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Chrysotile

Chrysotile serpentine from the Salt River area, Arizona
General
Category Silicate mineral
(serpentine group)
Chemical formula Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4
(ideal)
Identification
Molecular Weight 277. The Salt River ( O'odham [Pima]: Onk Akimel) is a Tributary of the Gila River, approximately 322 km (200 mi long in central Arizona The State of Arizona ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. The serpentine group describes a group of common rock-forming hydrous Magnesium Iron phyllosilicate (()3 Minerals they A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Magnesium (mægˈniːziəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Mg, Atomic number 12 Atomic weight 24 Silicon (ˈsɪlɪkən or /ˈsɪlɪkɒn/ silicium is the Chemical element that has the symbol Si and Atomic number 14 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the In Chemistry, hydroxide is the most common name for the diatomic Anion OH− consisting of Oxygen and Hydrogen The molecular mass (abbreviated m of a substance, more commonly referred to as molecular weight and abbreviated as MW, is the Mass of one 11 g/mol
(ideal)
Color grey to green
Crystal habit acicular
Crystal system monoclinic or orthorhombic
Fracture fibrous
Mohs Scale hardness 2½–3
Luster silky
Refractive index 1. In Mineralogy, shape and size give rise to descriptive terms applied to the typical appearance or habit of Crystals The many terms used by mineralogists A crystal system is a category of Space groups which characterize Symmetry of structures in three dimensions with Translational symmetry in three directions In Crystallography, the monoclinic Crystal system is one of the 7 lattice Point groups A crystal system is described by three vectors. In Crystallography, the orthorhombic Crystal system is one of the seven Lattice Point groups Orthorhombic lattices result from stretching In the field of Mineralogy, fracture is a term used to describe the shape and texture of the surface formed when a Mineral is broken The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various Minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material Lustre (or luster) is a description of the way light interacts with the surface of a Crystal, rock, or Mineral. The refractive index (or index of Refraction) of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light (or other waves such as sound waves is reduced inside the medium 545–1. 569; 1. 553–1. 571
Birefringence 0. Birefringence, or double refraction, is the decomposition of a ray of Light into two rays (the ordinary ray and the extraordinary ray 008 (max)
Dispersion relatively weak
Streak white
Density 2. In Optics, dispersion is the phenomenon in which the Phase velocity of a wave depends on its frequency The streak (also called powder color) of a Mineral is the Color of the powder produced when it is dragged across an unweathered surface The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 53 g/ml
Fusibility dehydrates at 550–750 °C
Solubility insoluble in water
fibres degrade in dilute acid
Diaphaneity translucent

Chrysotile or white asbestos is the most commonly encountered form of asbestos,[1] accounting for approximately 95% of the asbestos in place in the United States[2] and a similar proportion in other countries. Fusibility is the ease with which a material will Melt. Materials such as solder require a low melting point so that when heat is applied to a joint the solder will melt before In Chemistry, a dehydration reaction is usually defined as a chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecule Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Asbestos is a group of Minerals with long thin fibrous Crystals The word "asbestos" (῾ἀσβεστος is derived from a Greek adjective [3] It is a soft, fibrous silicate mineral in the serpentine group of phyllosilicates: as such, it is distinct from other asbestiform minerals in the amphibole group. The silicate minerals make up the largest and most important class of rock-forming Minerals They are classified based on the structure of their silicate Ion group The serpentine group describes a group of common rock-forming hydrous Magnesium Iron phyllosilicate (()3 Minerals they The silicate minerals make up the largest and most important class of rock-forming Minerals They are classified based on the structure of their silicate Ion group Amphibole (pronounced amfi-bowl defines an important group of generally dark-colored rock-forming inosilicate Minerals composed of double chain SiO4 Its idealized chemical formula is Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4, in which some of the magnesium ions may be substituted by iron or other cations. A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Magnesium (mægˈniːziəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Mg, Atomic number 12 Atomic weight 24 Silicon (ˈsɪlɪkən or /ˈsɪlɪkɒn/ silicium is the Chemical element that has the symbol Si and Atomic number 14 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the In Chemistry, hydroxide is the most common name for the diatomic Anion OH− consisting of Oxygen and Hydrogen Magnesium (mægˈniːziəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Mg, Atomic number 12 Atomic weight 24 Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Substitution of the hydroxide ions for fluoride, oxide or chloride is also known, but rarer. In Chemistry, hydroxide is the most common name for the diatomic Anion OH− consisting of Oxygen and Hydrogen Fluoride is the reduced form of Fluorine. Both organic and Inorganic compounds containing the element fluorine are considered fluorides An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element The chloride Ion is formed when the element Chlorine picks up one Electron to form an Anion (negatively-charged ion Cl&minus [1] A related, but much rarer, mineral is pecoraite, in which all the magnesium cations of chrysotile are substituted by nickel cations. Nickel (ˈnɪkəl is a metallic Chemical element with the symbol Ni and Atomic number 28

Contents

Polytypes

Three polytypes of chrysotile are known. Polytypes are variations of the same Chemical compound that are identical in 2 dimension and differ in the third [4] These are very difficult to distinguish in hand specimens, and polarized light microscopy[2] must normally be used. Polarization ( ''Brit'' polarisation) is a property of Waves that describes the orientation of their oscillations Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view samples or objects Some older publications refer to chrysotile as a group of minerals—the three polytypes listed below, and sometimes pecoraite as well—but the 2006 recommendations of the International Mineralogical Association prefer to treat it as a single mineral with a certain variation in its naturally-occurring forms. The International Mineralogical Association ( IMA) is an international group of 38 national societies [5]

Name Crystal system Type locality mindat.org reference Unit cell parameters Crystal structure reference
Clinochrysotile monoclinic Złoty Stok*, Lower Silesia, Poland 1071 a = 5. A crystal system is a category of Space groups which characterize Symmetry of structures in three dimensions with Translational symmetry in three directions In some natural sciences type locality (Latin locus typicus) is the typical or representative location and is typically the first example of a newly discovered or described Mindatorg is a non-commercial online mineralogical database claiming to be the largest mineral database and mineralogical reference website on the internet In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. In Crystallography, the monoclinic Crystal system is one of the 7 lattice Point groups A crystal system is described by three vectors. Złoty Stok (Reichenstein Rychleby is a town in Ząbkowice Śląskie County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Lower Silesia (Niederschlesien Silesia Inferior Dolny Śląsk is the northwestern part of the historical and geographical region of Silesia; Upper Silesia is to Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland 3 Å; b = 9. 19 Å; c = 14. 63 Å; β = 93° [6]
Orthochrysotile orthorhombic Kadapa* district, Andhra Pradesh, India 3025 a = 5. In Crystallography, the orthorhombic Crystal system is one of the seven Lattice Point groups Orthorhombic lattices result from stretching Kadapa (previously Cuddapah) is one of the districts of Rayalaseema in Andhra Pradesh, India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country 34 Å; b = 9. 24 Å; c = 14. 2 Å [7]
Parachrysotile orthorhombic uncertain 3083 a = 5. In Crystallography, the orthorhombic Crystal system is one of the seven Lattice Point groups Orthorhombic lattices result from stretching 3 Å; b = 9. 24 Å; c = 14. 71 Å [8]
Source: mindat.org. Mindatorg is a non-commercial online mineralogical database claiming to be the largest mineral database and mineralogical reference website on the internet
*Złoty Stok and Kadapa have formerly been known as Reichenstein and Cuddapah respecively, and these names may appear in some publications.

Clinochrysotile is the commonest of the three forms, found notably at Asbestos, Quebec, Canada. Asbestos ( 2006 population 6819 UA population 7017 is a Town in southeastern Quebec, Canada on the Nicolet River and Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Its two measurable refractive indices tend to be lower than those of the other two forms. The refractive index (or index of Refraction) of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light (or other waves such as sound waves is reduced inside the medium [9] The orthorhombic paratypes may be distinguished by the fact that, for orthochrysotile, the higher of the two observable refractive indices is measured parallel to the long axis of the fibres (as for clinochrysotile); whereas for parachrysotile the higher refractive index is measured perpendicular to the long axis of the fibres.

Physical and chemical properties

Bulk chrysotile, whose hardness is about the same as that of a human fingernail, is easily crumbled to fibres that are, in fact, bundles of fibrils. A nail is a horn -like structure at the end of an animal's Finger or Toe. Naturally-occurring fibre bundles range in length from several millimetres to more than ten centimetres,[1] although industrially-processed chrysotile usually has shorter fibre bundles. The diameter of the fibre bundles is 0. 1–1 µm, and the individual fibrils are even finer, 0. A micrometre ( American spelling: micrometer; symbol µm) is one millionth of a Metre, or equivalently one thousandth of a Millimetre 02–0. 03 µm, each fibre bundle containing tens or hundreds of fibrils. [3]

Chrysotile fibres have considerable tensile strength, and may be spun into thread and woven into cloth. They are also resistant to heat and are excellent thermal, electrical and acoustic insulators. [1][3]

Chrysotile is resistant to even strong bases, but the fibres are attacked by acids: the magnesium ions are selectively dissolved, leaving a silica skeleton. The Chemical compound silicon dioxide, also known as silica or silox (from the Latin " Silex " is an Oxide It is thermally stable up to around 550 °C, at which temperature it starts to dehydrate. In Chemistry, a dehydration reaction is usually defined as a chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecule Dehydration is complete at about 750 °C, with the final products being silica and forsterite (magnesium silicate). Forsterite (Mg2SiO4 is the magnesium rich end-member of the Olivine Solid solution series [3]

Safety concerns

Chrysotile asbestos
Chrysotile asbestos

Chrysotile, as well as other forms of asbestos, is considered to be a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)[10] and by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Asbestos is a group of Minerals with long thin fibrous Crystals The word "asbestos" (῾ἀσβεστος is derived from a Greek adjective The term carcinogen refers to any substance Radionuclide or radiation that is an agent directly involved in the promotion of Cancer or in the fatation of its propagation The International Agency for Research on Cancer ( IARC, or CIRC in its French Acronym) is an intergovernmental agency forming part of the World Health The United States Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS) is a Cabinet department of the United States government with the goal of protecting [1] Asbestos exposure is associated with parenchymal asbestosis, asbestos-related pleural abnormalities, mesothelioma, and lung cancer, and it may be associated with cancer at some extra-thoracic sites. Asbestosis is a chronic inflammatory medical condition affecting the Parenchymal tissue of the Lungs It occurs after long-term heavy exposure Mesothelioma is a form of Cancer that is almost always caused by previous exposure to Asbestos. Lung cancer is a Disease of uncontrolled Cell growth in tissues of the Lung. The chest is a part of the Anatomy of humans and various other animals sometimes referred to as the Thorax. [11]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2005). The United States Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS) is a Cabinet department of the United States government with the goal of protecting "Asbestos. " Report on Carcinogens, Eleventh Edition.
  2. ^ a b Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor (2007). The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA is an agency of the United States Department of Labor. The United States Department of Labor is a Cabinet department of the United States government responsible for occupational safety wage and hour standards 29 C.F.R. 1910.1001. Appendix J.
  3. ^ a b c d Institut national de recherche sur la sécurité (1997). "Amiante. " Fiches toxicologiques. n° 167. (in French)
  4. ^ Can. Mineral. 13 (1975): 227–43.
  5. ^ Burke, Ernst A. J. (2006). "A Mass Discreditation of GQN Minerals. " Can. Mineral. 44: 1557–60.
  6. ^ Whittaker, E. J. W. (1956). "The structure of chrysotile II. Clinochrysotile. " Acta Crystallogr. 9: 855–62. Acta Crystallographica refers to a family of scientific Journals with peer-reviewed articles about Crystallography, published by the International Union of Crystallography
  7. ^ Whittaker, E. J. W. (1956). "The structure of chrysotile III. Orthochrysotile. " Acta Crystallogr. 9: 862–64. Acta Crystallographica refers to a family of scientific Journals with peer-reviewed articles about Crystallography, published by the International Union of Crystallography
  8. ^ Whittaker, E. J. W. (1956). "The structure of chrysotile IV. Parachrysotile. " Acta Crystallogr. 9: 865–67. Acta Crystallographica refers to a family of scientific Journals with peer-reviewed articles about Crystallography, published by the International Union of Crystallography
  9. ^ In principle, all polytypes of chrysotile should have three independent refractive indices: in practice, two of the three are so close as to be indistinguishable by experimental measurement.
  10. ^ International Agency for Research on Cancer (1998). The International Agency for Research on Cancer ( IARC, or CIRC in its French Acronym) is an intergovernmental agency forming part of the World Health "Asbestos. " IARC Monographs on Evaluating the Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Supplement 7.
  11. ^ Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATDSR), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2007). The United States Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, ( ATSDR) is an agency for the U The United States Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS) is a Cabinet department of the United States government with the goal of protecting "Asbestos Toxicity. " Case Studies in Environmental Medicine.

External links

Dictionary

chrysotile

-noun

  1. (mineralogy) A fibrous silicate mineral with the chemical formula Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4; a form of serpentine asbestos.
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