Christina
Queen of Sweden, the Goths and the Wends; Grand Princess of Finland; Duchess of Estonia, Karelia, Bremen, Verden, Stettin, Pomerania, Kashubia and Wendia; Princess of Rügen; Lady of Ingria and Wismar
Reign	6 November 1632 – 6 June 1654 (caretaker government until 8 November 1644)
Coronation	20 October 1650
Born	8 December 1626
Birthplace	Stockholm
Died	19 April 1689 (aged 62)
Place of death	Rome
Buried	St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City
Predecessor	Gustav II Adolf
Successor	Charles X Gustav
Consort	Unmarried
Issue	None
Royal House	Vasa
Royal motto	Columna regni sapientia ("Wisdom is the prop of the realm")
Father	Gustav II Adolf
Mother	Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg

Christina (Swedish: Kristina) (8 December^[1] 1626 – 19 April 1689), later known as Maria Christina Alexandra and sometimes Countess Dohna, was Queen regnant of Sweden from 1632 to 1654. The monarch is the Head of state of the Kingdom of Sweden. Sweden being a Constitutional monarchy with a Representative democracy based on a The title of King of the Goths (Götes konung Gothernes konge / De Gothers konge gothorum rex was for many centuries borne by both the Kings of Sweden and the Kings of The title of King of the Wends denoted sovereignty or claims over once- Slavic lands of southern coasts of the Baltic Sea, those otherwise called Mecklenburg Grand Duke of Finland, or more correctly translated Grand Prince of Finland ( Storfurste av Finland Suomen suuriruhtinas was from around 1580 Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region Karelia ( Karelian and Finnish Karjala, Карелия ( Kareliya) Karelen the land of the Karelian peoples, is an area in Bremen-Verden ( Duchy of Bremen, German Herzogtum Bremen was a dominion of Sweden from 1648 to 1712, when it was captured by Denmark and in 1715 ceded Swedish Pomerania (Svenska Pommern Schwedisch-Pommern was a Dominion under the Swedish Crown from the 17th to the 19th century situated on what is now the Kashubians/Kashubs/Kaszubians (Kaszëbi Kaszubi also called Kassubians or Cassubians, are a West Slavic Ethnic group of north-central Rügen (ˈʁyːgən or Rugia is Germany 's largest Island. It is located in the Baltic Sea off the coast of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern For the Italian municipality see Ingria Italy. For the Brachiopod Genus, see Ingria (brachiopod. Wismar (ˈvɪsmaʁ is a small port and Hanseatic League town in northern Germany on the Baltic Sea, in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern,about Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year In Politics, a caretaker government rules temporarily A caretaker government is often set up following a War until stable Democratic rule can be restored Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. ('stɔkhɔlm is Sweden 's Capital and its largest City. It is the site of the national Swedish government, the parliament, and the Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 The Basilica of Saint Peter (Basilica Sancti Petri officially known in Italian as the Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano and commonly known as St Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory For the other Swedish kings known as Gustavus Adolphus see Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden or Gustav VI Adolf of Sweden Charles X Gustav (Karl X Gustav (8 November 1622 – 13 February 1660 was King of Sweden from 1654 until his death The House of Vasa ( Swedish: Vasaätten, Polish: Waza) was the Royal House of Sweden For the other Swedish kings known as Gustavus Adolphus see Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden or Gustav VI Adolf of Sweden Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg (11 November 1599 – 28 March 1655 was a German Princess and Queen consort of Sweden. Swedish ( is a North Germanic language spoken by more than nine million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer The monarch is the Head of state of the Kingdom of Sweden. Sweden being a Constitutional monarchy with a Representative democracy based on a "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. She was the only surviving legitimate child of King Gustav II Adolf of Sweden and his wife Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg. For the other Swedish kings known as Gustavus Adolphus see Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden or Gustav VI Adolf of Sweden Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg (11 November 1599 – 28 March 1655 was a German Princess and Queen consort of Sweden. As the heiress presumptive, at the age of six, she succeeded her father to the throne of Sweden upon his death at the Battle of Lützen in the Thirty Years' War. An heir presumptive is the person provisionally scheduled to inherit a throne peerage or other hereditary honor but whose position can be displaced by the birth of an Heir apparent The Battle of Lützen was one of the most decisive battles of the Thirty Years' War. For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War.

After having converted to Catholicism and abdicated her throne, she spent her latter years in France and Rome, where she was buried in St. Peter's Basilica. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 The Basilica of Saint Peter (Basilica Sancti Petri officially known in Italian as the Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano and commonly known as St

Contents 1 Early life 2 Queen regnant 3 Abdication 3.1 Political contributions 4 Setting off to Rome 5 Personal relationships 6 Legacy 7 Ancestors 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography

Early life

Christina was born in Stockholm and her birth occurred during a rare astrological conjunction that fueled great speculation on what influence the child, fervently hoped to be a boy, would later have on the world stage. ('stɔkhɔlm is Sweden 's Capital and its largest City. It is the site of the national Swedish government, the parliament, and the Astrology (from Greek grc ἄστρον astron, "constellation star" and grc -λογία -logia) is a group of Systems ^[2] The king had already sired two sons, one of whom was stillborn and the other lived only one year, heightening pressures for a male heir to be produced. She was educated in the manner typical of men, and frequently wore men's clothes (such as dresses with short skirts, stockings and shoes with high heels - all these features being useful when not riding pillion). A pillion is a secondary pad cushion or seat behind the main seat or saddle on a Horse, Motorcycle, or Moped.

Christina's mother, Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg, came from the Hohenzollern family. Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg (11 November 1599 – 28 March 1655 was a German Princess and Queen consort of Sweden. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state She was a woman of quite distraught temperament, and her attempts to bestow guilt on Christina for her difficult birth, or just the horror story itself, may have prejudiced Christina against the prospect of having to produce an heir to the throne.

Her father gave orders that Christina should be brought up as a prince. Even as a child she displayed great precociousness. In 1649, when she was twenty-three, she invited the philosopher Descartes to Sweden to tutor her (so early in the morning, according to one popular account, that the lessons hastened Descartes' death from pneumonia in 1650). Pneumonia is an inflammatory illness of the Lung. Frequently it is described as lung Parenchyma / alveolar inflammation and abnormal Christina also took the oath as king, not queen, because her father had wanted it so. Growing up, she was nicknamed the "Girl King. "

Queen regnant

The Crown of Sweden was hereditary in the family of Vasa, and from Karl IX's time excluding those Vasa princes who had been traitors or descended from deposed monarchs. Gustav Adolf's younger brother had died years earlier, and therefore there were only females left. Despite the fact that there were living female lines descended from elder sons of Gustav I Vasa, Christina was the heiress presumptive. Although she is often called "queen", her father brought her up as a prince and her official title was King.

National policy was directed during the first half of Christina's reign by her guardian, regent and adviser Axel Oxenstierna, chancellor to her father and until her majority in 1644 the principal member of the governing regency council. ( June 16, 1583 &ndash August 28, 1654) Count of Södermöre was a Swedish statesman

As ruler, Christina resisted demands from the other estates (clergy, burgesses and peasants) in the Riksdag of the Estates of 1650 for the reduction of tax-exempt noble landholdings. The Riksdag of the Estates, or Ståndsriksdagen, was the name used for the Estates of the Swedish realm, or Rikets ständer, when they were assembled Several princes of Europe aspired to her hand; but she rejected them all.

To prevent a renewal of applications on this subject, in 1649 she appointed her cousin Charles X Gustav of Sweden (also called Karl) her successor, but without the smallest participation in the rights of the crown during her own life. Charles X Gustav (Karl X Gustav (8 November 1622 – 13 February 1660 was King of Sweden from 1654 until his death

It was under Christina that Sweden undertook its short-lived effort at North American colonization, known as "New Sweden". New Sweden ( Nya Sverige in Swedish and Uusi-Ruotsi in Finnish) was a small Swedish settlement along the Delaware River Fort Christina, the first European settlement in the environs of what is now Wilmington, Delaware (and the first permanent settlement in the Delaware Valley as a whole) was named for the Queen. Fort Christina (later renamed Fort Altena) was the first Swedish settlement in North America and the principal settlement of the New Sweden Wilmington is the largest city in the state of Delaware, United States and is located at the confluence of the Christina River and Brandywine The Delaware Valley is a term used widely to refer to the metropolitan area centered on the city of Philadelphia in the United States.

Christina was interested in theatre and ballet; a French ballet-troup under Antoine de Beaulieu was employed by the court from 1638, and there were also an Italian and a French Orchestra at court, which all inspired her much. Theatre (or theater, see spelling differences) is the branch of the Performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one Ballet is a formalized form of Dance with its origins in the French court further developed in France and Russia as a Concert dance She invited foreign companies to play at Bollhuset, such as an Italian Opera troupe in 1652 and a Dutch theatre troupe in 1653; she was also herself an amateur-actor, and amateur-theatre was very popular at court in her days. Bollhuset, also called by the names sv Stora Bollhuset, sv Bollhusteatern, and sv Lejonkulan during the centuries was the name of the first theater of Her court poet Georg Stiernheilm wrote her several lays in the Swedish language, such as Den fångne Cupido eller Laviancu de Diane performed at court with Christina in the main part of the goddess Diana. She founded the dance order Amaranterordern in 1653.

Abdication

Christina abdicated her throne on June 5, 1654 in favour of her cousin Charles Gustavus in order to either practice openly her previously secret Catholicism, or to accept the same publicly so as to be at the centre of a scientific and artistic renaissance. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem Charles X Gustav (Karl X Gustav (8 November 1622 – 13 February 1660 was King of Sweden from 1654 until his death The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere The sincerity of her conversion has been questioned. In 1651, the Jesuit Paolo Casati had been sent on a mission to Stockholm in order to gauge the sincerity of her intention to become Catholic. The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order ('stɔkhɔlm is Sweden 's Capital and its largest City. It is the site of the national Swedish government, the parliament, and the

Her conversion was however not the only reason for her abdication, as there was increasing discontent with, in the words of her critics, her arbitrary and wasteful ways. Within ten years she had created 17 counts, 46 barons and 428 lesser nobles; to provide these new peers with adequate appanages, she had sold or mortgaged crown property representing an annual income of 1,200,000 riksdaler. An apanage or appanage is the grant of an estate titles offices or other things of value to the younger male children of a sovereign who under the system of The riksdaler was the name of a Swedish coin first minted in 1604 There were clear signs that Christina was growing weary of the cares of what remained a provincial government in spite of a large conquered territory.

Political contributions

The importunity of the senate and Riksdag on the question of her marriage was a constant source of irritation. In retirement she could devote herself wholly to art and science, and the opportunity of astonishing the world by the unique spectacle of a great king, in the prime of life, voluntarily resigning her crown, strongly appealed to her vivid imagination. It is certain that towards the end of her reign she behaved as if she were determined to do everything in her power to make herself as little missed as possible. From 1651 there was a notable change in her behavior. She cast away every regard for the feelings and prejudices of her people. She ostentatiously exhibited her contempt for the Protestant religion. Her foreign policy was flighty to the verge of foolishness. She contemplated an alliance with Spain, a state quite outside the orbit of Sweden's influence, the first fruits of which were to have been an invasion of Portugal. She utterly neglected affairs in order to plunge into a whirl of dissipation with her foreign favorites. The situation became impossible, and it was with an intense feeling of relief that the Swedes saw her depart, in masculine attire, under the name of Count Dohna.

Setting off to Rome

Upon conversion she took a new name, Maria Christina Alexandra, and moved to Rome, where her wealth and former position made her a centre of society. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Her status as the most notable convert to Catholicism of the age, and as the most famous woman at the time, made it possible for her to ignore or flout the most common requirements of obeisance to the Catholic faith. She herself remarked that her Catholic faith was not of the common order; indeed, before converting she had asked church officials how strictly she would be expected to obey the church's common observances, and received reassurances. Christina's visit to Rome was the triumph of Pope Alexander VII and the occasion for splendid Baroque festivities. Pope Alexander VII ( February 13, 1599 &ndash May 22, 1667) born Fabio Chigi, was Pope from April 7, Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc For several months she was the only preoccupation of the Pope and his court. The nobles vied for her attention and treated her to a never-ending round of fireworks, jousts, fake duels, acrobatics, and operas. At the Palazzo Aldobrandini, where she was welcomed by a crowd of 6,000 spectators, she watched in amazement at the procession of camels and elephants in Oriental garb, bearing towers on their backs. The Doria Pamphilj Gallery is a large art collection housed in the Palazzo Doria Pamphilj in Rome.

Having run out of money and surfeited with an excess of pageantry, Christina resolved, in the space of two years, to visit France. Here she was treated with respect by Louis XIV, but the ladies were shocked with her masculine appearance and demeanor and the unguarded freedom of her conversation. Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent When visiting the ballet with la Grande Mademoiselle, she, as the latter recalls, "surprised me very much - applauding the parts which pleased her, taking God to witness, throwing herself back in her chair, crossing her legs, resting them on the arms of her chair, and assuming other postures, such as I had never seen taken but by Travelin and Jodelet, two famous buffoons. Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans de Montpensier duchesse de Montpensier ( May 29, 1627 - April 3, 1693 was a French princess by birth . . She was in all respects a most extraordinary creature". ^[3]

In 1656, Christina planned to become Queen of Naples. Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the Her plans involved the help of French military. She had made an agreement with Cardinal Mazarin. Jules Mazarin, born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino ( July 14 1602 &ndash March 9 1661) was an accomplished French statesman Apartments were assigned to her at Fontainebleau, where she committed an action which has indelibly stained her memory and for which in other countries (says her biographer) she would have paid the forfeit of her own life. Fontainebleau is a commune in the metropolitan area of Paris, France. This was the execution of marchese Gian Rinaldo Monaldeschi, her master of the horse, who had betrayed Christina's plans in the autumn of 1657. The Monaldeschi were one of the powerful noble families of Orvieto, members of the Guelf party who contested with murders and violence the Ghibelline He was summoned into a gallery in the palace; letters were then shown to him, at the sight of which he turned pale and entreated for mercy; but he was instantly stabbed by two of her own domestics in an apartment adjoining that in which she herself was. The killing of Monaldeschi was legal since Christina had judicial rights over the members of her court. It was however seen as murder. The French court was offended by this deed; yet it met with vindicators, Gottfried Leibniz among them. Christina sensed that she was now regarded with horror in France, and would gladly have visited England, but she received no encouragement from Cromwell. Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 Old Style &ndash 3 September 1658 Old Style) was an English military and political leader best known She returned to Rome and resumed her amusements in the arts and sciences.

After the death of Charles Gustav in 1660, she took a journey to Sweden to recover her crown, but her estranged subjects rejected her claims. She submitted to a second renunciation of the throne and returned to Rome. Some differences with the Pope made her resolve in 1662 once more to return to Sweden; but the conditions annexed by the senate to her residence there were now so mortifying that she proceeded no farther than Hamburg. Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany She went back to Rome and cultivated a correspondence with the learned men there, and in other parts of Europe, as well as acting as patron to musicians such as Arcangelo Corelli and Alessandro Scarlatti. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Arcangelo Corelli (February 17 1653 &ndash January 8 1713 was a French Violinist Alessandro Scarlatti (May 2 1660 &ndash October 24 1725 was an Italian Baroque Composer especially famous for his Operas and chamber Cantatas

She died on April 19, 1689, leaving her large and important library, originally amassed as war booty by her father Gustavus from throughout his European campaign, to the Papacy. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Among other paintings, Titian's Venus Anadyomene originally was in the possession of Queen Christina. Tiziano Vecelli or Tiziano Vecellio (c 1485 &ndash August 27 1576 better known as Titian, was the leading painter of the 16th-century Venetian Venus Anadyomene (Greek - literally Venus rising from the sea is a c

She is one of only three women to be given the honor of being buried in the grottoes of St. Peter's Basilica, alongside the remains of the popes. The Basilica of Saint Peter (Basilica Sancti Petri officially known in Italian as the Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano and commonly known as St A monument to her was carved later on and adorns a column close to the permanent display of Michelangelo's Pietà. This article is about the earliest and best-known Pietà by Michelangelo At the opposite pillar across the nave is the Monument to the Royal Stuarts, commemorating the other 17th century monarchs who lost their thrones due to their Catholicism. The Monument to the Royal Stuarts is a memorial in St Peter's Basilica, in the Vatican in Rome.

Personal relationships

Christina resolutely refused to marry in spite of the fact that her counsellors reminded her of her duty to give Sweden an heir. One of her aphorisms reads 'Marriage is as good as incompatible with love'. One of the explanations for the contemporary rumours that Chrsitina sexually preferred women to men may be her critical opinion of marriage in general. The fact she cross-dressed was widely noted, her clothing was a mix between masculine and feminine styes and she wore men's shoes. Rumour had it that she might have been a hermaphrodite - and perhaps that is how she herself understood her own sex. This has led to her posthumously becoming an icon of the modern transgendered community. Some historians have tried to prove that Christina was physically a mixture of a man and woman, and in 1965 this led to an investigation of her mortal remains which showed she had a normal female body^[4].

Christina sat, talked, walked and moved in her way her contemporaries described as masculine. She preferred men's company to women's unless the women were very beautiful, in which case she courted them. The passion of Christina's youth was a woman, Ebba Sparre. Christina spent most of her spare time - including the nights - with 'la belle comtese' - often calling attention to her beauty. She even introduced her to the English ambassador Whitelocke as her 'bed-fellow', asking him if he found Sparre's reason as striking as her beauty. When Christina left Sweden she wrote passionate love-letters to Sparre, in which she told her that she would always love her.

Christina also had relationships with men. The strongest evidence of a lasting platonic love-affair from afar surfaced as encrypted letters she had sent to a Cardinal Decio Azzolino (with whom she was already at the time rumored to be a lover), which were decrypted in the 19th century. They speak of intense but sublimated erotic desire. She later named him as her sole heir. Azzolino was the leader of the free thinking "Flying Squad" (Squadrone Volante) movement within the Catholic Church.

Legacy

The complex character of Christina has inspired numerous plays, books, and operatic works. The Basilica of Saint Peter (Basilica Sancti Petri officially known in Italian as the Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano and commonly known as St August Strindberg's 1901 Kristina depicts her as a protean, impulsive creature. ( January 22, 1849  &ndash May 14, 1912) was a Swedish Writer, Playwright, and painter. "Each one gets the Christina he deserves" she remarks.

The most famous fictional treatment is the classic feature film Queen Christina from 1933 starring Greta Garbo. Queen Christina is a American pre-code Historical drama film directed by Rouben Mamoulian. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Greta Garbo ( 18 September 1905 &ndash 15 April 1990) was a Swedish-American actress during Hollywood 's This film, while entertaining, had almost nothing to do with the real Christina. Another feature film, The Abdication, starred the Norwegian actress Liv Ullmann, and was based on a play by Ruth Wolff. Liv Johanne Ullmann (born December 16 1938 in Tokyo Japan is a Norwegian actress and was the beloved muse of Swedish Academy Award winning director Ingmar

The Finnish author Zacharias Topelius' historical allegory Tähtien Turvatit also portrays her, like her father, as having a mercurial temperament, quick to anger, quicker to forgive. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Zacharias (Zachris Sakari Topelius ( January 14 1818, Nykarleby, Finland &ndash March 12 1898, Sibbo, Kaari Utrio has also portrayed her tormented passions and thirst for love. Kaari Marjatta Utrio (born July 28 1942, proper surname Utrio-Linnilä, is a Finnish writer

Christina has become an icon for the lesbian and feminist communities (and inspired comedian Jade Esteban Estrada to portray her in the solo musical ICONS: The Lesbian and Gay History of the World (Vol. A lesbian is a Woman who is romantically or sexually attracted only to other women Jade Esteban Estrada (born September 17 1975 at Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio Texas) is a successful Latin pop singer comedian choreographer actor 2).

Ancestors

Christina's ancestors in three generations

									Gustav I of Sweden (Vasa)
						Charles IX of Sweden (Vasa)
									Margaret Leijonhufvud
			Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (Vasa)
									Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
						Christina of Holstein-Gottorp
									Christine of Hesse
Christina of Sweden (Vasa)
									Joachim Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg
						John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg
									Catherine, Princess of Brandenburg-Küstrin
			Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg
									Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia
						Anna, Duchess of Prussia
									Marie Eleonore of Cleves

See also

• Fort Christina
• History of Sweden
• New Sweden
• Alessandro Scarlatti
• Swedish Empire
• List of Swedish monarchs
• List of Swedish queens
• Queen Village, a neighborhood in South Philadelphia, named for Queen Christina of Sweden
• Coenraad van Beuningen
• Isaac Vossius

Christina House of Vasa Born: December 8, 1626 Died: April 19, 1689
Regnal titles
Preceded by Gustav II Adolf as King of Sweden	Queen regnant of Sweden 1632-1654	Succeeded by Karl X Gustav as King of Sweden

References

Bibliography

• Christine of Sweden. Sweden. se. Retrieved on 1998-01-01. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC
• Queen Christina of Sweden. About: Women's History. Retrieved on 2007-01-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome.
• Åkerman, S. (1991). Queen Christina of Sweden and her circle : the transformation of a seventeenth century philosophical libertine. New York: E. J. Brill. ISBN 90-04-09310-9.  
• Buckley, Veronica (2005). Christina; Queen of Sweden. London: Harper Perennial. ISBN 1-84115-736-8.  
• Meyer, Carolyn. Kristina, the Girl King: Sweden, 1638.  
• Essen-Möller, E. (1937). Drottning Christina. En människostudieur läkaresynpunkt. Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup.  
• Goldsmith, Margaret L. (1935). Christina of Sweden; a psychological biography. London: A. Barker Ltd.  
• Hjortsjö, Carl-Herman (1966). The Opening of Queen Christina's Sarcophagus in Rome. Stockholm: Norstedts.  
• Hjortsjö, Carl-Herman (1966). Queen Christina of Sweden: A medical/anthropological investigation of her remains in Rome (Acta Universitatis Lundensis). Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup.  
• Mender, Mona (1997). Extraordinary women in support of music. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, pp. 29-35.  
• von Platen, Magnus (1966). Christina of Sweden: Documents and Studies. Stockholm: National Museum.  
• Stolpe, Sven (1996). Drottning Kristina. Stockholm: Aldus/Bonnier.  
• Lars Löfgren, "Svensk teater", ("Swedish Theatre").

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