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Photogram of the film: Garras de oro (1926)
Photogram of the film: Garras de oro (1926)
Latin American cinema

The Cinema of Colombia (Spanish: Cine de Colombia) or Colombian Cinema (Spanish: Cine colombiano) refers to the historic evolution of cinematography in Colombia. Latin American cinema refers collectively to the Film output and film industries of Latin America. The Cinema of Argentina has a long tradition dating back to the late nineteenth century and has played an important role in the Culture of Argentina for more than Brazilian cinema has more recently sparked attention overseas thanks to the success of films like Central Station ( Central do Brasil) and Although cinema arrived at Cuba at the beginning of the 20th century and the island arrived early to the television phenomena and cinematographic production only around 80 full-length The history of Mexican cinema goes back to the beginning of the 20th century when several enthusiasts of the new medium documented historical events &ndash most The Cinema of Paraguay is small compared to that of neighbouring Argentina & Brazil. While the Peruvian film industry has not been nearly as prolific as that of some other Latin American countries such as Mexico or Argentina, some Peruvian The history of film in Puerto Rico begins with the US invasion of the island in 1898. The Cinema of Uruguay has a role in the Culture of Uruguay. The industry has many actors and directors that made the Uruguayan cinema a part See also Filmmaking Cinematography (from Greek: kinesis κινησις (movement and grapho γραφω (to record is the discipline Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. The Colombian cinema has struggled to develop a solid industry through out its history. During the beginning of the 20th century some production companies tried to maintain a level of constant production but due to lack of government support and the strong international industries ended up diminishing the initiatives. In the 1980s the government of Colombia helped to develop the state owned Cinematographic Development Company (Compañía de Fomento Cinematográfico FOCINE) which helped to produce some films but also struggled to maintain financially. FOCINE was liquidated in the beginning of the 1990s. In 1997 the Colombian congress approved Law 397, Article 46 or the General Law of Culture with the purpose of supporting and complementing the development of the movie industry in Colombia by creating a cinematography promotion mixed fund called Corporación PROIMAGENES en Movimiento (PROIMAGES in motion Corporation). The Congress of the Republic of Colombia (Congreso de la República de Colombia is the name given to Colombia 's Bicameral national Legislature. [1] In 2003 Congress also approved the Law of Cinema which helped to restart the cinematographic industry in Colombia.

Contents

History

Poster of a Lumiere Brothers movie
Poster of a Lumiere Brothers movie

The history of Colombian cinema started in 1897 when the first Cinématographe arrived in the country, two years after the invention of cinematography by Auguste and Louis Lumière in Paris. The cinematograph is a film Camera, which also serves as a Film projector and developer Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Back then the port city of Colón (in Panama but was part of Colombia), Barranquilla, Bucaramanga and later arrived to the capital Bogotá where in August of that same year the cinématographe was presented in the Municipal Theater (later demolished). Colón is a Sea port on the Caribbean Sea coast of Panama. The City lies near the Atlantic entrance to the Panama Canal Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. Barranquilla, an industrial portuary and special district is a city and municipality located in northern Colombia by the Caribbean sea. Bucaramanga is a municipality and capital city of the department of Santander, Colombia. Bogotá —officially named Bogotá DC (DC for " Distrito Capital " which means "Capital District" formerly called Santa Fe de Bogotá

First years

Soon After the introduction of the cinematographe in Colombia, the country engulfed in a civil war known as the thousand days war causing the suspension of all film productions. The Thousand Days War ( 1899 - 1902) (Spanish Guerra de los Mil Días) was a civil armed conflict in the newly created Republic of Colombia, (including The first films were usually of themes portraying nature and moments of the Colombian everyday life. The exhibition of these films was dominated by the Di Domenico brothers who owned the Salón Olympia in Bogotá. Bogotá —officially named Bogotá DC (DC for " Distrito Capital " which means "Capital District" formerly called Santa Fe de Bogotá The Di Domenico Brothers also produced the first film documentary in Colombia called "El drama del quince de Octubre (The Drama of October the fifteenth) which was intended to celebrate the centenary of the Battle of Boyacá and also narrated the assassination of General Rafael Uribe Uribe, provoking polemic in those days. The Battle of Boyacá in Colombia, then known as New Granada, was the battle in which Colombia acquired its definitive independence from Spanish Monarchy Rafael Uribe Uribe (born April 12, 1859 in Valparaíso, Antioquia - died October 15, 1914 in Bogotá) was [2]

Photogram of the film: Bajo el cielo antioqueño (1924 -1925)
Photogram of the film: Bajo el cielo antioqueño (1924 -1925)

Silent films

See also: Silent film

During the first years film producers almost exclusively portrayed nature and everyday life in their films until 1922, when the first fiction film appeared, called "María" (no copies of this film exist anymore). Bajo el cielo antioqueño is a 1925 Colombian full length Romantic drama film directed by Arturo Acevedo Vallarino Cast The film was directed by Máximo Calvo Olmedo an Spanish immigrant who worked as film distributor in Panama and was hired to travel to the city of Cali where he would direct and manage the film photography of this film based on the novel by Jorge Isaacs, María. Jorge Isaacs Ferrer ( 1 April, 1837 &ndash April 17, 1895) was a Colombian Writer, Politician and Soldier María is a novel written by Colombian writer Jorge Isaacs between 1864 and 1867 [3]

Another pioneer of the Colombian cinema was Arturo Acevedo Vallarino a producer and theater director from Antioquia who lived in Bogotá. Bogotá —officially named Bogotá DC (DC for " Distrito Capital " which means "Capital District" formerly called Santa Fe de Bogotá After the introduction and fascination foreign films caused in Colombia, theaters no longer were as profitable and Acevedo decided to found a film production company called Acevedo e Hijos (Acevedo and sons). [4] Acevedo and sons has been longest lasting production company in Colombia and which existed from 1923 to 1946 and the only one to survive the 1930s crisis caused by the "Great Depression". Acevedo and sons produced the films "La tragedia del silencio" (The Tragedy of Silence) in 1924 and "Bajo el cielo antioqueño" (Under the sky of Antioquia) in 1928. Bajo el cielo antioqueño is a 1925 Colombian full length Romantic drama film directed by Arturo Acevedo Vallarino Cast Under the Sky of Antioquia was financed by back then local magnate Gonzalo Mejía. The film was criticized for being elitist but despite this the film had a somewhat positive acceptance among the public. Films in Colombia were mostly based on themes such as Nature, folklore and nationalism with some exceptions in literature. In 1926 the film Garras de oro (Claws of Gold) which was based on a political issue, the separation of Panama from Colombia and which criticized the role of the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [5]

1930s Crisis

Photogram of the film: Garras de oro (1926)
Photogram of the film: Garras de oro (1926)

In 1928 the Colombian company Cine Colombia purchased the Di Domenico film studios which decided to commercialize international films only due to their financial reasons. International films were preferred before Colombian films. For this reason from 1928 until 1940 there was only one film produced in Colombia, the "Al son de las guitarras" by Alberto Santa but this was never shown in theaters. Colombians were more interested on films from "Hollywood". United States cinema has had a profound effect on cinema across the world since the early 20th century The Colombian film industry enthusiasts in those days did not have the finances, technology or adequate preparation to develop the national cinema. While movies in Colombia were filmed in silence films, the international industry was already exploiting the color and sound films putting the Colombian cinema in disadvantage. A sound film is a motion picture with synchronized sound, or sound technologically coupled to image as opposed to a Silent film.

In the 1940s a businessman from Bogotá called Oswaldo Duperly founded the Ducrane Films and produces numerous films despite the competition faced against the Argentine and Mexican cinema which after 1931 drafted to a third position in preference among Colombians. The Cinema of Argentina has a long tradition dating back to the late nineteenth century and has played an important role in the Culture of Argentina for more than The history of Mexican cinema goes back to the beginning of the 20th century when several enthusiasts of the new medium documented historical events &ndash most [6] During this time the only production company that survived was the Acevedo and sons until the year 1945.

During the 1950s Gabriel García Márquez and Enrique Grau attempted to restart the industry. Gabriel José de la Concordia García Márquez (born March 6 1927 is a Colombian Enrique Grau ( December 18, 1920 - April 1, 2004) was a Colombian artist renowned for his In 1954 both artists, a writer and a painter respectively created a surrealistic short film "La langosta azul" (The Blue Lobster). Short subject is a format description originally coined in the North American Film industry in the early period of cinema. Garcia Marquez continued in the industry as a scriptwriter while Grau continued painting.

Pornomiseria cinema

Child on the street, one common scene used by the Pornomiseria in the 1970s
Child on the street, one common scene used by the Pornomiseria in the 1970s

The Pornomiseria (porno-misery) cinema surged during the 1970s to classify the films with a high content of poverty and human misery to make money and gain international recognition. The intention of the name was coined by film critics in Colombia, not used to criticized the content of the film but to name the style of the crators which with a poor knowledge of the subject and far from the social compromise sent these films to Europe. Films like Gamín (1978) by Ciro Durán, a documentary film about children living on the streets, which included takes without profound investigation behind the social problems and without a truthful scholarly opinion. This type of film making was criticized by the Group of Cali, a group of filmmakers mainly represented by Carlos Mayolo and Luis Ospina which produced the documentary Agarrando Pueblo with an air of satire for the Pornomiseria films.

Criticism to the pornomiseria argued that these type of film making did not treat subjects with profoundness instead made a superficial approach to the issues. The pornomiseria was specially popular in Colombia and Brazil were it was dubbed as "pornochanchada". [7]

Cinematographic Fomenting Company (FOCINE)

On July 28, 1978 the Compañía de Fomento Cinematográfico (FOCINE) (Cinematographic Fomenting Company) through Decree 1924 of this same year is established to administer the Cinematographic Fomenting Fund which had been created a year after, in 1977. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) FOCINE was first adjudicated to the Colombian Ministry of Communications which in a period of ten years supported 29 films and a number of short films and documentaries. Corruption in the administration led to the closing of FOCINE 1993. [8] During this period the productions of Carlos Mayolo transcended and introduced new forms of film making into the Colombian cinema with the exploration of unconventional languages. Gustavo Nieto Roa helped to develop comedies with an influence from the Mexican cinema.

During the last decade of the 20th Century, the Colombian government liquidated FOCINE forcing film makers to co-produce films with other countries, mainly from Europe and private capital investors. Despite this some important productions developed such as "La estrategia del caracol" by Sergio Cabrera which won numerous international prizes and awakening a national interest on national films. La Estrategia del Caracol ( English: The Strategy of the Snail) is a 1993 Colombian comedy-drama film directed and produced by Colombian Another successful film director and producer was Víctor Gaviria who with a social theme created "The Rose Seller" La vendedora de Rosas also gaining national and international good reviews among many other successes such as "Bolívar soy yo" (I Am Bolivar, 2002) by Jorge Alí Triana. Victor Gaviria (born January 19, 1955, Medellín, Colombia) is a Film director best known for his treatment of street live in his [9]

Law of Cinema

In 2003 the Colombian government passed the Law of Cinema which standardized help for the local cinema production. Numerous productions were sponsored by the government generating a success in the local box office such as "Soñar no cuesta nada" by Rodrigo Triana with one million two hundred thousand spectators, at the moment an attendance without precedents in Colombia[10] or the film "El colombian dream" by Felipe Aljure which achieved a technical innovations and a narrative never used in the Colombian cinema.

Law 814 of 2003, also known as the Law of Cinema was approved after a second debate in the Colombian senate. The senate established the funding of the Colombian cinema through taxes collected from distributors, exhibitors and film producers. The collection was set up to be destined to support film producers, short films documentaries and public project. Funds collected are administered by the PROIMAGENES Cinematographic Production Mix Fund. [1]

During the second term of President Álvaro Uribe Vélez the government presented a tax reform to cut funding to the Law of Cinema, the president was criticized for this[11] but the minister of Culture Elvira Cuervo de Jaramillo lobbied in the Ministry of Finance to impede this law into affecting the financial resources destined to the Colombian cinema. Álvaro Uribe Vélez ('alβ̞aɾo u'ɾiβ̞e 'β̞eles born July 4 1952 in Medellín) is a Colombian politician and lawyer who is currently the 39th President The minister of Finance agreed to protect the benefits for the film industry. [12]

International projection

The Colombian cinema has had a very low presence in internation events, despite this some documentaries during the 1970s had a relative success such as "Chircales" (1972), by Marta Rodríguez and Jorge Silva which won international prizes and recognition.

During the 1990s gained notoriety after his film "La estrategia del caracol" (the strategy of the snail) and Víctor Gaviria with his films "Rodrigo D: No futuro" (1990) and "La vendedora de rosas" (1998) which was nominated for a Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival. La Estrategia del Caracol ( English: The Strategy of the Snail) is a 1993 Colombian comedy-drama film directed and produced by Colombian Victor Gaviria (born January 19, 1955, Medellín, Colombia) is a Film director best known for his treatment of street live in his The Palme d'Or ( English: Golden Palm) is the highest prize awarded to competing films at the Cannes Film Festival. The Cannes Film Festival (le Festival de Cannes founded in 1946 is one of the world's oldest most influential and prestigious Film festivals alongside Venice,

In the 2000s actress Catalina Sandino Moreno was nominated for an Academy Award for her acting in the Colombian American production Maria full of Grace. Catalina Sandino Moreno (born April 19 1981 is an Academy Award -nominated Colombian actor "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. Maria Full of Grace ( 2004, Spanish title María llena eres de gracia, lit She also was nominated for best female acting at the Berlin International Film Festival in 2004 and won sharing it with actress Charlize Theron. The Berlin International Film Festival, also called the Berlinale, is one of the world's leading Film festivals and most reputable media events held in Berlin Charlize Theron ( IPA: ʃɑrˈliːz θəˈrɒn born August 7 1975 is an Academy Award -winning South African -born American actress film producer

Film Festivals

Many film festivals take place in Colombia, but the two most important are the Cartagena Film Festival functioning every year since 1960 presenting Latin American and Spanish movies and the Bogotá Film Festival. The Cartagena Film Festival is a Colombian festival that focuses on the promotion of Colombian television programs Latin-American films and videos The art of motion-picture making within the nation of Spain or by Spanish filmmakers

Shows and distribution

In Colombia there are four major commercial movie theather chains: Cine Colombia, Cinemark, Procinal and Royal Films among many other independent movie theaters like the Cinemateca Distrital de Bogotá and Los Acevedos in the Museo de Arte Moderno de Bogotá. Cinemark Theatres ( is the third largest Movie theater chain in North America (only Regal Entertainment Group, National Amusements and

Openings in Colombia

Año Box office openings from the Colombian film industry Foreign Box office openings Total box office openings Percentage of Colombian box office openings
1993 2 274 276 0. 72%
1994 1 267 268 0. 37%
1995 2 249 251 0. 805
1996 3 270 273 1. 10%
1997 1 251 252 0. 40%
1998 6 237 243 2. 47%
1999 3 NA NA NA
2000 4 200 204 1. 96%
2001 7 196 203 3. 45%
2002 8 176 180 2. 22%
2003 5 170 175 2. 86%
2004 8 159 167 4. 79%
2005 8 156 164 4. 88%
2006 8 154 162 4. 94%
[13][14][15]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b (Spanish) Proimagenes en Movimiento: Origen proimagenescolombia. List of Colombian Films. 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s The Cartagena Film Festival is a Colombian festival that focuses on the promotion of Colombian television programs Latin-American films and videos com Accessed 26 August 2007. Events 1071 - Battle of Manzikert: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Army at Manzikert. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  2. ^ (Spanish) Luis Angel Arango Library: Fin del periodo "primitivo" Luis Angel Arango Library Accessed 26 August 2007. Luis Ángel Arango Library, is a public Library located in Bogotá, Colombia. Events 1071 - Battle of Manzikert: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Army at Manzikert. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  3. ^ (Spanish) Luis Angel Arango Library: Calvo, Máximo; Biografía Luis Angel Arango Library Accessed 26 August 2007. Luis Ángel Arango Library, is a public Library located in Bogotá, Colombia. Events 1071 - Battle of Manzikert: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Army at Manzikert. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  4. ^ (Spanish) Luis Angel Arango Library: Entrevista con Gonzalo Acevedo Luis Angel Arango Library Accessed 26 August 2007. Luis Ángel Arango Library, is a public Library located in Bogotá, Colombia. Events 1071 - Battle of Manzikert: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Army at Manzikert. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  5. ^ Hernando Martínez Pardo, Historia del Cine Colombiano, Editorial América Latina, pages 50 to 55 and 80.
  6. ^ Cuadernos de cine colombiano Nº 23, pages 2-5 March 1987 Publicación periódica de la Cinemateca Distrital, Maria Elvira Talero y otros autores
  7. ^ (Portuguese) Universidade Estacio de Sa: A VIGÊNCIA DA PORNOCHANCHADA NA DITADURA MILITAR Universidade Estacio de Sa Accessed 26 August 2007. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) Estácio de Sá University or Universidade Estácio de Sá is a private university which was founded in 1970 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Events 1071 - Battle of Manzikert: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Army at Manzikert. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  8. ^ (Spanish) COLARTE: Historia del cine en Colombia Colarte. com Accessed 27 August 2007. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  9. ^ [http://www.sensesofcinema.com/contents/festivals/03/29/5th_ibero_american_film_fest.html (Portuguese) Senses of Cinema: Rescuing the Image: The 5th Ibero-American Film Festival, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia] Senseofcinema. com Accessed 27 August 2007. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  10. ^ (Spanish) Pro Imagenes Colombia: La taquillera Soñar no cuesta nada se lanza en DVD y gana premio del público en Chicago proimagenes colombia. com Accessed 27 August 2007. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  11. ^ Colombian newspaper El Tiempo, printed edition of August 20, 2006, pages 2. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. 1 and 2. 2
  12. ^ (Spanish) MINCULTURA: La Ley de Cine en propuesta de Reforma Tributaria mincultura. gov. co Accessed 26 August 2007. Events 1071 - Battle of Manzikert: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Army at Manzikert. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  13. ^ Exhibición y distribución
  14. ^ *1993 - 1999, "Impacto del sector fonográfico sobre la economía colombiana: situación actual y perspectivas" Zuleta, Jaramillo, Reina, Fedesarrollo, 2003.
  15. ^ *2000 - 2006, Dirección de Cinematografía, Cinecolombia

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