December 8, 1990) was an American director, Actor, and Playwright [48]

Fajr Film Festival

Main article: Fajr International Film Festival

The Fajr Film Festival has taken place since 1983. The Fajr Film Festival or Fajr International Film Festival ( or simply) is Iran's annual Film festival, held every February in It was intended to be as magnificent and spectacular as possible from its very onset. It had a background as powerful as that of the Tehran International Film Festival and wanted to remain on the same track. Although the Fajr Film Festival is not yet classed among the top film festivals, it has been successful in making policies and setting examples for the future of Iranian cinema. [48] In its early years it had a competition section for professional as well as amateur film (8 mm, 16 mm). Since 1990, there has been an international along with the national competition. The festival also features a competition for advertisement items like posters, stills and trailers. In 2005, the festival added competitions for Asian as well as spiritual films. The tope prize is called Crystal Simorgh. [49]

Isfahan International Festival of Films for Children & Young Adults

This festival has taken place since 1985. In its first three years, it was part of the Fajr Film Festival. From 1988 to 1989, it was located in Tehran and in 1996, it was held in Kerman. The festival features international and national film and video competitions. The top prize is called Golden Butterfly. [50]

Iran Cinema Celebration Awards

On September 12, the national day of Iranian cinema, a celebration is held annually by the House of Cinema. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the In the 2006 event, Akira Kurosawa was honored.

International recognition of Iranian cinema

Here is a list of Grand prizes awarded to Iranian cinema by the most prestigious film fetivals:[51][52]

Cannes

First presence of Iranian cinema in Cannes dates back to 1991 when in the alleys of love by Khosrow Sinai and then 1992 when Life and nothing more by Abbas Kiarostami represented Iran in the festival. In the Alleys of Love ( Dar Koocheha-ye Eshgh) is an Iranian War film about Khorramshahr shortly Khosrow Sinai ( born 19 January 1941 in Sari Iran) is an Iranian Film director.

Venice

Berlinale

Locarno

The first film from Iranian cinema that won a prize in Locarno festival was khaneie doost kojast directed by Abbas Kiarostami (1989). Abbas Kiarostami ( `Abbās Kiyārostamī born 22 June 1940 is an internationally acclaimed Iranian Film director, Screenwriter, and Film producer Marjane Satrapi ( Persian: مرجان ساتراپی) (born November 22, 1969 in Rasht, Iran) is an Iranian ref Samira Makhmalbaf ( Persian: سمیرا مخملباف (born February 15, 1980 or 1977, Tehran) is an internationally acclaimed Iranian Mohsen Amiryoussefi is a critically acclaimed Iranian film director and screenwriter Hassan Yektapanah (Born 1963 Tehran is a world class Iranian (Persian filmmaker and screen writer Bahman Ghobadi ( Kurdish: به‌همه‌نی قوبادی Persian: بهمن قبادی) is a Kurdish Iranian Film director. Jafar Panahi ( born July 11, 1960 in Mianeh, Iran) is an internationally acclaimed Iranian filmmaker and is one of the most influential Jafar Panahi ( born July 11, 1960 in Mianeh, Iran) is an internationally acclaimed Iranian filmmaker and is one of the most influential Abolfazl Jalili ( born 1957 in Saveh, Iran) is an internationally acclaimed Iranian (Persian film director Abbas Kiarostami ( `Abbās Kiyārostamī born 22 June 1940 is an internationally acclaimed Iranian Film director, Screenwriter, and Film producer Babak Payami ( born 1966 in Tehran) is an Iranian film director Reza Naji is an award winning Iranian actor and an iconic figure of Iranian cinema. Jafar Panahi ( born July 11, 1960 in Mianeh, Iran) is an internationally acclaimed Iranian filmmaker and is one of the most influential Parviz Kimiavi (پرويز کيمياوی Born 1939 Tehran) is an internationally acclaimed Iranian (Persian film director screenwriter editor and one of the most Sohrab Shahid-Saless ( Sohrāb Shahǐd-Sāles,, b 28 June, 1944, Qazvin - d

London

San Sebastian

FIPRESCI

Life long achievement awards

The Annual Academy Awards (Oscar)

Censorship

Although the Iranian film industry is flourishing, its filmmakers have operated under severe censorship rules, both before and after the revolution. Some Iranian films that have been internationally acclaimed are banned in Iran itself. Conversely, some Iranian filmmakers have faced hostility in other countries.

Censorship within Iran

Dariush Mehrjui's seminal film Gaav (The Cow, 1969) is now considered a pioneering work of the Iranian New Wave. Dariush Mehrjui ( born 8 December, 1939 in Tehran) is an Iranian director, Screenwriter, producer, and Film The Cow ( Gāv) is a 1969 Iranian movie directed by Dariush Mehrjui, written by Gholam-Hossein Saedi based on his own play The film was sponsored by the state, but they promptly banned it upon completion because its vision of rural life clashed with the progressive image of Iran that the Shah wished to project, while its prominence at international film festivals annoyed the regime. [53]

After the Iranian revolution, filmmakers experienced even more restrictions. The Iranian Revolution' (mostly known as the Islamic Revolution, Persian: انقلاب اسلامی Enghelābe Eslāmi was the Revolution that transformed Several films now regarded as the seeds of a renaissance in Iranian art films, such as Bahram Beizai's Cherikeh-ye Tara (Ballad of Tara, 1980) and Marg-e Yazd-e Gerd (Death of Yazd-e Gerd, 1982), and Amir Naderi's Jostoju (Search, 1982), were banned in Iran. An Art film (also called an “art cinema” “art movie” or in the U Bahrām Bayzai (also spelt Bahrām Beizai, Bahrām Beyzaie,, born 26 December, 1938 in Tehran) is an Iranian Amir Naderi ( born 1945 in Abadan) is a notable Iranian Film director, Screenwriter and one of the most influential figures of 20th-century

Since the mid 1980s, Iran's policy on film censorship has been changed in order to promote domestic film production: the strict censorship eased a little after December 1987. Old directors resurfaced and new ones emerged. [53] However, the application of the rules is often inconsistent. Several films have been refused release inside Iran, but have been given export permits to enter international film festivals. Even here, the censorship is inconsistent: May Lady by Rakhshan Bani-Etemad (1998) got through but her contribution to Stories of Kish (1999) did not. Rakhshān Bani E'temād ( Rakhshān Bani E'temād, born 3 April 1954 in Tehran) is an internationally and critically acclaimed Iranian [54]

All of Jafar Panahi's films, including his recent film about female football fans[55], Offside (2006), have been banned from public theaters in Iran. Jafar Panahi ( born July 11, 1960 in Mianeh, Iran) is an internationally acclaimed Iranian filmmaker and is one of the most influential Offside ( is a 2006 Iranian film about girls who try to watch a World Cup qualifying match but are forbidden by law because of their gender [56] Offside was relegated to "a guest slot" at the International Fajr Film Festival. The Fajr Film Festival or Fajr International Film Festival ( or simply) is Iran's annual Film festival, held every February in "It was not shown as an important film," says Panahi. "They didn't give any value to it. "[56]

Several of Mohsen Makhmalbaf's films are also banned in Iran. Mohsen Makhmalbaf ( born May 29, 1957, Tehran) is an influential and controversial Iranian Film director, Writer, For example, Time of Love and The night of Zaiandeh-rood were banned for dealing with physical love and for raising doubts about the revolution. Time of Love ( Persian: Nobat e Asheghi) is a 1990 film by Iranian director Mohsen Makhmalbaf, based on a story wrote [57]

In 2001, feminist filmmaker Tahmineh Milani made The Hidden Half, which was accused of presenting the anti-revolutionary forces in a positive light. Tahmineh Milāni (تهمینه میلانی is an Iranian Film director, Screenwriter, and producer. Milani was jailed and her belongings stolen. Many Iranian and international artists and filmmakers protested and demanded her release. Eventually President Khatami and the Minister of Culture were able to secure her release. Seyyed Mohammad Khātamī ( سید محمد خاتمی, pronounced xɑːtæmiː}} (born September 29, 1943, in Ardakan, Yazd Of a subsequent film, Two Women, Milani has said "[it] was banned for seven months and before I could even start on it my script was banned for seven years. It was eventually released and was a box office hit in Iran. [58]

Among Iran's censorship rules is a ban on the depiction of women without headscarves. Joy of Madness, a documentary about the process of casting At Five in the Afternoon, was banned when Samira Makhmalbaf's own headscarf was deemed "insufficiently modest". Samira Makhmalbaf ( Persian: سمیرا مخملباف (born February 15, 1980 or 1977, Tehran) is an internationally acclaimed Iranian [59] Tahmineh Milani's Kakadu, which was about the environment, was banned and still cannot be seen in Iran because it depicts a beautiful eight-year old girl who is not wearing a headscarf.

In Nargess, Rakhshan Bani-Etemad who is a pioneer of Iranian cinema, pushes censorship codes to the limits, questioning the mores of society, showing desperate people overwhelmed by social conditions and a couple living together without being married. Rakhshān Bani E'temād ( Rakhshān Bani E'temād, born 3 April 1954 in Tehran) is an internationally and critically acclaimed Iranian [60]

Abbas Kiarostami has had significant acclaim in Europe over several of his films, the Iranian government has refused to permit the showing of his films in his native Iran. The politics and government of Iran takes place in the framework of a Republic with an Islamic ideology For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Kiarostami's films have been banned in his country for more than 10 years. [61] They are only accessible there through pirate DVDs and underground screenings. Kiarostami is uncertain what the government dislikes about his films, saying "I think they don't understand my films and so prevent them being shown just in case there is a message they don't want to get out. "[3]. Despite this, Kiarostami has displayed an extraordinarily benign perspective, at least in recorded interviews: "The government is not in my way, but it is not assisting me either. We lead our separate lives. "[62] Despite the censorship, Kiarostami insists on working in Iran, saying "I think I really produce my best work in Iran. "[62] He believes that throughout the ages and all over the world censorship has existed in one form or another and artists have managed to live with this, saying "Today, the most important thing is that, although there is censorship, Iranian filmmakers are doing their job and they surpass the difficulties of censorship showing and discussing many things. So why ask me about what's not in the films? It has happened many times that a filmmaker hides a weakness under the excuse of censorship but difficulties have always existed in our lifestyle and our role is to surpass them. "[63]

Hostility outside Iran

Given the tense relationship between Iran and the United States, Iranian filmmakers have faced hostility there, even if they have also been banned in their own country. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Abbas Kiarostami was refused a visa to attend the New York Film Festival, Ohio University and Harvard University in 2002, in the wake of the September 11 attacks. A visa (short for the Latin carta visa, lit "a document that has been seen" is a document issued by a Country giving an individual The New York Film Festival is the one of the most important film festivals in the United States first held in 1963 in New York. Ohio University is a public university located in Athens Ohio that is situated on a 1800 acre (7 [64][65] [66] Festival director Richard Pena, who had invited him, said: "It's a terrible sign of what's happening in my country today that no one seems to realise or care about the kind of negative signal this sends out to the entire Muslim world". Richard Peña (born 1953 is an American film program director noted for his organization of the New York Film Festival. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion [67] Finnish film director Aki Kaurismäki boycotted the festival in protest. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Aki Olavi Kaurismäki ( (born April 4, 1957 in Orimattila, Finland) is a Finnish script writer and Film director. [68] Similarly, Bahman Ghobadi, winner of the Golden Plaque at the Chicago International Film Festival, refused to accept the prize in protest of the U.S. government's refusal to issue him a visa. Bahman Ghobadi ( Kurdish: به‌همه‌نی قوبادی Persian: بهمن قبادی) is a Kurdish Iranian Film director. The Chicago International Film Festival is an annual Film festival that is presented by Cinema/Chicago The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [69] In 2007, Ahmed Issawi, the abashed Arab director of the New York South Asian Film Festival admitted that a conscious decision was made not to invite any Iranian filmmakers, saying "That’s a territory I no longer want to tread [. . . ] It’s over. Given the whole thing with Iran—I refuse to approach it. "[70]

Several other Iranian film makers have experienced hostilities from other countries. In November 2001 in Afghanistan, Taliban officials, who banned movies and most filmmaking, arrested three of Majid Majidi's crew members who were helping him secretly shoot Barefoot to Herat, a documentary on the country's internal refugees. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Majid Majidi ( born 17 April 1959 in Tehran) is an internationally and critically acclaimed Iranian Film director, Film producer Barefoot to Herat ( Pa Berahneh ta Herat) is a 2002 Iranian film by Majid Majidi. [71] Samira Makhmalbaf also survived a kidnapping in Afghanistan. Samira Makhmalbaf ( Persian: سمیرا مخملباف (born February 15, 1980 or 1977, Tehran) is an internationally acclaimed Iranian

In March 2007, a bomb explosion severely injuring several actors and crew members halted production in Afghanistan of Two Legged Horse, the film by Iranian helmer Samira Makhmalbaf. Samira Makhmalbaf ( Persian: سمیرا مخملباف (born February 15, 1980 or 1977, Tehran) is an internationally acclaimed Iranian Mohsen Makhmalbaf was the target of two unsuccessful murder attempts when he shot Kandahar in Iran near the Afghan border in 2000, and his daughter Hana was twice the victim of a failed abduction attempt during the shooting of Samira's last film At Five in the Afternoon in the Afghan capital Kabul in 2002. Kandahar (originally titled Safar-e Ghandehar ("Journey to Kandahar" and alternatively The Sun Behind the Moon) is a 2001 film by [72]

References

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  68. ^ Celestine Bohlen (2002). Abbas Kiarostami Controversy at the 40th NYFF. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved on 2007-02-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable
  69. ^ Gomgashtei dar Aragh (2002) - Awards
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  71. ^ Iranian filmmaker stays true to his social conscience / New 'Baran' shows the miserable plight of Afghan refugees
  72. ^ Bomber targets Makhmalbaf

Further reading

See also

Iranian film critics:

External links

West Asian cinema
Iranian New Wave


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