Chrysanthemum
A cluster of chrysanthemums
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Asterales Family: Asteraceae Tribe: Anthemideae Genus: Chrysanthemum
Species
Chrysanthemum aphrodite Chrysanthemum arcticum Chrysanthemum argyrophyllum Chrysanthemum arisanense Chrysanthemum boreale Chrysanthemum chalchingolicum Chrysanthemum chanetii Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Chrysanthemum coronarium, Crown daisy Chrysanthemum crassum Chrysanthemum glabriusculum Chrysanthemum hypargyrum Chrysanthemum indicum Chrysanthemum japonense Chrysanthemum japonicum Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium Chrysanthemum mawii Chrysanthemum maximowiczii Chrysanthemum mongolicum Chrysanthemum morifolium Chrysanthemum morii Chrysanthemum okiense Chrysanthemum oreastrum Chrysanthemum ornatum Chrysanthemum pacificum Chrysanthemum potentilloides Chrysanthemum segetum Chrysanthemum shiwogiku Chrysanthemum sinuatum Chrysanthemum vestitum Chrysanthemum weyrichii Chrysanthemum yoshinaganthum Chrysanthemum zawadskii

Chrysanthemums are a genus (Chrysanthemum) of about 30 species of perennial flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, native to Asia and northeastern Europe. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Magnoliopsida is the Botanical name for a class of Flowering plants By definition the class will include the family Magnoliaceae, but its The Asterales are an order of Dicotyledonous Flowering plants which include the composite family Asteraceae ( Sunflowers daisies The family Asteraceae or Compositae (known as the aster, daisy, or sunflower family) is the largest family of Flowering In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. Pyrethrum refers to several Old World plants of the genus Chrysanthemum (e Garland chrysanthemum ( Leucanthemum coronarium, Chrysanthemum coronarium) also known as chrysanthemum greens or Chrysanthemum pacificum is a Flowering plant within the genus Chrysanthemum. Glebionis segetum (syn Chrysanthemum segetum) is a species of the genus Glebionis, probably native only to the eastern Mediterranean A perennial plant or perennial ( Latin per, "through" annus, "year" is a Plant that lives for more than The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group The family Asteraceae or Compositae (known as the aster, daisy, or sunflower family) is the largest family of Flowering

Taxonomy

The genus once included many more species, but was split several decades ago into several genera; the naming of the genera has been contentious, but a ruling of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature in 1999 resulted in the defining species of the genus being changed to Chrysanthemum indicum, thereby restoring the economically important florist's chrysanthemum to the genus Chrysanthemum. The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature ( ICBN) is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal Botanical names that are given to These species were, after the splitting of the genus but before the ICBN ruling, commonly treated under the genus name Dendranthema.

The other species previously treated in the narrow view of the genus Chrysanthemum are now transferred to the genus Glebionis. Glebionis is a small genus of Flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, native to Europe and the Mediterranean region. The other genera split off from Chrysanthemum include Argyranthemum, Leucanthemopsis, Leucanthemum, Rhodanthemum, and Tanacetum. Argyranthemum (the dill daisies) is a Genus of Flowering plants belonging to the family Asteraceae. Leucanthemum is a genus of about 70 flowering plants from the sunflower family ( Asteraceae) Tanacetum is a genus of about 70 species of Flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere

The species of Chrysanthemum are herbaceous perennial plants growing to 50–150 cm tall, with deeply lobed leaves and large flowerheads, white, yellow or pink in the wild species. A herbaceous plant (or in botanical use a Herb) is a Plant that has leaves and stems that die down at the end of A perennial plant or perennial ( Latin per, "through" annus, "year" is a Plant that lives for more than

Chrysanthemum species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species — see list of Lepidoptera that feed on chrysanthemums. A larva ( Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of Animal with indirect development, undergoing Metamorphosis (for example Lepidoptera is an order of Insect that includes Moths and butterflies. Chrysanthemum species are used as food plants by the Larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species including Angle Shades ( Phlogophora

Today’s flowers are not as bright or large as ‘show’ varieties.

History

Cultivated chrysanthemums can be yellow, white, or even bright red, such as these.

This flower is called 大菊 Oogiku in Japanese, meaning "big Chrysanthemum". The size of this flower is around 20cm (about 8 inches).

Chrysanthemums were cultivated in China as a flowering herb as far back as the 15th century BC. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National A(n herb (ˈhɝb or /ˈɝb/ see pronunciation differences) is a plant that is valued for qualities such as medicinal properties flavor scent or the like An ancient Chinese city was named Ju-Xian, meaning "chrysanthemum city". The flower was introduced into Japan probably in the 8th century AD, and the Emperor adopted the flower as his official seal. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The 8th century is the period from 701 to 800 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. The of Japan is the country's Monarch. He is the head of the Japanese Imperial Family. The Imperial Seal of Japan is a mon or crest used by members of the Japanese Imperial family There is a "Festival of Happiness" in Japan that celebrates the flower.

The flower was brought to Europe in the 17th century. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar Linnaeus named it from the Greek prefix chrys-, which means golden (the colour of the original flowers), and -anthemon, meaning flower. Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly

Economic uses

Ornamental uses

A closeup of the flowers

A red chrysanthemum

Modern chrysanthemums are much more showy than their wild relatives. The flowers occur in various forms, and can be daisy-like, decorative, pompons or buttons. A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also This genus contains many hybrids and thousands of cultivars developed for horticultural purposes. In Biology, hybrid has two meanings The first meaning is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa. A cultivar is a cultivated Plant that has been selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or useful characteristics it is usually distinct from similar In addition to the traditional yellow, other colours are available, such as white, purple, and red. The most important hybrid is Chrysanthemum × morifolium (syn. C. × grandiflorum), derived primarily from C. indicum but also involving other species.

Chrysanthemums are broken into two basic groups, Garden Hardy and Exhibition. Garden hardy mums are perennials capable of being wintered over in the ground in most northern latitudes. Exhibition varieties are not usually as sturdy. Garden hardies are defined by their ability to produce an abundance of small blooms with little if any mechanical assistance (ie. staking) and withstanding wind and rain. Exhibition varieties on the other hand require staking, over-wintering in a relatively dry cool environment, sometimes with the addition of night lights.

The Exhibition varieties can be used to create many amazing plant forms; Large disbudded blooms, spray forms, as well as many artistically trained forms, such as: Thousand Bloom, Standard (trees), Fans, Hanging Baskets, Topiary, Bonsai, and Cascades.

Chrysanthemum blooms are divided into 13 different bloom forms by the US National Chrysanthemum Society, Inc. , which is in keeping with the international classification system. The bloom forms are defined by the way in which the ray and disk florets are arranged.

Chrysanthemum blooms are composed of many individual flowers (florets), each one capable of producing a seed. The disk florets are in the center of the bloom head, and the ray florets are on the perimeter. The ray florets are considered imperfect flowers, as they only possess the female productive organs, while the disk florets are considered perfect flowers as they possess both male and female reproductive organs.

Irregular Incurve: These are the giants of the chrysanthemum world. Quite often disbudded to create a single giant bloom (ogiku), the disk florets are completely concealed, while the ray florets curve inwardly to conceal the disk and also hang down to create a 'skirt'. Also called, 'japs'.

Reflex: The disk florets are concealed and the ray florets reflex outwards to create a mop like appearance.

Regular Incurve: Similar to the irregular incurves, only usually smaller blooms, with nearly perfect globular form. Disk florets are completely concealed. They used to be called 'Chinese'.

Decorative: Similar to reflex blooms without the mop like appearance. Disk florets are completely concealed, ray florets usually don't radiate at more than a 90 degree angle to the stem.

Intermediate Incurve: These blooms are in-between the Irregular and Regular incurves in both size and form. They usually have broader florets and a more loosely composed bloom. Again, the disk florets are completely concealed.

Pompon: *Note the spelling, it is not pompom. The blooms are fully double, of small size, and almost completely globular in form.

Single/Semi-Double: These blooms have completely exposed disk florets, with between 1 and 7 rows of ray florets, usually radiating at not more than a 90 degree angle to the stem.

Anemone: The disk florets are prominently featured, quite often raised and overshadowing the ray florets.

Spoon: The disk florets are visible, and the ray florets are spatulate.

Quill: The disk florets are completely concealed, and the ray florets are tube like.

Spider: The disk florets are completely concealed, and the ray florets are tube liked with hooked or barbed ends, hanging loosely around the stem.

Brush & Thistle: The disk florets may be visible. The ray florets are often tube like, and project all around the flower head, or project parallel to the stem.

Exotic: These blooms defy classification as they possess the attributes of more than one of the other twelve bloom types.

Chrysanthemum leaves resemble its close cousin, the mugwort weed — so much so that mugwort is sometimes called wild chrysanthemum — making them not always the first choice for professional gardeners.

Culinary uses

Yellow or white chrysanthemum flowers are boiled to make a sweet drink in some parts of Asia. The resulting beverage is known simply as "chrysanthemum tea" (菊花茶, pinyin: júhuā chá, in Chinese). Chrysanthemum tea is a flower-based Tisane made from Chrysanthemum flowers of the species Chrysanthemum morifolium or Chrysanthemum indicum, Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Chrysanthemum tea has many medicinal uses, including an aid in recovery from influenza. In Korea, a rice wine flavored with chrysanthemum flowers is called gukhwaju (국화주). Korean culture has a great variety of traditional alcoholic beverages most of which are called by the Sino-Korean term ju ( Hangul: 주 ^{photo 1photo 2}

Insecticidal uses

Chrysanthemum coronarium in the Tel Aviv botanical garden

Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum [or Tanacetum] cinerariaefolium) is economically important as a natural source of insecticide. Tel Aviv-Yafo (תֵּל ־אָבִיב-יָפוֹ تل أبيب Tal ʾAbīb) (usually Tel Aviv) is the second-largest city in Israel Botanical gardens grow a wide variety of Plants primarily to categorize and document for scientific purposes Pyrethrum refers to several Old World plants of the genus Chrysanthemum (e Tanacetum is a genus of about 70 species of Flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere An insecticide is a Pesticide used against Insects in all developmental forms The flowers are pulverized, and the active components called pyrethrins, contained in the seed cases, are extracted and sold in the form of an oleoresin. The pyrethrins are a pair of natural Organic compounds that have potent insecticidal activity Resin, not to be confused with Rosin, is a Hydrocarbon Secretion of many Plants particularly coniferous trees. This is applied as a suspension in water or oil, or as a powder. Pyrethrins attack the nervous systems of all insects, and inhibit female mosquitoes from biting. Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described Mosquitoes are insects in the family Culicidae. They have a pair of scaled wings a pair of Halteres, a slender body and long legs When not present in amounts fatal to insects, they still appear to have an insect repellent effect. An insect repellent is a substance applied to skin clothing or other surfaces which discourages Insects (and Arthropods in general from landing or climbing on that They are harmful to fish, but are far less toxic to mammals and birds than many synthetic insecticides and are non-persistent, being biodegradable and also breaking down easily on exposure to light. Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. Biodegradation is the process by which organic substances are broken down by the enzymes produced by living organisms Chemical decomposition or analysis is the separation of a Chemical compound into elements or smaller compounds They are considered to be amongst the safest insecticides for use around food. Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an (Pyrethroids are synthetic insecticides based on natural pyrethrum, e. A pyrethroid is a synthetic Chemical compound similar to the natural chemical Pyrethrins produced by the flowers of Pyrethrums ( Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium g. , permethrin. Permethrin is a common synthetic chemical widely used as an Insecticide and Acaricide and as an Insect repellent. )

Environmental uses

Chrysanthemum plants have been shown to reduce indoor air pollution by the NASA Clean Air Study. The NASA Clean Air Study has been led by the NASA in association with the Associated Landscape Contractors of America (ALCA ^[1]

Cultural significance and symbolism

In some countries of Europe (e. g. , France, Poland, Croatia), in Korea and in Japan, white chrysanthemums are symbolic of death and are only used for funerals or on graves. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Death is the termination of the biological functions that define living Organisms It refers both to a specific In China, white chrysanthemums are symbolic of lamentation, while in some other countries, of honesty. ^[2] In the United States, the flower is usually regarded as positive and cheerful. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

kikukamonshō on Japanese battleship Mikasa

Chrysanthemum Throne
The gate of Yashukuni shrine

• The Chrysanthemum Throne (Japanese: 菊花紋章, kikukamonshō or kikkamonshō) is the name given to the position of Japanese emperor. Background Following the 1894–1895 First Sino-Japanese War, and the forced return of the Liaodong Peninsula to China under Russian pressure Japan began to is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities The of Japan is the country's Monarch. He is the head of the Japanese Imperial Family. The chrysanthemum (菊 kiku in Japanese) is the monshō ("badge" or "crest") of the emperor of Japan, and therefore the flower represents the emperor and Imperial House. is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities ( plural mon) also,, and, are Japanese heraldic symbols Mon may refer to any symbol while The Imperial House of Japan (also referred to as the Imperial Family or kōshitsu, 皇室 comprises those members of the extended family of the reigning Emperor of The term kikukamonshō literally means the "Chrysanthemum Crest" (Imperial Seal). The Imperial Seal of Japan is a mon or crest used by members of the Japanese Imperial family
• In Japan the chrysanthemum is also considered a symbol of homosexuality, as the tightly gathered petals are supposed to represent the male anus. ^[3]
• The Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum: a Japanese honor awarded by the emperor. The Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum (大勲位菊花章 daikun'i kikkashō, literally Grand Order of the Badge of the Chrysanthemums) is Japan 's
• The chrysanthemum is one of the "Four Junzi Flowers" (四君子) of China (the others being ume, orchid, and bamboo), known in Chinese as jú (菊). Junzi ( Pinyin: Jūnzǐ was a term coined by Confucius to describe his ideal human The Culture of China (traditional Chinese 中國文化 simplified Chinese 中国文化 is home to one of the world's oldest and most complex Civilizations covering a history Bamboo is a group of Woody perennial Evergreen Plants in the True grass family Poaceae, subfamily The jú is said to have been favored by Tao Qian, an influential Chinese poet, and is symbolic of nobleness. Translation Editions Meng Erdong ed Tao Yuanming Ji Yi Zhu ISBN 7-80626-064-1
• The chrysanthemum is the flower of the American musician fraternity Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia. Phi Mu Alpha (ΦΜΑ Sinfonia is a collegiate social fraternity for men with an interest in music
• The white chrysanthemum is the flower of Triangle Fraternity, a society of engineers, architects, and scientists.
• Chrysanthemums were recognized as the official flower of the city of Chicago in 1961. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. ^[4]
• The term "chrysanthemum" is also used to refer to a certain type of firework shell that produces a pattern of trailing sparks similar to a chrysanthemum flower. A firework is classified as a low explosive pyrotechnic device used primarily for aesthetic and entertainment purposes
• The chrysanthemum is also the flower of November. Events in November All Saints' Day (formerly All Hallows Day a Christian holy day is celebrated on November 1, the day after Halloween ^[5]

• A Chrysanthemum Festival is held each year in Tongxiang, near Hangzhou, China. Tongxiang City ( Chinese: 桐[[wikt 乡|乡]] 市; Pinyin: Tóngxiāng Shì is a County-level city, part of Jiaxing (嘉兴 ( Postal map spelling: Hangchow) is a Sub-provincial city located in the Yangtze River Delta in the People's Republic of China, ^[6]
• The "golden flower" referred to in the 2006 movie Curse of the Golden Flower is a chrysanthemum. Curse of the Golden Flower ( also known literally as When Golden Armour Covers the Entire City, is a 2006 Chinese historical
• Chrysanthemums are common visual hallucinations induced by the psychoactive Dimethyltryptamine. A hallucination, in the broadest sense is a Perception in the absence of a stimulus. Dimethyltryptamine (DMT also known as NN -dimethyltryptamine, is a naturally occurring Tryptamine and potent psychedelic drug found not only in ^[7]
• The city of Nihonmatsu, Japan hosts the "Nihonmatsu Chrysanthemum Dolls Exhibition" every autumn in historical ruin of Kasumigajo castle. is a city located in Fukushima, Japan. As of July 2006, the city has an estimated Population of 64317 with a density of For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. ^[8]

See also

• Chrysanthemum tea
• Garland chrysanthemum
• Daisy
• Chrysanthemum Throne
• Persian powder

• Order of the Chrysanthemum
• Pyrethrins, natural compounds
• Pyrethroids, synthetic versions
• photoperiodism

References

• CARVALHO, S. M. P. , H. ABI-TARABAY and E. HEUVELINK. 2005. Temperature affects chrysanthemum flower characteristics differently during three phases of the cultivation period. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 80(2): 209-216.
• VAN DER PLOEG A. and E. HEUVELINK. 2006. The influence of temperature on growth and development of chrysanthemum cultivars: a review. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 81(2): 174-182.

External links

• Germplasm Resources Information Network: Chrysanthemum
• Chrysanthemums
• Chrysanthemum Gardening and care
• United States National Chrysanthemum Society, Inc.
• ICBN: List of conserved genera (scroll down for Chrysanthemum)
• [3]
• UC IPM online