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Christopher Robert Browning (born May 22, 1944) is an American historian of the Holocaust. Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. See also History An historian is an individual who studies and writes about History, and is regarded as an Authority on it The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as

Contents

Education

Browning received his bachelor's degree from Oberlin College in 1966 and his doctorate from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1975. Oberlin College is a private Liberal arts college in Oberlin Ohio. He taught at Pacific Lutheran University from 1974 to 1999, eventually becoming a Distinguished Professor. Pacific Lutheran University is located in Parkland, a suburb of Tacoma Washington. In 1999, he moved to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill to accept an appointment as Frank Porter Graham Professor of History. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ( UNC, North Carolina, or simply Carolina) is a public, Coeducational Research

Work

He is best known for his 1992 book Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland, a study of German Ordnungspolizei (Order Police) Reserve Unit 101, used to massacre and round up Jews for deportation to the death camps in Poland in 1942. The Ordnungspolizei (Orpo was the name for the uniformed Regular German Police force in existence during the period of Nazi Germany, notably Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The conclusion of the book, which was much influenced by the experiments of Stanley Milgram, was that the men of Unit 101 were not demons or Nazi fanatics but ordinary middle-aged men of working-class background from Hamburg, who had been drafted but found unfit for military duty. Stanley Milgram ( August 15, 1933 – December 20, 1984) was a Social psychologist at Yale Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany These men were ordered to round up Jews and if there was not enough room for them on the trains, to shoot them. The commander of the unit gave his men the choice of opting out of this duty if they found it too unpleasant; the majority chose not to exercise that option. Browning argued that the men of Unit 101 killed out of a basic obedience to authority and peer pressure, not blood-lust or primal hatred. The implication of the book is that most people placed into a group and given the choice between killing and belonging to the group or not killing and not belonging, will choose the former. Additionally the book demonstrates that ordinary people will more than likely follow orders, even those they might personally question, when they perceive these orders as originating from an authority.

Ordinary Men achieved much acclaim but was denounced by Daniel Goldhagen for missing what Goldhagen considered the importance of German culture for causing the Holocaust. Daniel Jonah Goldhagen (born 1959 is an American political scientist and former Associate Professor of Political Science and Social Studies at In an extremely hostile book review in the April 1992 edition of The New Republic, Goldhagen called Ordinary Men a book of no scholarly value and accused Browning of manufacturing his evidence. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) The New Republic ( TNR) is an American Magazine of politics and the arts Goldhagen's controversial 1996 book Hitler's Willing Executioners was largely written to rebut Browning's book. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar)

When David Irving sued Deborah Lipstadt for libel in 2000, Browning was one of the leading witnesses for the defense. David John Cawdell Irving (born 24 March 1938 is a British writer specializing in the Military history of World War II. Deborah Esther Lipstadt (born March 18 1947 New York City) is an American Historian and author of the book Denying the Holocaust. Another historian, Robert Jan Van Pelt wrote a report on the gassing facilities at Auschwitz, and Browning wrote a report on the evidence for the extermination of the Jews on a wider scale. "Auschwitz" redirects here For the town see Oświęcim Auschwitz-Birkenau () was the largest of Nazi Germany [1] The American journalist D. D. Guttenplan considered Browning to be the most effective of the witnesses for Lipstadt.

Browning's interpretation of the Holocaust

Browning is a functionalist in the origins of the Holocaust debate, following the principles of the "moderate functionalist" school of thought, which focuses on the structure and institution of the Third Reich, moving the focus away from Hitler. Functionalism (or structuralism) versus intentionalism is a historiographical debate about the origins of The Holocaust as well as most Functionalism sees the extermination of the Jews as the improvisation and radicalization of a polycratic regime. Functionalists do not vindicate Adolf Hitler yet they recognize that many other factors were involved in the Final Solution. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately The Final Solution ( Die Endlösung) was Nazi Germany 's plan and execution of its systematic Genocide against European Jewry during World

Browning has argued that the Final Solution was the result of the "cumulative radicalization" (to use Hans Mommsen's phrase) of the German state, especially when faced with the self-imposed "problem" of 3 million Jews (mostly Polish) whom the Nazis had forced into ghettos between 1939 and 1941. Hans Mommsen (born November 5, 1930) is a Left-wing German historian and twin brother of Wolfgang Mommsen. The intention was to have these and other Jews resident in the Third Reich expelled eastward once a destination was selected. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers For a time in 1940, the Madagascar Plan, where after Germany defeated Britain, France was to cede Madagascar to Germany, and then all of the Jews of Europe were to be expelled to that island, was considered as a option. The Madagascar Plan was a suggested policy of the Nazi government to forcibly relocate the Jewish population of Europe to the island of Madagascar. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic) is an Island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern Germany's inability to defeat Britain prevented the execution of the Madagascar Plan. Browning has been able to establish that the phrase "Final Solution to the Jewish Question", first used in 1939, meant until 1941 a "territorial solution". Owing to the military developments of World War II and to turf wars within the German bureaucracy, expulsion lost its viability such that by 1941, members of the bureaucracy were willing to countenance the destruction of that population. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

Browning divides the officials of the Government-General of occupied Poland into two factions. The General Government (Generalgouvernement refers to a part of the territories of Poland (and Ostrava Czechoslovakia under German Military occupation One, the "Productionists", favored using Jews of the ghettos as a source of slave labor to help with the war effort. The other, "Attritionists" favored letting Jews of the ghettos starve and die of disease. At the same time, there were struggles between the SS and Hans Frank, the Governor-General of Poland. The ( German for "Protective Squadron" abbreviated SS - or ( Runic)- was a major Nazi organization under Adolf Hitler and the Hans Michael Frank ( May 23 1900 &ndash October 16 1946) was a German Lawyer who worked for the Nazi party The SS favored "The Nisko/Lublin Plan" of creating a "Jewish Reservation" in Lublin, Poland into which all of the Jews of Greater Germany, Poland and the former Czechoslovakia were to be expelled. The Nisko Plan, also known as the Lublin Plan was an SS territorial solution to the Jewish Question in Nazi Germany developed in September 1939 Lublin is the largest city in eastern Poland and the capital of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 355954 Frank was opposed to the "Lublin Plan" on the ground that the SS were "dumping" Jews into his territory. Frank together with Hermann Göring wished for Government-General of Poland to become the "granary" of the Reich, and opposed the ethnic cleansing schemes of Heinrich Himmler and Arthur Greiser as disruptive of economic conditions[2]. Hermann Wilhelm Göring (also spelled Goering) (12 January 1893 15 October 1946 was a German Politician, Military leader and a leading member Heinrich Luitpold Himmler ( 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945 was a Nazi German politician and head of the Schutzstaffel (SS. Arthur Greiser ( January 22, 1897 &ndash July 14, 1946) was a Nazi German Politician and SS A attempt to settle these difficulties at conference between Himmler, Göring, Frank and Greiser at Göring's Karinhall estate on February 12, 1940 was scuttled in May 1940 when Himmler was able to show Hitler a memo entitled "Some Thoughts on the Treatment of Alien Population in the East" on May 15, 1940 which Hitler called "good and correct"[3]. Himmler's memo, which called for expelling all of the Jews of German-ruled Europe into Africa and reducing Poles to "leaderless laboring class", and Hitler's approval of the memo led as Browning noted to a major change in German policy in Poland along the lines suggested by Himmler[4]. Browning called the way the Göring/Frank-Himmler/Greiser dispute a perfect example of how Hitler encouraged his followers to engage in turf battles with one another without deciding for one policy option or other, but clearly hinting at the direction he preferred policy to go[5].

Publications

References

  1. ^ Evans, Richard J. (2002). Professor Richard Evans (born 1947 is a British Historian of Germany. Telling Lies about Hitler. Verso, 35. ISBN 1-85984-417-0.  
  2. ^ Rees, Lawrence The Nazis pages 148-149.
  3. ^ Rees, Lawrence The Nazis page 149.
  4. ^ Rees, Lawrence The Nazis pages 148-149.
  5. ^ Rees, Lawrence The Nazis page 150

Further reading

External links



Persondata
NAME Browning, Christopher
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Browning, Christopher Robert
SHORT DESCRIPTION American historian of the Holocaust
DATE OF BIRTH May 22, 1944
PLACE OF BIRTH
DATE OF DEATH
PLACE OF DEATH
The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
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