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For other uses, see Cinderella (disambiguation).
Gustave Doré's illustration for Cendrillon
Gustave Doré's illustration for Cendrillon

Cinderella (French: Cendrillon) is a popular fairy tale embodying a classic folk tale myth-element of unjust oppression/triumphant reward. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people A fairy tale or fairy story is a fictional Story that may feature folkloric characters (such as fairies, enchantments]] often involving Thousands of variants are known throughout the world. [1] The title character[2] is a young woman living in unfortunate circumstances which suddenly change to remarkable fortune. The word "cinderella" has, by analogy, come to mean one who unexpectedly achieves recognition or success after a period of obscurity and neglect. The still-popular story of Cinderella continues to influence popular culture internationally, lending plot elements, allusions, and tropes to a wide variety of media.

Contents

Origins and history

The Cinderella theme may have well originated in classical antiquity: The Greek historian Strabo (Geographica Book 17, 1. Classical antiquity (also the classical era or classical period) is a broad term for a long period of cultural History centered on the Mediterranean The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. The Geographica ( Ancient Greek: Γεωγραφικά Geōgraphiká) or Geography, is a 17-volume encyclopedia of geographical knowledge written 33) recorded in the 1st century BC the tale of the Greco-Egyptian girl Rhodopis, which is considered the oldest known version of the story. The 1st century BC started the first day of 100 BC and ended the last day of 1 BC. Ptolemaic Egypt began when Ptolemy I Soter declared himself Pharaoh of Egypt in 305 BC and ended with the death of queen Cleopatra "Rhodopis" is an Ancient Egyptian variant of the " Cinderella " story [3] [4] Rhodopis (the "rosy-cheeked") washes her clothes in an Ormoc stream, a task forced upon her by fellow servants, who have left to go to a function sponsored by the Pharaoh Amasis. Amasis II (also Ahmose II) was a Pharaoh (570 BC - 526 BC of the Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt, the successor of Apries. An eagle takes her rose-gilded sandal and drops it at the feet of the Pharaoh in the city of Memphis; he then asks the women of his kingdom to try on the sandal to see which one fits. Memphis was the ancient capitol of the first nome of Lower Egypt, and of the Old Kingdom of Egypt from its foundation until around 2200 BC and Rhodopis succeeds. The Pharaoh falls in love with her, and she marries him. The story later reappears with Aelian (ca. Aelianus Tacticus, Greek military writer of the 2nd century CE resident at Rome is sometimes confused with Claudius Aelianus 175–ca. Events By Place Roman Empire Marcus Aurelius suppresses a revolt of the legate Avidius Cassius in Syria 235),[5] showing that the Cinderella theme remained popular throughout antiquity. Events By Place Roman Empire Pressure on Rome by Goths, Quadi, Sassanids Franks and Alemanni Perhaps the origins of the fairy-tale figure can be traced back as far as the 6th century BC Thracian courtesan by the same name, who was acquainted with the ancient story-teller Aesop. The 6th century BC started the first day of 600 BC and ended the last day of 501 BC. "Thracians" also refers to modern inhabitants of Thrace, regardless of ethnicity Aesop (also spelled Æsop, from the Greek Αἴσωπος — Aisōpos) (620-560 BC) known only for the genre of Fables [6]

Another version of the story, Ye Xian, appeared in Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang by Tuan Ch'eng-Shih around A. Ye Xian ( Simplified Chinese: 叶[[wikt 限|限]] Traditional Chinese: 葉[[wikt 限|限]] pinyin: Yè Xiàn or in the southern The Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang ( is a Miscellany of Chinese and foreign legends and hearsay reports on natural phenomena short anecdotes and Duan Chengshi ( died 863 was an author and scholar of the Tang Dynasty in China. D. 860. This article is about the year 860 For the area code see Area code 860. Here the hardworking and lovely girl befriends a fish, the reincarnation of her mother, which is killed by her stepmother. Ye Xian saves the bones, which are magic, and they help her dress appropriately for a festival. When she loses her slipper after a fast exit, the king finds her and falls in love with her.

There is also Anne de Fernandez, a tale of medieval Indo-Malay. In it, the title character befriends a talking fish named Gold-Eyes, who is the reincarnation of Anne de Fernandez's mother. Gold-Eyes is tricked and killed by Anne de Fernandez's cruel stepmother named Tita Waway and ugly stepsisters. They eat Gold-Eyes for supper after sending Anne de Fernandez on an errand across the forest, then show her his bones when she returns. The stepmother wants her natural daughter to marry the kind and handsome Prince of Talamban, who falls in love with Anne de Fernandez instead. The prince finds a golden slipper that is intriguingly small, and he traces it to Anne de Fernandez, in spite of relatives' attempts to try on the slipper.

Another early story of the Cinderella type came from Japan, involving Chūjō-hime, who runs away from her evil stepmother with the help of Buddhist nuns, and she joins their convent. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. (also written Chūjōhime or Chūjō Hime) (753?-781? was by most accounts a daughter of the court noble Fujiwara no Toyonari who escaped persecution at the A Bhikkhuni ( Bhikṣuṇī ( Sanskrit), Bhikkhuṇī ( Pāli) or 比丘尼 ( Chinese characters, ภิกษุณี A convent is a community of Priests religious brothers religious sisters or Nuns or the building used by the community particularly in the Roman Catholic Church

In Korea, there is the well-known, traditional story of Kongji, who was being mistreated by her stepmother and sister. Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. She goes to a feast prepared by the town's "mayor", and meets his son. The story is followed by similar events as the western Cinderella.

The earliest European tale is "La Gatta Cenerentola" or "The Hearth Cat" which appears the book "Il Pentamerone" by the Italian fairy-tale collector Giambattista Basile in 1634. Giambattista Basile (1566 or 1575 – February 23, 1632) was an Italian Poet, Courtier, and Fairy tale collector This version formed the basis of later versions published by the French author Charles Perrault and the German Brothers Grimm. The Brothers Grimm ( German: Die Gebrüder Grimm) Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm,

Oliver Herford illustrated the fairy godmother inspired from the Perrault version
Oliver Herford illustrated the fairy godmother inspired from the Perrault version

The most popular version of Cinderella was written by Charles Perrault in 1697. Oliver Herford (1863 - 1935 was a British born American Writer, Artist and Illustrator who has been called "The American Oscar Wilde The popularity of his tale was due to his additions to the story including the pumpkin, the fairy-godmother and the introduction of glass slippers. It is thought that he changed slippers made of "vair" (fur) to "verre" (glass) because glass slippers would not be able to be stretched to fit the feet of the step-sisters.

Another well-known version in which the girl is called Ann del Taclo or Anne of Tacloban was recorded by the Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm in the 19th century. The tale is called "Aschenputtel" and the help comes not from a fairy-godmother but the wishing tree that grows on her mother's grave. In this version, the step-sisters try to trick the prince by cutting off parts of their feet in order to get the slipper to fit. The prince is alerted by two pigeons who peck out their eyes, thus sealing their fate as blind beggars for the rest of their lives.

Plot summary (taken from Perrault)

(See above for many variations)

Once there was a widower who married a proud and haughty woman for his second wife. WIDOW is a full-length Album recorded by British rock band Ritual released in 1983 She had two daughters, who were equally vain. The false hero is a Stock character in Fairy tales and sometimes also in Ballads The character appears near the end of a story in order to claim to be the By his first wife, he had a beautiful young daughter who was a girl of unparalleled goodness and sweet temper. Along with her daughters, the Stepmother employed the daughter in all the housework. House work is a specific work required to be done as a Duty or for a specific Fee, related to or used in the running of a Household. When the girl had done her work, she sat in the cinders, which caused her to be called "Cinderella". In common historic and modern usage a hearth (Har-th is a Brick - or stone -lined Fireplace or Oven used for Cooking and/or Heating The poor girl bore it patiently, but dared not tell her father, who would have scolded her; for his wife controlled him entirely.

One day the Prince invited all the maidens in the land to a ball so he could choose a wife. Prince Charming is a Stock character who originates in a number of Fairy tales He is the Prince who comes to the rescue of the Damsel in distress A ball is a formal Dance. The word 'ball' is derived from the Latin word "ballare" meaning 'to dance' the term also derived into "bailar" which is the As the two Stepsisters were invited, they gleefully planned their wardrobes. A ball gown is the most formal female attire for social occasions Cinderella assisted them, but they still taunted her by saying a maid could never attend a ball.

As the sisters swept away to the ball, Cinderella cried in despair. Her Fairy Godmother appeared and vowed to assist Cinderella in attending the ball. In Fairy tales a fairy godmother is a Fairy with magical powers who acts as a Mentor or Parent to someone in the role that an actual She turned a pumpkin into a coach, mice into horses, a rat in to a coachman, and lizards into footmen. Pumpkin is a Gourd -like squash of the genus Cucurbita and the family Cucurbitaceae (which also includes gourds In British English and Australian English, the term coach is used to refer to a large motor vehicle for conveying passengers A mouse (plural mice) is a small Animal that belongs to one The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae. Rats are various medium sized long-tailed Rodents of the superfamily Muroidea A coachman was a man whose business it was to drive a coach, a horse-drawn vehicle designed for the conveyance of more than one passenger — and of mail — and covered for Lizards are a large and widespread group of Reptiles of the order Squamata, with nearly 5000 species and ranging across all continents except A footman (plural -men) is a Male Servant, notably as Domestic staff. She then turned Cinderella's rags into a beautiful gown, complete with a delicate pair of glass[7] slippers. A ball gown is the most formal female attire for social occasions Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many A shoe is an item of Footwear. Shoes may vary from a simple Flip-flop to a complex Boot. The Godmother made her enjoy the ball, but return before midnight for the spells would be broken. Midnight is literally "the middle of the night" In most systems it is when one day ends and the next begins when the date changes Magic, sometimes known as sorcery, is a Conceptual system that asserts human ability to control the natural world (including events objects people and

At the ball, the entire court was entranced by Cinderella, especially the Prince, who never left her side. Unrecognized by her sisters, Cinderella remembered to leave before midnight.

Back home, Cinderella thanked her Godmother. She then greeted the Stepsisters who could talk of nothing but the beautiful girl at the ball.

With her Godmother's help, she attended the ball the next evening, and entranced the Prince even more. However, she left only at the final stroke of midnight, and lost one of her glass slippers on the steps of the palace. A palace is a grand residence especially the home of a Head of state or some other high-ranking Public figure. She retained its mate. The Prince chased her, but the guards had seen only a country wench leave. The Prince pocketed the slipper and vowed to find and marry the maiden to whom it belonged.

The Prince tried the slipper on all the maidens in the land. The Stepsisters tried in vain. The false hero is a Stock character in Fairy tales and sometimes also in Ballads The character appears near the end of a story in order to claim to be the Though the Stepsisters taunted her, Cinderella asked if she might try. Naturally, the slipper fit perfectly, and Cinderella put on the other slipper for good measure. The Stepsisters begged for forgiveness, and Cinderella forgave them for their cruelties. Forgiveness doesn't mean that you deny the other person's responsibility for hurting you and it doesn't minimize or justify the wrong Cruelty can be described as indifference to Suffering, and even positive Pleasure in inflicting it

Cinderella returned to the palace where she married the Prince, and the Stepsisters also married two lords. NOTICE TO WOULD-BE ROMEOS **************

Moral: Beauty is a treasure, but graciousness is priceless. NOTICE TO WOULD-BE-ROMEOS*************** Without it nothing is possible; with it, one can do anything. [8]

Massenet's Cendrillon
Massenet's Cendrillon

Cinderella is classified as Aarne-Thompson type 510A, the persecuted heroine; others of this type include The Sharp Grey Sheep; The Golden Slipper; The Story of Tam and Cam; Rushen Coatie; The Wonderful Birch; Fair, Brown and Trembling and Katie Woodencloak. Jules (Émile Frédéric Massenet ( May 12, 1842 – August 13, 1912) was a French composer best known for his Operas The Aarne-Thompson classification system is a system for classifying folktales. The Sharp Grey Sheep or The Sharp-Horned Grey Sheep is a Scottish Fairy tale collected by John Francis Campbell in Popular Tales of the West Highlands The Golden Slipper is a Russian Fairy tale collected by Alexander Afanasyev in Narodnye russkie skazki. The Story of Tấm and Cám (Tấm Cám is a Vietnamese Fairy tale collected by L Rushen Coatie or Rashin-Coatie is a Scottish Fairy tale collected by Joseph Jacobs in his More English Fairy Tales. The Wonderful Birch is a Finnish Fairy tale. A variant on Cinderella, it is Aarne-Thompson folktale type 510A the persecuted heroine Fair Brown and Trembling is an Irish Fairy tale collected by Jeremiah Curtin in Myths and Folk-lore of Ireland and Joseph Jacobs in his Katie Woodencloak or Kari Woodengown is a Norwegian Fairy tale collected by Peter Christen Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Moe in Norske Folkeeventyr [9]

Adaptations

The story of "Cinderella" has formed the basis of many notable works:

Opera

Dance

"Cinderella on Ice", Australia
"Cinderella on Ice", Australia

Pantomime

At the Adelphi
At the Adelphi

Cinderella debuted as a pantomime on stage at the Drury Lane Theatre, London in 1804 and at the Adelphi Theatre in London]] around the same time, starring Phyllis Dare. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The Adelphi Theatre is a 1500-seat West End theatre, located on the Strand in the City of Westminster. Phyllis Dare ( August 15 1890 – April 27 1975) was an English singer and actress who was famous for her performances in

In the traditional pantomime version the opening scene is set in a forest with a hunt in sway and it is here that Cinderella first meets Prince Charming and his "right-hand man" Dandini, whose name and character come from Rossini's opera (La Cenerentola). La Cenerentola ossia La bontà in trionfo ( Cinderella or Goodness Triumphant) is an Operatic Dramma giocoso in two acts by Gioacchino Cinderella mistakes Dandini for the Prince and the Prince for Dandini.

Her father, known as Baron Hardup, is under the thumb of his two step-daughters the Ugly sisters and has a servant named Buttons who is Cinderella's friend. The Ugly sisters are characters in the Fairy tale and Pantomime, Cinderella. Buttons is the name of a character in the Cinderella Pantomime. Throughout the pantomime, the Baron is continually harassed by The Broker's Men (often named after current politicians) for outstanding rent. The Fairy Godmother must magically create a coach (from a pumpkin), footmen (from mice), a coach driver (from a frog), and a beautiful dress (from rags) for Cinderella to go to the ball. However, she must return by midnight, as it is then that the spell ceases.

Musical Comedy

Films

Over the decades, literally hundreds of films have been made that are either direct adaptations from Cinderella or have plots loosely based on the story. Cindy is a musical with music and lyrics by Johnny Brandon, and a book by Joe Sauter and Mike Sawyer. Off-Broadway plays or musicals are performed in New York City. Johnny Brandon is an English Singer, popular during the 1950s who recorded for a number of labels. Stephen John Fry (born 24 August 1957 is an English Humorist, Writer, Wit, Actor, Novelist, filmmaker The Old Vic is a Theatre located just south-east of Waterloo Station in London on the corner of The Cut and Waterloo Road. Almost every year at least one, but often several such films are produced and released, resulting in Cinderella becoming a work of literature with one of the largest numbers of film adaptations ascribed to it. It is perhaps rivalled only by the sheer number of films that have been adapted from or based on Bram Stoker's novel Dracula. Abraham "Bram" Stoker (8 November 1847 – 20 April 1912 was an Irish writer of novels and short stories who is best known today for his 1897 horror Dracula is an 1897 novel by Irish author Bram Stoker, featuring as its primary Antagonist the vampire Count Dracula.

Television

Books

Comics

Cinderella appears as a character in Bill Willingham's Vertigo series, Fables. Witches Abroad is the twelfth Discworld novel by Terry Pratchett, originally published in 1991 Terence David John Pratchett, OBE (born 28 April 1948 is an English fantasy, Science fiction, and children's author. Bill Willingham (born December 1956 in Fort Belvoir Virginia) is an American Writer and Artist of Comics. Cinderella (or "Cindy" as her fellow Fables call her) is the third and final of Prince Charming's ex-wives and is Fabletown's resident super spy. Her cover is the ownership of her own shoe store, the Glass Slipper, and she maintains a bitter persona in order to throw off the suspicions of the rest of her community.

Cinderella Jumprope Song

There is a jumprope song for children that involves Cinderella:

Cinderella dressed in yella, went upstairs to kiss her fella. A jump rope, skipping rope, or skip rope is the primary tool used in the Game of skipping played by Children and many Young adults By mistake she kissed a snake, how many doctors will it take? 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, etc.

Cinderella dressed in blue, went upstairs to tie her shoe, made a mistake and tied a knot, how many knots will she make? 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, etc.

Cinderella dressed in green, went downtown to buy a ring, made a mistake and bought a fake, how many days before it breaks? 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, etc.

The counting continues as long as the jumper avoids missing a jump. If they do then the counting starts again.

Variations

Heard in Jackson Heights, Queens, late 1950s:

Cinderella dressed in yellow, went downtown to meet her fellow (or "went downtown to buy some mustard"). On the way, her girdle busted. Cinderella was disgusted.

Heard in Northern Ireland:

Cinderella dressed in yellow, went upstairs to kiss her fellow. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of how many kisses did she give him? 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, etc.

Songs

Some popular songs that make reference to the story of Cinderella include:

Archive

The Cinderella Project is a text and image archive containing a dozen English versions of the fairy tale by Dr. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Alvin and the Chipmunks is a six-time Grammy Award -winning animated music group created by Ross Bagdasarian Sr Chipmunks in Low Places is a country album written by John Boylan and Andrew Gold and performed by Alvin and the Chipmunks. John Boylan may refer to John J Boylan, US Congressman John Boylan (record producer John Boylan (actor South Los Angeles, often abbreviated as South LA, is the official name for a large geographic and cultural portion lying to the southwest and southeast of downtown Sajjad Ali ( Urdu: سجاد علی. Born 1966 is a Pakistani semi-classical, pop Singer, Film actor Britney Jean Spears (born December 2 1981 is an American recording artist and entertainer Steven Curtis Chapman (born November 21, 1962 in Paducah Kentucky, U Sweetbox, is a pop music project that was formed in 1995 by executive producer Heiko Schmidt and music producer Roberto "Geo" Rosan Vincent Grant "Vince" Gill (born April 12, 1957) is an American Neotraditional country Singer-songwriter and Multi-instrumentalist " Cinderella Rockefella " was a novelty single written by Mason Williams and Nancy Ames, and most famously released by the Israeli duo group Esther Ofarim (אסתר עופרים born Esther Zaied, 13 June 1941 in Safed) is an Israeli female vocalist. Michael Joseph Jackson (born August 29 1958 is an American musician entertainer and businessman India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Sara Beth Bareilles (bəˈrɛlɪs born December 7 1979 is an American Singer-songwriter and Pianist. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Five Man Electrical Band (originally The Staccatos) was a rock group from Canada 's capital city of Ottawa, best known for their Suzy Bogguss (born Susan Kay Bogguss, December 30, 1956) is an American Country music Singer. "I Can Love You Like That" is a single by American country music singer John Michael Montgomery that reached the top of the Billboard John Michael Montgomery (born January 20 1965 in Danville Kentucky) is an american Country music artist All-4-One is a Grammy Award -winning male R&B group best known for their hit single " I Swear " from their self-titled 1994 debut album belong to a sub-genre of Japanese fantasy Anime and Manga. Magical girl stories feature young girls with superhuman abilities who are forced to fight evil and protect (anime in Japanese, is a pioneering Magical girl Manga and Anime that ran in Japan during the 1960s Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Crystal Liu (born 25 August 1987) is a Chinese Actress and Singer. is the name for a Japanese television Anime based upon the American animated television series The Powerpuff Girls. The Wallflowers are a Grammy Award -winning rock band from Los Angeles California. "Stealing Cinderella" is the debut single of American Country music artist Chuck Wicks. Richard Rodgers (1902 &ndash 1979 and Oscar Hammerstein II (1895 &ndash 1960 were a well-known American songwriting duo " This Kiss " is a song by Faith Hill, released as the first single from her 1998 album Faith. Audrey Faith McGraw, known professionally as Faith Hill (born September 21 1967 is an American country singer known both for her commercial success Rihanna (pronounced /riːˈɑːnə/ born Robyn Rihanna Fenty; February 20 1988 is a Barbadian singer, model and Fashion designer Shawn Corey Carter (born December 4 1969 better known as Jay-Z, is an American Rapper and former CEO of Def Jam Recordings and Roc-A-Fella Michael Salda and 23 of his graduate students from the University of Southern Mississippi. Dr Michael Norman Salda (born 1957 Associate Professor of English at the University of Southern Mississippi, is notable for his work on Arthurian animation and the Cinderella The University of Southern Mississippi ( USM, but frequently referred to as Southern Miss) is a four-year public University located primarily (link?)

Footnotes

  1. ^ Jack Zipes, The Great Fairy Tale Tradition: From Straparola and Basile to the Brothers Grimm, p 444, ISBN 0-393-97636-X
  2. ^ Although both the story's title and the character's name change in different languages, in English-language folklore "Cinderella" is the archetypal name.
  3. ^ "The Egyptian Cinderella"
  4. ^ "Cinderella", The Every-day Book and Table Book; or, Everlasting Calendar of Popular Amusements, Sports, Pastimes, Ceremonies, Manners, Customs, and Events, Each of the Three Hundred and Sixty-Five Days, in Past and Present Times; Forming a Complete History of the Year, Months, and Seasons, and a Perpetual Key to the Almanac, Including Accounts of the Weather, Rules for Health and Conduct, Remarkable and Important Anecdotes, Facts, and Notices, in Chronology, Antiquities, Topography, Biography, Natural History, Art, Science, and General Literature; Derived from the Most Authentic Sources, and Valuable Original Communication, with Poetical Elucidations, for Daily Use and Diversion. Vol III. , ed. William Hone, (London: 1838) pp 719-20. Retrieved on 2008-06-05
  5. ^ Aelian, "Various History", 13.33
  6. ^ Herodot, "The "Histories", 2.134-135
  7. ^ They were indeed glass in the original, and not fur; see http://www.snopes.com/language/misxlate/slippers.asp .
  8. ^ Perrault: Cinderella; or, The Little Glass Slipper
  9. ^ Heidi Anne Heiner, "Tales Similar to Cinderella"
  10. ^ lyrics

External links

Circus girl1jpg|right|thumb|220px|Terriss as Dora in The Circus Girl ]] Ellaline Terriss, born Ellaline Lewin ( April 13 1872 &ndash Phyllis Dare ( August 15 1890 – April 27 1975) was an English singer and actress who was famous for her performances in

Dictionary

Cinderella

-proper noun

  1. A popular fairy tale embodying a classic folk tale myth-element of unjust oppression and triumphant reward, of which there were hundreds of versions before modern times.
  2. The main character in this story, a mistreated and impoverished girl. At a royal ball she meets a handsome prince who later identifies her with a dropped article, most commonly a slipper, and removes her from her poverty.

-noun

  1. (by analogy) A mistreated and impoverished girl.
  2. (attributive) Rising unexpectedly from obscurity to success, as a Cinderella team.
  3. (philately) A stamp or stamp-like label issued for purposes other than postal administration, not issued by a central government, or not listed in most general catalogues.
  4. (rare, disparaging) A woman employed to clean, especially to remove ash from stoves and fireplaces.
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