A cigarette is a product consumed through smoking and manufactured out of cured and finely cut tobacco leaves and reconstituted tobacco, combined with other additives then rolled or stuffed into a paper-wrapped cylinder (generally less than 120mm in length and 10mm in diameter). Smoking is a practice where a substance most commonly Tobacco, is burned and the Smoke tasted or inhaled Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. This is the list of 599 additives in cigarettes submitted to the United States Department of Health and Human Services in April 1994 The cigarette is ignited at one end and allowed to smoulder for the purpose of inhalation of its smoke from the other (usually filtered) end, which is inserted in the mouth. A cigarette filter has the purpose of reducing the amount of smoke tar, and fine particles inhaled during the Combustion of a Cigarette. They are sometimes smoked with a cigarette holder. A cigarette holder is a slender Tube, a Fashion accessory in which a Cigarette is held for smoking. The term cigarette, as commonly used, refers to a tobacco cigarette but can apply to similar devices containing other herbs, such as cannabis. Cannabis ( Cán-na-bis) is a Genus of Flowering plants that includes three putative species Cannabis sativa subsp
Cigarettes are proven to be highly addictive, as well as a cause of multiple types of cancer, heart disease, respiratory disease, circulatory disease, birth defects (which include mental and physical disability) and emphysema. Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled Heart disease is an Umbrella term for a variety for different diseases affecting the Heart. Respiratory Disease is the term for Diseases of the Respiratory system. This is an article about the rock music band "Circulatory System" A congenital disorder is a disease or disorder that is present at birth Emphysema is a chronic obstructive Pulmonary disease ( COPD) formerly termed a chronic obstructive Lung disease (COLD [1][2]
A cigarette is distinguished from a cigar by its smaller size, use of processed leaf, and white paper wrapping. A cigar is a tightly rolled bundle of dried and fermented Tobacco which is ignited so that its smoke may be drawn into the smoker's mouth Cigars are typically composed entirely of whole-leaf tobacco.
Cigarettes contain nicotine, an addictive stimulant which is toxic. Nicotine is an Alkaloid found in the Nightshade family of plants ( Solanaceae) which constitutes approximately 0 They deliver smoke to the lungs immediately and produce a rapid psychoactive effect. [3]
Contents |
History
The earliest forms of cigarettes have been attested in Central America around the 9th century in the form of reeds and smoking tubes. The Maya, and later the Aztecs, smoked tobacco and various psychoactive drugs in religious rituals and frequently depicted priests and deities smoking on pottery and temple engravings. The Maya civilization is a Mesoamerican Civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the Pre-Columbian Americas Aztec is a term used to refer to certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who achieved political The cigarette, and the cigar, were the most common method of smoking in the Caribbean, Mexico and Central and South America until recent times. [4]
Cigarettes were largely unknown in the English-speaking world before the Crimean War, when British soldiers began emulating their Ottoman Turkish comrades, who resorted to rolling their tobacco with newsprint. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The Crimean War, also known in Russia as the Eastern War (Восточная война Vostochnaya Vojna) (March 1854–February 1856 was fought The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. The Ottoman Turks were the subdivision of the Ottoman Muslim Millet that dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire. Newsprint is low-cost non-archival Paper most commonly used to print Newspapers plus other publications and advertising material [5]
The cigarette was named some time in the 18th century: beggars in Seville began to pick from the ground the cigar ends left by the señoritos ("rich, young men"), wrapped the tobacco remains with paper and smoked them. Seville ( Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic cultural and financial capital of southern Spain. The first attested use in this habit can be seen in three 18th-century paintings by Francisco de Goya: La cometa (The Kite), La merienda en el Manzanares (Picnic by the River Manzanares) and El juego de la pelota a pala (The Ball and Paddle Game).
In the George Bizet opera Carmen, which was set in Spain in the 1830s, the title character Carmen was at first a worker in a cigarette factory. Georges Bizet (25 October 1838 – 3 June 1875 was a French Composer and Pianist of the Romantic era Carmen is a French Opéra comique by Georges Bizet. The Libretto is by Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Halévy, based
The use of tobacco in cigarette form became increasingly popular during and after the Crimean War. The Crimean War, also known in Russia as the Eastern War (Восточная война Vostochnaya Vojna) (March 1854–February 1856 was fought This was helped by the development of tobaccos that are suitable for cigarette use. During World War I and World War II, cigarettes were rationed to soldiers. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including During the second half of the 20th century, the adverse health effects of cigarettes started to become widely known and text-only health warnings became commonplace on cigarette packets. The United States has not yet implemented graphical cigarette warning labels, which is considered a more effective method to communicate to the public the dangers of cigarette smoking. [6] Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, however, have both textual warnings and graphic visual images displaying, among other things, the damaging effects tobacco use has on the human body.
The cigarette has evolved much since its conception; for example, the thin bands that travel transverse to the "axis of smoking" (thus forming circles along the length of the cigarette) are alternate sections of thin and thick paper to facilitate effective burning when being drawn, and retard burning when at rest. Synthetic particulate filters remove some of the tar before it reaches the smoker.
Manufacturing
Commercially manufactured cigarettes are seemingly simple objects consisting mainly of a tobacco blend, paper, PVA glue to bond the outer layer of paper together, and often also a cellulose acetate–based filter. Polyvinyl acetate ( PVA or PVAc) is a Rubbery Synthetic polymer. Cellulose acetate, first prepared in 1865 is the Acetate Ester of Cellulose. [7] While the assembly of cigarettes is straightforward, much focus is given to the creation of each of the components, in particular the tobacco blend, which may contain over 100 ingredients,[8] many of them flavourants for the tobacco. This is the list of 599 additives in cigarettes submitted to the United States Department of Health and Human Services in April 1994 A key ingredient that makes cigarettes more addictive is the inclusion of reconstituted tobacco, which has additives to make nicotine more volatile as the cigarette burns. [9]
Paper
The paper for holding the tobacco blend may vary in porosity to allow ventilation of the burning ember or contain materials that control the burning rate of the cigarette and stability of the produced ash. Rolling papers are small sheets rolls or leaves of Paper which are sold for rolling one's own Cigarettes The papers used in tipping the cigarette (forming the mouthpiece) and surrounding the filter stabilise the mouthpiece from saliva and moderate the burning of the cigarette as well as the delivery of smoke with the presence of one or two rows of small laser-drilled air holes. [10]
The burn rate of cigarette paper is regulated through the application of different forms of microcrystalline cellulose to the paper. Cellulose is an Organic compound with the formula, a Polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand β(1→4 [11] Cigarette paper has been specially engineered by creating bands of different porosity to create "fire-safe" cigarettes. These cigarettes have a reduced idle burning speed which allows them to self-extinguish. [12] This fire-safe paper is manufactured by mechanically altering the setting of the paper slurry. [13]
New York was the first U. S. state to mandate that all cigarettes manufactured or sold within the state comply with a fire-safe standard. Canada has passed a similar nation-wide mandate based on the same standard. Many other U. S. states have passed or are considering fire-safe mandates. [12]
Tobacco blend
The process of blending, like the blending of scotch and cognac, gives the end product a consistent taste from batches of tobacco grown in different areas of a country that may change in flavour profile from year to year due to different environmental conditions. Scotch whisky is Whisky made in Scotland. In Britain the term whisky is usually taken to mean Scotch unless otherwise specified Cognac (ˈkɒnjæk named after the town of Cognac in France, is a Brandy produced in the region surrounding the town [14]
Modern cigarettes produced after the 1950s, although composed mainly of shredded tobacco leaf, use a significant quantity of tobacco processing by-products in the blend. Each cigarette's tobacco blend is made mainly from the leaves of flue-cured brightleaf, burley tobacco, and oriental tobacco. These leaves are selected, processed, and aged prior to blending and filling. The processing of brightleaf and burley tobaccos for tobacco leaf "strips" produces several by-products such as leaf stems, tobacco dust, and tobacco leaf pieces ("small laminate"). [14] To improve the economics of producing cigarettes, these by-products are processed separately into forms where they can then be possibly added back into the cigarette blend without an apparent or marked change in the cigarette's quality. The most common tobacco by-products include:
- Blended leaf (BL) sheet: a thin, dry sheet cast from a paste made with tobacco dust collected from tobacco stemming, finely milled burley-leaf stem, and pectin. Pectin (from Greek πηκτικός - pektikos, "congealed curdled" a white to light brown powder is a Heteropolysaccharide [15]
- Reconstituted leaf (RL) sheet: a paper-like material made from recycled tobacco fines, tobacco stems and "class tobacco", which consists of tobacco particles less than 30 mesh in size (~0. Mesh material is often used in determining the Particle size distribution of a Granular material. 599 mm) that are collected at any stage of tobacco processing. [16] RL is made by extracting the soluble chemicals in the tobacco by-products, processing the leftover tobacco fibres from the extraction into a paper, and then reapplying the extracted materials in concentrated form onto the paper in a fashion similar to what is done in paper sizing. Sizing or size is a Substance that is applied to Porous materials as a Glaze or Filler. At this stage ammonium additives are applied to make reconstituted tobacco an effective nicotine delivery system. Ammonium is also an old name for the Siwa Oasis in western Egypt. [9]
- Expanded (ES) or improved stems (IS): ES are rolled, flattened, and shredded leaf stems that are expanded by being soaked in water and rapidly heated. Improved stems follow the same process but are simply steamed after shredding. Both products are then dried. These two products look similar in appearance but are different in taste. [14]
Whole tobacco can also be processed into a product called expanded tobacco. The tobacco is "puffed", or expanded, by saturating it with supercritical carbon dioxide and heating the CO2 saturated tobacco to quickly evaporate the CO2. The nature of super critical carbon dioxide is established as a solvent for use in extraction Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single This quick change of physical state by the CO2 causes the tobacco to expand in a similar fashion as polystyrene foam. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties Polystyrene ˌpɒliˈstaɪriːn ( IUPAC Polyphenylethene is an aromatic Polymer made from the aromatic Monomer Styrene This is used to produce light cigarettes by reducing the density of the tobacco and thus maintain the size of a cigarette while reducing the amount of tobacco used in each cigarette. [14]
A recipe-specified combination of brightleaf, burley-leaf and oriental-leaf tobacco will be mixed with humectants such as propylene glycol or glycerol, as well as flavouring products and enhancers such as cocoa, licorice, tobacco extracts, and various sugars, which are known collectively as "casings". A humectant is a Hygroscopic substance. It is often a molecule with several Hydrophilic groups most often Hydroxyl groups but Amines Propylene glycol, known also by the systematic name propane-12-diol is an Organic compound (a Diol Alcohol) usually a faintly sweet odorless and Cocoa is the dried and fully fermented fatty seed of the cacao tree from which Chocolate is made The leaf tobacco will then be shredded, along with a specified amount of small laminate, expanded tobacco, BL, RL, ES and IS. A perfume-like flavour/fragrance, called the "topping" or "toppings", which is most often formulated by flavor companies, will then be blended into the tobacco mixture to improve the consistency in flavour and taste of the cigarettes associated with a certain brand name. A brand is a collection of Images and ideas representing an economic producer more specifically it refers to the descriptive verbal attributes and concrete symbols such as a [14] As well, they replace lost flavours due to the repeated wetting and drying used in processing the tobacco. Finally the tobacco mixture will be filled into cigarettes tubes and packaged.
In recent years, the manufacturers' pursuit of maximum profits has led to the practice of using not just the leaves, but also recycled tobacco offal[9] The stem is first crushed and cut to resemble the leaf before being merged or blended into the cut leaf. [17]
Taxation
Cigarettes are a significant source of tax revenue in many localities. This fact has historically been an impediment for health groups seeking to discourage cigarette smoking, since governments seek to maximize tax revenues. Furthermore, some countries have made cigarettes a state monopoly, which has the same effect on the attitude of government officials outside the health field. [18] In the United States, the states determine the rate of cigarette taxes, and states where tobacco is a significant farm product tend to tax cigarettes least. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [19] It has been shown that higher prices for cigarettes discourage smoking. Every 10 percent increase in the price of cigarettes reduced youth smoking by about seven percent and overall cigarette consumption by about four percent. [20] Thus increased cigarette taxes are proposed as a means to reduce smoking.
Many people in the UK now illegally import cigarettes due to the increasing tax. A packet is less than half the price in all other countries, making illegal importers a large profit, while still providing very cheap cigarettes. The average price for 20 legal cigarettes is £5. 20, while imported packs are sold for less than £3, this is due to the extreme taxation.
Sale
Before the Second World War many manufacturers gave away collectible cards, one in each packet of cigarettes. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Cigarette cards are Trade cards issued by Tobacco manufacturers to stiffen cigarette packaging and advertise cigarette brands. This practice was discontinued to save paper during the war and was never generally reintroduced, though for a number of years Natural American Spirit cigarettes included "vignette" cards depicting endangered animals and American historical events; this series was discontinued in 2003. Natural American Spirit is a brand of Cigarette and Tobacco products manufactured in the United States by the Santa Fe Natural Tobacco Company On April 1, 1970 President Richard Nixon signed the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act into law, banning cigarette advertisements on television in the United States starting on January 2, 1971. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act is a United States federal law, passed in 1970 designed to limit the practice of smoking. Tobacco advertising is the promotion of Tobacco use (typically Cigarette smoking) by the Tobacco industry through a variety of The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 366 - The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine River in large numbers invading the Roman Empire. Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. However, some tobacco companies attempted to circumvent the ban by marketing new brands of cigarettes as "little cigars"; examples included Tijuana Smalls, which came out almost immediately after the ban took effect, and Backwoods Smokes, which reached the market in the winter of 1973–1974 and whose ads used the slogan, "How can anything that looks so wild taste so mild. Tijuana Smalls are a brand of cigarette that was produced after a prohibition on advertising cigarettes on television in the United States was signed into law by President Nixon Backwoods Smokes were a brand of Cigarettes produced in the United States beginning in 1973. "
Beginning on April 1, 1998, the sale of cigarettes and other tobacco products to people under 18 is now prohibited by law in all fifty states of the United States. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The legal age of purchase has been additionally raised to 19 in Alabama, Alaska, New Jersey, Utah, and Nassau, Suffolk, and Onondaga Counties in New York. "Legal age" can refer to any of a number of ages of legal significance including Age of candidacy Age of consent Age of Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America. Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. The State of Utah (ˈjuːtɔː or) is a western state of the United States. There is also a Town of Nassau in Rensselaer County. Nassau County is a suburban county in the New York Metropolitan Suffolk County is a county located in the US state of New York. Onondaga County is a County located in the US state of New York. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous [21] The intended effect of this is to prevent upper class high school students from purchasing cigarettes for their younger peers. Legislation was pending as of 2004 in some other states. In Massachusetts[22] and Virginia, parents and guardians are allowed to give cigarettes to minors, but sales to minors are prohibited. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state
Similar laws exist in many other countries. In Canada, most of the provinces require smokers to be 19 years of age to purchase cigarettes (except for Quebec, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Alberta, where the age is 18). Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Saskatchewan (səˈskætʃəwən) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588276 Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116 sq mi of North America Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 However, the minimum age only concerns the purchase of tobacco, not use. Alberta, however, does have a law which prohibits the possession or use of tobacco products by all persons under 18, punishable by a $100 fine. Australia, New Zealand and Pakistan have a nationwide ban on the selling of all tobacco products to people under the age of 18. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and
Since 1 October 2007, it has been illegal for retailers to sell tobacco in all forms to people under the age of 18 in three of four of the UK's constituent countries (England, Wales and Scotland) (rising from 16). Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. It will also be illegal to sell lighters, rolling papers and all other tobacco-associated items to people under 18. However, it will not be illegal for people under 18 to buy or smoke tobacco; it is only illegal for the said retailer to sell the item. Northern Ireland is expected to follow suit with the age increase. In the Republic of Ireland, bans on the sale of the smaller ten-packs and confectionery that resembles tobacco products came into force on May 31, 2007 in a bid to cut underaged smoking. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. Confectionery is a set of Food items that are rich in Sugar; modern usage may include substances rich in artificial sweeteners as well Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The UK Department of Health plans to follow suit with the ten-pack ban. The Department of Health (DH is a department of the United Kingdom government but with responsibility for government policy for England alone on Health
Most countries in the world have a legal smoking age of 18. Five exceptions are Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Portugal, and the Netherlands, where the age is 16. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Since January 1, 2007, all cigarette machines in public places in Germany must attempt to verify a customer's age by requiring the insertion of a debit card. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. A debit card (also known as a bank card) is a plastic card which provides an alternative payment method to Cash when making purchases Turkey, which has one of the highest percentage of smokers in its population,[23] has a legal age of 18. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Another curiosity is Japan, one of the highest tobacco-consuming nations, which requires purchasers to be 20 years of age (suffrage in Japan is 20 years old). For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Suffrage (from the Latin suffragium, meaning "voting tablet" and figuratively "right to vote" probably from suffrago "hough" and originally [24] However, due to the prevalence of cigarette vending machines in the most public of places, the effectiveness of an underage ban is in doubt. A vending machine is a machine that provides various snacks beverages and other products to consumers In other countries, such as Egypt, it is legal to use and purchase tobacco products regardless of age. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Germany raised the purchase age from 16 to 18 on the 1 September 2007. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
Some police departments in the United States occasionally send an underaged teenager into a store where cigarettes are sold, and have the teen attempt to purchase cigarettes, with their own or no ID. Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force If the vendor then completes the sale, the store is issued a fine. [25] Similar enforcement practices are regularly performed by Trading Standards Officers in the UK and the Gardaí Siochana, the police force of the Republic of Ireland. The Trading Standards Institute, formerly the Institute of Trading Standards Administration (founded in 1956 formerly the Incorporated Society of Inspectors of Weights and Measures (founded [26]
Consumption
Approximately 5. 5 trillion cigarettes are produced globally each year by the tobacco industry, smoked by over 1. The tobacco industry comprises those persons and companies engaged in the growth preparation for sale shipment advertisement and distribution of Tobacco and tobacco-related 1 billion people, which is more than one-sixth of the world's total population.
| Smoking Prevalence by Gender | ||
|---|---|---|
| PERCENT SMOKING | ||
| REGION | MEN | WOMEN |
| Africa | 29 | 4 |
| United States | 35 | 22 |
| Eastern Mediterranean | 35 | 4 |
| Europe | 46 | 26 |
| Southeast Asia | 44 | 4 |
| Western Pacific | 60 | 8 |
| (2000, World Health Organization estimates) | ||
Smoking Prevalence in the U. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions S. (2006)
| Rank | State | % | Rank | State | % | Rank | State | % | Rank | State | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | KY | 28. 6 | 14 | SC | 22. 3 | 27 | KS | 20. 0 | 40 | AZ | 18. 1 |
| 2 | WV | 25. 7 | 15 | NV | 22. 2 | 28 | GA | 20. 0 | 41 | VT | 18. 0 |
| 3 | OK | 25. 1 | 16 | NC | 22. 1 | 29 | ND | 19. 6 | 42 | DC | 17. 9 |
| 4 | MS | 25. 1 | 17 | DE | 21. 7 | 30 | VA | 19. 3 | 43 | CO | 17. 9 |
| 5 | AK | 24. 2 | 18 | WY | 21. 6 | 31 | RI | 19. 3 | 44 | MA | 17. 8 |
| 6 | IN | 24. 1 | 19 | PA | 21. 5 | 32 | MT | 19. 0 | 45 | MD | 17. 8 |
| 7 | AR | 23. 7 | 20 | IA | 21. 5 | 33 | NH | 18. 7 | 46 | HI | 17. 5 |
| 8 | LA | 23. 4 | 21 | FL | 21. 0 | 34 | NE | 18. 6 | 47 | WA | 17. 1 |
| 9 | MO | 23. 3 | 22 | ME | 20. 9 | 35 | OR | 18. 5 | 48 | CT | 17. 0 |
| 10 | AL | 23. 3 | 23 | WI | 20. 8 | 36 | NY | 18. 3 | 49 | ID | 16. 8 |
| 11 | TN | 22. 6 | 24 | IL | 20. 5 | 37 | MN | 18. 3 | 50 | CA | 14. 9 |
| 12 | OH | 22. 5 | 25 | SD | 20. 4 | 38 | TX | 18. 1 | 51 | UT | 9. 8 |
| 13 | MI | 22. 4 | 26 | NM | 20. 2 | 39 | NJ | 18. 1 |
Graphics on cigarette packets
Some countries require cigarette packs to contain warnings about health. Tobacco packaging warning messages are Health warning messages that appear on the packaging of Cigarettes and other Tobacco products A pack of Cigarettes is a rectangular container, mostly of Paperboard, which contains cigarettes Tobacco packaging warning messages are Health warning messages that appear on the packaging of Cigarettes and other Tobacco products The United States was one of the first. Other countries include most of Europe, Australia and in Asia.
Smoking bans
Many governments impose restrictions on smoking tobacco, especially in public areas. Smoking bans are public policies including Criminal laws and Occupational safety and health Regulations which prohibit Tobacco smoking The primary justification has been the negative health effects of secondhand smoke. [28] Laws vary by country and locality. See:
Cigarette litter
The common name for the residue after cigarette-smoking is a "cigarette butt" or simply "butt. " It comprises about 30% of the cigarette's original length. The butt consists of a tissue tube which holds a filter and some remains of tobacco mixed with ash. In extreme cases the filter is slightly burned. Cigarette butts are one source of tobacco for minors and low income people. The shape of a butt hinges on the manner of stubbing out. The intensely pressed butt possesses irregular shape at the end and wrinkled tissue. Facial tissue Tissue paper or wrapping tissue is a type of thin translucent Paper used for wrapping and cushioning items Cigarette butts may be a subject of studies over popularity of brands producing cigarettes.
Cigarette butts are a commonly littered item throughout the world. Litter is Waste disposed in the wrong place by Unlawful human action and can vary in size of incident occurrence or items Discarded butts can be found almost any place accessible to people, including streets, sidewalks, parks and beaches. The butts of filtered cigarettes are not biodegradable. A cigarette filter has the purpose of reducing the amount of smoke tar, and fine particles inhaled during the Combustion of a Cigarette. Biodegradation is the process by which organic substances are broken down by the enzymes produced by living organisms The filters, made of cellulose acetate, take many years to decompose. Cellulose acetate, first prepared in 1865 is the Acetate Ester of Cellulose. Chemical decomposition or analysis is the separation of a Chemical compound into elements or smaller compounds Many of the filters end up in waterways, where the toxic chemicals that they are designed to filter out find their way into the water supply. Water supply is the process of self-provision or provision by third parties of water of various qualities to different users [29]
A butt which is not properly extinguished can be a cause of a blaze. Cigarette butts are usually unfit for reuse due to inadequate tobacco and a used filter. Ashtrays and cigarette bins are designed for containing them. An ashtray is a receptacle for ash and butts from Cigarettes and Cigars of Tobacco and Cannabis (drug.
Cigarette advertising
In many parts of the world tobacco advertising and even sponsorship of sporting events has been outlawed. Tobacco advertising is the promotion of Tobacco use (typically Cigarette smoking) by the Tobacco industry through a variety of The ban on tobacco advertising and sponsorship in the EU in 2005 has prompted Formula One Management to look for races in areas that allow the tobacco sponsored teams to display their livery. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in A livery is a Uniform or other sign worn in a non-military context on a person or object (such as an airplane or Vehicle) to denote a relationship As of 2007, only the Scuderia Ferrari retains tobacco sponsorship, continuing their relationship with Marlboro until 2011. Scuderia Ferrari is the name for the Gestione Sportiva the division of the Ferrari automobile company concerned with racing Marlboro is a brand of Cigarette made by Philip Morris USA (a branch of Altria) within the US and by Philip Morris International (now separate
In some jurisdictions, such as Saskatchewan, Canada, the retail store display of cigarettes is completely prohibited if persons under the legal age of consumption have access to the premises [30]
References
- ^ Smoking While Pregnant Causes Finger, Toe Deformities. Saskatchewan (səˈskætʃəwən) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588276 Science Daily. Retrieved on March 6, 2007.
- ^ List of health effects by CDC
- ^ Henningfield, JE, Cohen, M, and Snyder, S. Nicotine: An Old-Fashioned Addiction (Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Drugs. Series 1)
- ^ Robicsek, Francis Smoke; Ritual Smoking in Central America pp. 30-37
- ^ The Crimea
- ^ Effectiveness of cigarette warning labels in informing smokers about the risks of smoking: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey - Hammond et al. 15 (Supplement 3): iii19 - Tobacco Control
- ^ Clean Virginia Waterways, Cigarette Butt Litter - Cigarette Filters, Longwood University, Retrieved October 31, 2006
- ^ Philip Morris USA, Product Information -Cigarette ingredients, Retrieved March 5, 2007
- ^ a b c and the plant stem. Longwood University is a four-year public liberal-arts University located in Farmville Virginia. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. <ref>http://uk. geocities. com/synergy. editorial@btinternet. com/polonium210radiationpoisoning. htm</li> <li id="cite_note-9">'''[[#cite_ref-9|^]]''' JTI, {{cite web | title="Composite List of Ingredients in Non-Tobacco Materials" | url=http://www. jti. com/english/corp_responsibility/ingredients/ingredients_links/comp_tab_nonmat. aspx}} www. jti. com, Retrieved [[November 2]] [[2006]]</li> <li id="cite_note-burnRatePatent-10">'''[[#cite_ref-burnRatePatent_10-0|^]]''' {{cite web | title=" Smoking article wrapper for controlling burn rate and method for making same" | url=http://www. freepatentsonline. com/5263999. html}}</li> <li id="cite_note-safeburingCigarettes-11">^ [[#cite_ref-safeburingCigarettes_11-0|<sup>'''''a'''''</sup>]] [[#cite_ref-safeburingCigarettes_11-1|<sup>'''''b'''''</sup>]] {{cite web | title="What is a fire-safe cigarette?" | url=http://firesafecigarettes. org/itemDetail. asp?categoryID=48&itemID=1190&URL=About%20fire-safe%20cigarettes/What%20is%20a%20fire-safe%20cigarette?}}</li> <li id="cite_note-bandedPaperPatent-12">'''[[#cite_ref-bandedPaperPatent_12-0|^]]''' {{cite web | title="Method and apparatus for making banded smoking article wrappers" | url=http://www. patentstorm. us/patents/5342484-fulltext. html}}</li> <li id="cite_note-DEMerrill-13">^ [[#cite_ref-DEMerrill_13-0|<sup>'''''a'''''</sup>]] [[#cite_ref-DEMerrill_13-1|<sup>'''''b'''''</sup>]] [[#cite_ref-DEMerrill_13-2|<sup>'''''c'''''</sup>]] [[#cite_ref-DEMerrill_13-3|<sup>'''''d'''''</sup>]] [[#cite_ref-DEMerrill_13-4|<sup>'''''e'''''</sup>]] David E. Merrill, (1994), [http://www. archive. org/details/haq23e00 ''"How cigarettes are made"'']. Video presentation at [[Philip Morris USA]], Richmond offices. Retrieved [[October 31]] [[2006]]</li> <li id="cite_note-PCL_Sheet-14">'''[[#cite_ref-PCL_Sheet_14-0|^]]''' {{cite web | title="PCL Sheet Tobacco Cigarettes" | url=http://g2public. library. ucsf. edu/tobacco/batco/html/13000/13099/}}, Retrieved [[November 2]] [[2006]]</li> <li id="cite_note-Gellatly-15">'''[[#cite_ref-Gellatly_15-0|^]]''' Grant Gellatly, {{cite web | title=" Method and apparatus for coating reconstituted tobacco" | url=http://www. freepatentsonline. com/4706692. html}}, Retrieved [[November 2]] [[2006]]</li> <li id="cite_note-16">'''[[#cite_ref-16|^]]''' [http://www. dickinsonlegg. com/STS/STSframeset. htm STS<!-- Bot generated title -->]</li> <li id="cite_note-17">'''[[#cite_ref-17|^]]''' [http://www. washingtonpost. com/wp-srv/national/longterm/tobacco/stories/asia. htm U. S. 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"</li> <li id="cite_note-28">'''[[#cite_ref-28|^]]''' {{cite web | title=CigaretteLitter. org | work=CigaretteLitter. org | url=http://www. cigarettelitter. org| accessdate=2007-05-28}}</li> <li id="cite_note-29">'''[[#cite_ref-29|^]]''' {{cite web |url=http://www. cbc. ca/news/background/smoking/smokingbans. html |title=Banning the butt: Global anti-smoking efforts |date=2008-02-07 |accessdate=2008-05023 |publisher=CBC News |quote=On Jan. 19, 2005, the Supreme Court of Canada rules the province [Saskatchewan] could reinstate the "shower curtain law" that requires store owners to keep tobacco products out of sight. }}</li></ol></ref>
- Bogden JD, Kemp FW, Buse M, Thind IS, Louria DB, Forgacs J, Llanos G, Moncoya Terrones I. (1981) Composition of tobaccos from countries with high and low incidences of lung cancer. I. Selenium, polonium-210, Alternaria, tar, and nicotine. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 66: 27-31.
- Hecht SS (1999) Tobacco Smoke Carcinogens and Lung Cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute
- Smoke: A Global History of Smoking (2004) edited by Sander L. Gilman and Zhou Xun ISBN 1-86189-200-4
See also
- Cigar
- Cigarette filter
- Cigarette holder
- Cigarillo
- E-cigarette
- Health effects of tobacco smoking
- Herbal cigarette
- History of commercial tobacco in the United States
- Kretek
- List of additives in cigarettes
- Smoke constituents
- Smoking culture
External links
- Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male British doctors
- US Center for Disease Control - Smoking and Health Database
- GLOBALink
- INGCAT - International Non Governmental Coalition Against Tobacco
- National Clearinghouse on Tobacco and Health - Canada
- Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
- Bibliography on History of Cigarette Smoking
- Inquirer.net, Herbal ‘cigarette’ may help smokers quit
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