Cinecolor was an early subtractive color-model two color film process, based upon the Prizma system of the 1910s and 1920s and the Multicolor system of the late 1920s and 1930s. A subtractive color model explains the mixing of Paints Dyes Inks and natural colorants to create a range of Colors where each such color The RG or red-green color space is a Color space that uses only two colors Red and Green. The Prizma Color system was a technique of color Motion picture photography invented in 1913 by William Van Doren Kelley. Multicolor is a subtractive natural color process for motion pictures. It was developed by William T. Crispinel and Alan M. Gundelfinger, and its various formats were in use from 1932 to 1955.

Contents 1 How Cinecolor worked 2 History 2.1 SuperCineColor 2.2 The last years of Cinecolor 3 References 4 Further reading 5 See also 6 External links

How Cinecolor worked

Main article: bi-pack color

A bi-pack color process, the photographer would load a standard camera with two films, one orthochromatic, dyed red, and a panchromatic strip behind it. Orthochromatic refers to any spectrum of light that is devoid of red light Panchromatic film is a type of Black-and-white Photographic film that is sensitive to all Wavelengths of Visible light. Color light would expose the cyan record on the ortho stock, which also acted as a filter, exposing only red light to the panchromatic film stock.

In the laboratory, the negatives were processed on duplitized film and each emulsion was toned red or cyan. Duplitized film stock was a type of film available through various companies used in color photography and special effects

While Cinecolor could produce vibrant reds, oranges, blues, browns and flesh tones, its renderings of other colors such as bright greens (rendered dark green) and purples (rendered a sort of dark magenta) were muted. Green is a Color, the perception of which is evoked by light having a spectrum dominated by energy with a Wavelength of roughly 520–570- nm. Purple is a general term for the range of shades of Color occurring between Red and Blue. Magenta is a purplish red Color evoked by lights with less power in yellowish-green Wavelengths than in blue and red wavelengths ( complements of magenta have

History

The Cinecolor process was invented in 1932 by English-born cinematographer William T. Crespinel (1890–1987),^[1] who joined the Kinemacolor Corporation in 1906, and who went to New York in 1913 to work with Kinemacolor's American unit. Kinemacolor was the first successful colour Motion picture process used commercially from 1908 to 1914 ^[2] After that company folded in 1916, he worked for Prizma, another color film company. The Prizma Color system was a technique of color Motion picture photography invented in 1913 by William Van Doren Kelley. ^[3] He later worked for Multicolor, and patented several inventions in the field of color cinematography. Multicolor is a subtractive natural color process for motion pictures. ^[4]

Crespinel founded the Cinecolor Corporation in 1932 as a response to the success of the Technicolor Corporation, which held a partial monopoly on motion picture color. Technicolor is the trademark for a series of color film processes pioneered by Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation William Loss, a director of the Citizens Traction Company in New York, was its principal investor. The company bought four acres of land in Burbank, California for its processing plant. The acre is a unit of Area in a number of different systems including the imperial and U Burbank is a city in Los Angeles County California, United States. Crespinel retired as president of Cinecolor in 1948.

The company was largely founded on the patents and equipment of William Van Doren Kelley and his Prizma Color system, and was in direct competition with Multicolor, which folded in 1932. At that point, Cinecolor bought its equipment. Although limited in tone by comparison, Cinecolor's chief advantages over Technicolor were that color rushes were available within 24 hours, that the process itself only cost 25 percent more than black and white photography (the price grew cheaper with the more Cinecolor film stock bought), and could be used in modified black and white cameras. ^[5]

Before 1945, Cinecolor was used almost exclusively for short films. Cinecolor was used in at least 22 cartoons during the years 1932 to 1935, when Walt Disney held an exclusive contract with the Technicolor Corporation for three-color Technicolor in cartoon use. Walter Elias Disney (December 5 1901 – December 15 1966 was a multiple Academy Award -winning American Film producer, director, Screenwriter Technicolor is the trademark for a series of color film processes pioneered by Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation ^[6] Among the notable animated short subjects series made in Cinecolor were Ub Iwerks' ComiColor cartoons, a number of late-1940s Warner Bros. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies, and many of Famous Studios' late-1940s Popeye the Sailor cartoons. Short subject is a format description originally coined in the North American Film industry in the early period of cinema. Ub Iwerks, ASC ( Ubbe Ert Iwwerks) ( 24 March 1901 &ndash 7 July 1971) was a two-time Academy Award winning The ComiColor Cartoon series was a series of 25 Animated Short subjects produced by the Ub Iwerks studio from 1933 to 1936 Warner Bros Entertainment Inc (or Warner Bros, Warner Bros Pictures) is one of the world's largest producers of Film and Looney Tunes is a Warner Bros Animated cartoon series which ran in many movie theatres from 1930 to 1969 Merrie Melodies is the name of a series of animated cartoons distributed by Warner Bros Famous Studios, renamed Paramount Cartoon Studios in 1956 was the Animation division of the Hollywood film studio Paramount Pictures from 1942 Popeye the Sailor Man is a fictional hero famous for appearing in comic strips and animated films as well as numerous TV shows

The first feature-length picture filmed in Cinecolor was Monogram Pictures' release The Gentleman From Arizona (1939), although no other Cinecolor features followed until 1945. Monogram Pictures Corporation was a Hollywood studio that produced and released films most on low budgets between 1931 and Low-budget companies such as Monogram, Producers Releasing Corporation, and Screen Guild Productions were Cinecolor's chief employers. Producers Releasing Corporation was one of the more humble Hollywood Film studios on Poverty Row in the late 1930s-mid-1940s Robert L Lippert (31 March 1909-10 November 1976 was a prolific film producer and cinema owner who eventually owned a chain of 118 theatres Biography Born in A 1945 PRC Cinecolor release The Enchanted Forest was the highest grossing film of that studio. The commercial and critical success of the film led both major and minor studios to use Cinecolor such as MGM's Gallant Bess (1946). Gallant Bess is a Motion picture released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1946. The system could produce acceptable color pictures at a fraction of what Technicolor cost. Most features made in Cinecolor were westerns, because the primary colors in those films were blues, browns and reds.

Cinecolor was also prominently employed in Paramount's Popular Science actuality shorts (though many of these are credited with having been filmed in the similar, earlier Magnacolor process, and even a "New Magnacolor" process of the late 1940s). Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American motion picture production and Distribution company, based in Hollywood California. Hal Roach Studios made all four of its features in Cinecolor in 1947-1948, becoming the first Hollywood studio to do an all-color schedule. Harold Eugene "Hal" Roach Sr ( January 14, 1892 – November 2, 1992) was an American film and

Republic Pictures began using a similar process called Trucolor from the end of 1946 for a variety of films ranging from Westerns, travelogues, and epics of the life of Richard Wagner (Magic Fire) and the battle of the Alamo (The Last Command). Republic Pictures (also known as Republic Entertainment Inc) is an independent film television and video distribution company that was originally a movie production-distribution Trucolor was a process used and owned by Consolidated Film Industries division of Republic Pictures. Magic Fire is a biographical film about the life of composer Richard Wagner, released in the United States on March 29, 1956 by The Battle of the Alamo was fought in February and March 1836 in San Antonio, Texas. The Last Command is a 1955 film about Jim Bowie and the fall of the Alamo.

SuperCineColor

The year 1948 was a major one for the Cinecolor Corporation. Aside from growing stock prices, they introduced 1,000-foot (300 m) film magazines, which cut back on the on-set lighting costs by 50 percent, and kept the cost of shooting in Cinecolor only 20 percent more than black and white.

The same year, Gundelfinger also developed a three-color process called SuperCineColor, but did not begin using it until 1951 with The Sword of Monte Cristo. Other films of note that used the SuperCinecolor process were Invaders From Mars, Abbott and Costello Meet Captain Kidd, Jack and the Beanstalk, Gog, and Top Banana (the latter two were both shot in 3-D). Abbott and Costello Meet Captain Kidd is a 1952 film starring the comedy team of Abbott and Costello, along with Charles Laughton, who reprised Jack and the Beanstalk is a 1952 family comedy starring the comedy team of Abbott and Costello. Gog is a 1954 Science fiction film directed by Herbert L Strock and released in 1954 by United Artists. Top Banana is a 1954 United Artists movie musical based on the musical of the same title starring Phil Silvers. See also [[stereoscopy]] In film the term 3-D (or 3D) is used to describe any visual presentation system that attempts to maintain or recreate moving images

SuperCineColor utilized black and white matrices made primarily by monopack color negatives made with Ansco/Agfa, DuPont, Kodachrome, or the popular Eastmancolor film, for principal photography. E I du Pont de Nemours and Company (,) is an American chemical company that was founded in July 1802 as a Gunpowder mill by Eleuthère Irénée Kodachrome is the trademarked name of a brand of color reversal film sold by Eastman Kodak. Technicolor is the trademark for a series of color film processes pioneered by Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation After the negative was edited, it was copied through color filters into three black and white negatives. An oddity of the system was that rather than use the typical cyan, magenta and yellow primary subtractive colors, SuperCineColor printed their films with red, blue and yellow matrices in order to create a system that was compatible with the previous printers. The result was an oddly striking look to the final print. Printing entailed using duplitized stock, in which one side contained a silver emulsion toned red-magenta, and on the other side, cyan-blue. A yellow layer was added on the blue side through means of imbibition. The soundtrack was subsequently printed on the blue-yellow side in a blue soundtrack, but separate from those records. The final prints had vivid dyes that did not fade, and contrary to popular opinion, were no grainier than Technicolor prints and were just as sharp in focus. Both of these myths seems to be perpetrated by 16 mm, regular-process Cinecolor prints.

The last years of Cinecolor

Cinecolor Corp. operated at a net loss from 1950 through 1954, partly because the weak financial position of its division in England made it necessary for the parent company to refinance it. ^[7][8] Donner Corporation, a private investment organization, acquired Cinecolor Corp. in June 1952. ^[9] In 1953, it became the Color Corporation of America, and specialized in SuperCineColor printing, as well as being a major Anscocolor processor. Ansco was the name of a photographic company based in Binghamton New York, which produced inexpensive Cameras for most of the 20th century It also made Eastmancolor prints, did commercial film processing and printing of non-theatrical films, and black and white film processing for television. Technicolor is the trademark for a series of color film processes pioneered by Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation To stimulate its theatrical film business, Color Corp. financed independent movie producers. ^[10] The last theatrical feature with a SuperCinecolor credit was The Diamond Queen, released by Warner Bros. in November 1953. Warner Bros Entertainment Inc (or Warner Bros, Warner Bros Pictures) is one of the world's largest producers of Film and Thereafter, "Color by Color Corp. of America" was used for films like Shark River (1953) and Top Banana (1954).

Color Corporation of America was bought out on April 8, 1954 by Houston Color Film Laboratories, which processed Anscocolor at its plant in Los Angeles, and Houston Fearless Corp. Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) , which made processing and developing equipment, and it became strictly an Anscocolor processor. ^[11] Color Corp. sold its film processing laboratory in mid-1955 to provide its television and motion picture equipment-making division a laboratory in which to test its equipment. ^[12]

References

Further reading

• John Belton, "Cinecolor," Film History 12:4 (2000), pp. 344-357.
• Gene Fernett, Hollywood's Poverty Row 1930-1950 (Coral Reef Publications, 1973), pp 15-19.

See also

• Color film (motion picture)
• Color photography
• List of color film systems
• List of film formats
• Multicolor
• Prizma
• Technicolor
• Trucolor

External links

• Cinecolor History at The American Widescreen Museum

This article discusses the evolution and technology behind color Photographic film, with specific focus on Motion pictures. "Color film" redirects here For the motion picture equivalent see Color motion picture film. This is a list of color film formats known to have been developed for shooting or viewing color Motion pictures since the development of such photographic technology This list of Film formats catalogues formats developed for shooting or viewing Motion pictures, ranging from the Chronophotographe format from 1888 to mid-20th century Multicolor is a subtractive natural color process for motion pictures. The Prizma Color system was a technique of color Motion picture photography invented in 1913 by William Van Doren Kelley. Technicolor is the trademark for a series of color film processes pioneered by Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation Trucolor was a process used and owned by Consolidated Film Industries division of Republic Pictures.

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