Part of the Philosophy series on Anarchism

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Christian anarchism is any of several traditions which combine anarchism with Christianity. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Anarchism is a Political philosophy with many heterogeneous and diverse schools of thought, united by a common opposition to compulsory Some observers believe certain Buddhist teachings form a philosophical ground for Anarchism. Anarcho-capitalism (also known as Free-market anarchism) is an individualist anarchist Political philosophy that advocates the elimination Collectivist anarchism (also known as anarcho-collectivism) is an umbrella term embracing two Anarchist schools of thought the first school is Socialist Crypto-anarchism is an Ideology that expounds the use of strong Public-key cryptography to enforce Privacy and individual freedom. Anarcha-feminism (also called anarchist feminism and anarcho-feminism) combines Anarchism with Feminism. Green anarchism is a school of thought within Anarchism which puts an emphasis on Environmental issues. Individualist anarchism refers to any of several traditions that hold that "individual conscience and the pursuit of self-interest should not be constrained by any collective Infoanarchism is an Umbrella term for various groups of people who are opposed to forms of Intellectual property, such as Copyright and Patents Insurrectionary anarchism is a revolutionary theory practice and tendency within the Anarchist movement which opposes formal anarchist organizations such as labor unions and Left anarchism or left-wing anarchism refers to forms of anarchism that are seen by some on the ' left of politics ' Anarcho-pacifism (also pacifist anarchism or anarchist pacifism) is a form of Anarchism which completely rejects the use of Violence in Philosophical anarchism is an Anarchist school of thought which contends that the State lacks moral legitimacy but does not advocate revolution to eliminate Platformism is a tendency within the wider Anarchist movement which shares an affinity with organising in the tradition of Dielo Truda's Organizational Platform Post-anarchism or postanarchism is the term used to represent anarchist philosophies developed since the 1980s using post-structuralist and Post-left anarchy is a recent current in Anarchist thought that promotes a critique of anarchism's relationship to traditional leftism. Anarcho-primitivism is an anarchist critique of the origins and progress of Civilization. Social anarchism, socialist anarchism, anarcho-socialism, anarchist socialism or Communitarian anarchism,(sometimes used interchangeably with Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of Anarchism which focuses on the labour movement. Anarchism without adjectives (from the Spanish " anarquismo sin adjetivos " in the words of historian George Richard Esenwein "referred to an An Anarch is a Conservative Revolutionary ideal of a sovereign individual, conceived by Ernst Jünger. Anarchy (from αναρχία anarchía, "without ruler " may refer to any of the following "Absence of government a state of lawlessness A black bloc is made up largely of anarchists or autonomists, anti-capitalist individuals or groups that gather for protests demonstrations or other event Traditionally the revolutionary left sees the commune as a populist replacement for the elitist parliament Consensus democracy is the application of Consensus decision making to the process of legislation in a Democracy. __FORCETOC__ Decentralization or Decentralisation (see Spelling differences) is the process of dispersing Decision-making governance closer to the people Deep ecology is a recent branch of ecological Philosophy ( Ecosophy) that considers Humankind an integral part of its environment. Direct action is political action which happens outside normal political channels via indirect actions such as electing representatives. Direct Democracy is a movement within the British Conservative Party dedicated to localism and Constitutional reform as a means of reviving public Dual power is a concept first articulated in an article by Lenin, "The Dual Power" ( dvoevlastie) which described a situation in the wake of the February Especifismo (English specifism is one of the two main forms of anarchist activism championed by FARJ (Federação Anarquista do Rio de Janeiro and other South American anarchist organizations Horizontalidad ( Eng: horizontality or horizontalism) is a theory or system that advocates the creation development and maintenance of social structures Not to be confused with the concept of "popular illegalisms" created by Michel Foucault in Discipline and Punish. Individual reclamation ( Fr: reprise individuelle) is a form of the Direct action, characterized by the individual theft of resources from the rich by the Anarchist law refers to a series of ongoing debates within the various branches of Anarchist theory regarding if and how norms of individual and/or collective behavior Participatory Politics or Parpolity is a theoretical political system proposed by Stephen R A Permanent autonomous zone (or a PAZ) is a Community that is autonomous from the generally recognized Government or authority structure in which The term prefigurative politics is widespread within various activist movements and in short it describes modes of organization and tactics undertaken that accurately reflect the future Propaganda of the deed (or propaganda by the deed, from the French propagande par le fait) is a Concept that promotes physical violence against Refusal of work is a concept that has been advocated at various times by many social activist groups mostly located on the Libertarian left. Pleistocene Rewilding Rewilding is the process of creating a lifestyle that is beyond Domestication. Social Ecology is a philosophy developed by French geographer and anarchist Élisée Reclus and revived by Murray Bookchin in the 1960s See also the closely related articles Emergence and Self-organization. Anarchism is a heterogeneous philosophy with many different tendencies and schools of thought; differences on questions of ideology values and tactics are common This article discusses similarities and differences between Anarcho-capitalism and other types of Anarchism. The anarchist philosophical and political movement has some connections to elements of the Animal liberation movement. Though some Anarchists advocate free-market, Laissez-faire Capitalism, other anarchists oppose capitalism to varying degrees Criticisms of anarchism originate from the interest groups it opposes as well as related theories such as Marxism. Although anarchists commonly reject Organized religion (see Anarchism and religion) there have been numerous traditions within Islam (often associated with Sufism Anarchism and Marxism are related political philosophies which emerged in the nineteenth century Anarchism and nationalism both emerged in Europe following the French Revolution and have a long and complicated While there is no organized Orthodox Jewish anarchist movement, various anarchistic ideas are common in the works of many Kabbalists and Hasidic teachers Anarchists have traditionally been skeptical of and opposed to Organized religion. Anarchism and violence have become closely connected in popular thought in part because of a concept of " Propaganda of the deed " Originating in the Greek language ( αρχή "arche" means "beginning origin outset prime principle start threshold" the term "anarchy" The Amakasu Incident occurred on September 16, 1923, in the chaos immediately following the Great Kantō earthquake. Anarchist Catalonia ( July 21, 1936 – February 10, 1939) was the self-proclaimed Stateless territory and Anarchist The Anarchist Exclusion Act refers to two different acts passed by the United States Congress intended to keep immigrants that subscribed to anarchist ideas Somalia, from 1991 to present is cited as a real-world example of a Stateless society and legal system The Australian Anarchist Centenary Celebrations occurred on the 1st to the 4th of May 1986 in Melbourne, Australia. Barcelona May Days is a term covering the events between May 3 and May 8 1937, when factions on the Republican side of the Spanish Civil The Global Carnival Against Capital took place on Friday June 18, 1999. La Escuela Moderna ( Spanish for "The Modern School" was a progressive school that existed briefly at the start of the 20th century in Catalonia ( The Hague Congress was the Fifth congress of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA held in (September 1872) in The Hague Holland which anarchists consider The, also known as the, was a Socialist - Anarchist plot to assassinate the Japanese Emperor Meiji in 1910 leading to a mass arrest of leftists and the execution The International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam took place from 24 August to 31 August, 1907. The Kate Sharpley Library (or KSL) is a Library dedicated to anarchist texts and History. This article is about the historical event known as the Kronstadt rebellion The Labadie Collection at the University of Michigan is recognized as one of the world’s most complete collections of materials documenting the history of Anarchism LIP is a French clock company whose turmoil became emblematic of the conflicts between workers and management in France For other events in May 1968 see 1968. May Day occurs on May 1 and refers to any of several Public holidays In many countries May Day is synonymous with International Workers' Day, or Labour The Paris Commune (La Commune de Paris was a Government that briefly ruled Paris from 18 March (more formally from 26 March) to 28 May Provo was a Dutch Counterculture movement in the mid-1960s that focused on provoking violent responses from authorities using non-violent bait The Red inverted triangle was the badge that political prisoners in Nazi Concentration camps had to wear The Spanish Revolution of 1936 began during the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. Third Russian Revolution (also know as the Left Wing Rebellions Against the Bolsheviks) was a series of Rebellions and uprisings against the Bolsheviks Tragic Week (in Catalan la Setmana Tràgica, in Spanish la Semana Trágica) ( July 25 - August 2, 1909) is the Protest activity surrounding the WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999, which was to be the launch of a new millennial round of Trade negotiations occurred Anarcho-punk is a faction of the Punk subculture that consists of bands groups and individuals promoting anarchist politics Anarchism has long had an association with the Arts, particularly in music and literature Black anarchism opposes the existence of the State and the subjugation and domination of people of color and favors a non-hierarchical organization of society Celtic anarchism is a new tendency within the larger Anarchist movement A precise definition of culture jamming is elusive It has been called a Resistance movement to Cultural hegemony, whereas some say the defining theme of culture jamming DIY (or Do It Yourself culture is a broad term that refers to a wide range of Grassroots political activism Freeganism is an anti-consumerist lifestyle whereby people employ alternative living strategies based on "limited participation in the conventional economy and minimal consumption The Independent Media Center (aka Indymedia or IMC) is a global participatory network of journalists that reports on political and social issues An infoshop is a storefront or Social center that serves as a node for the distribution of Anarchist information typically in the form of books Zines, The Internationale ( L'Internationale in French) is a famous socialist, communist, and Social-democratic Jewish anarchism is a general term encompassing various expressions of Anarchism within the Jewish community Lifestyle anarchism is a term derived from Murray Bookchin 's polemical essay " Social Anarchism Or Lifestyle Anarchism An Unbridgeable Chasm. Popular education is at the crossroads between Politics and Pedagogy, and strongly relies on the democratic ideal of the Enlightenment, which considered Radical cheerleading is a form of Cheerleading that originated in Florida, but has now spread across the United States as well as Canada Radical environmentalism, is a grassroots branch of the larger Environmental movement that emerged out of an Ecocentrism -based frustration with the co-option of mainstream Squatting is the act of occupying an abandoned or unoccupied space or Building that the squatter does not own rent or otherwise have permission to use While anarchists have historically largely denied the importance of Symbols to political movement anarchists have embraced certain symbols for their cause " To The Barricades " ( A Las Barricadas) was one of the most popular songs of the Spanish anarchists during the Spanish Civil War. Anarchist economics is the set of theories and practices of economic activity within the political philosophy of Anarchism. Agorism is an anarchist Political philosophy founded by Samuel Edward Konkin III that holds the ultimate goal as bringing about a society in which Anarcho-capitalism (also known as Free-market anarchism) is an individualist anarchist Political philosophy that advocates the elimination Collectivist anarchism (also known as anarcho-collectivism) is an umbrella term embracing two Anarchist schools of thought the first school is Socialist Counter-economics is a term originally coined by Samuel Edward Konkin III, a radical Libertarian activist and theorist who defined it as " the study and/or Free-market anarchism (sometimes called market anarchism) refers to an Individualist anarchist Philosophy that harmonizes the abolition of the state with A free school, sometimes intentionally spelled free skool, is a decentralized network in which skills information and knowledge are shared without Hierarchy or the Give-away shops, freeshops, or free stores are second-hand stores where all goods are free "Georgist" redirects here For the Romanian political group see National Liberal Party-Brătianu. A gift economy is a Social theory in which goods and services are given without any explicit agreement for immediate or future Quid pro quo. Market abolitionism is a belief that the market, in the economic sense should be completely eliminated from society Mutual aid is a term in Political economy used to signify the economic concept of voluntary reciprocal exchange of resources and services for mutual benefit Mutualism, is an Anarchist school of thought, can be traced to the writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon that envisioned a society where each person might possess a Participatory economics, often abbreviated parecon, is a proposed Economic system that uses participatory decision making as an economic mechanism The Really Really Free Market ( RRFM) movement is a non- hierarchical collective of individuals who form a temporary Market based on an alternative Self-ownership (or sovereignty of the individual, individual sovereignty or individual autonomy) is the moral or natural right (aka Freedom of a person Social anarchism, socialist anarchism, anarcho-socialism, anarchist socialism or Communitarian anarchism,(sometimes used interchangeably with Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of Anarchism which focuses on the labour movement. Wage slavery is a term first coined by the Lowell Mill Girls in 1836 though articulated as a concept at least as early as Cicero and elaborated by subsequent thinkers Worker self-management (or autogestion) is a form of workplace decision-making in which the workers themselves agree on choices (for issues like customer care general production This is a list of anarchist movements by region, both geographical and/or political Anarchism in Africa refers both to purported anarchic political organization of some traditional African societies and to modern Anarchist movements in Africa The powerful Radical faction of Austria-Hungary 's Social Democratic Party was anarchist in all but name until 1884 and anarchist ideas penetrated deeply Anarchism was an influential contributor to the social politics of '''Brazil''''s Old Republic. Anarchism in Canada spans a range of anarchist philosophy including Anarcho-syndicalism, Individualist anarchism, green anarchy and Anarchist The origins of Chinese Anarchism are traceable to the early Chinese Nationalist movement Anarchism as a social movement in Cuba held great influence with the Working classes during the 19th and early 20th century Anarchism in France dates from the 18th century Many Anarchists such as the Egalitarians took part in the French Revolution. evolution of Anarchism in Greece has shown a series of historical paradoxes which have to do with both the insufficient historical coverage of such events as well as the distortion In India, Anarchism never took the form of formally named "anarchism" Irish Anarchism has little historical tradition before the 1970s and as a movement it only really developed from the late 1990s - although one organisation the Workers Anarchism has been an undercurrent in the politics of Palestine and Israel for over a century Italy, in particular at the turn of the 20th century had a strong Anarcho-syndicalist movement Anarchism was an influential movement in Japan in the 19th and 20th centuries Anarchism in Korea began in 1894 when Japan invaded Korea with the stated intention of protecting it from China. Pre-conquest some of the indigenous peoples of what is today Mexico had decisionmaking structures based on participation discussion and consensus hallmarks of modern anarchism The Anarchist movement in Poland developed at the end of the 19th century under the influence of anarchist ideas from Western Europe and Russia Russian anarchism is Anarchism in Russia or among Russians. Bakunin and the anarchists' exile See also Exile In 1848 Anarchism has historically gained more support and influence in Spain than anywhere else especially before Francisco Franco 's victory in the Spanish Civil War One of the first Swedish anarchists was the Swedish artist Ivan Aguéli who in 1884 was arrested and sentenced in the " Trial of the thirty " in Paris Anarchism came to the political scene in Turkey only after the publication of Kara, a monthly magazine Anarchism in Ukraine dates to the 20th century though it has roots in the peasant uprisings of Stenka Razin and Yemelyan Pugachev as well as the Zaporozhian Anarchism in the United States spans a wide range of Anarchist Philosophy, from Individualist anarchism to Anarchist communism and other less Anarchism as a Political movement in Vietnam started in the early twentieth century This is a list of Anarcho-punk bands The following is a list of notable or influential books on or relating to Anarchism, in alphabetical order by author This is a list of anarchist communities, past and present Throughout history anarchists have been involved in a wide variety of communities This is a list of Fictional anarchists; the source material in which they are found their creator(s the individual(s who interpreted them as anarchists during This is a list of Jewish Anarchists. A Yehuda Ashlag Paul Avrich B The following is a list of anarchist musicians, which details instruments such musicians utilize musical genres they perform and if applicable bands which they are members of This list uses the word Organization in its loosest sense Some of the following groups would be better categorized as networks. The following is a chronological list of noteworthy anarchist periodicals This is a list of anarchists poets, examples of their published work and the source material in which their poetry is found Anti-capitalism describes a wide variety of movements ideas and attitudes which oppose Capitalism. Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and Anti-consumerism refers to the socio-political movement against Consumerism. Anti-corporate activists (see Activism) believe that the rise of large business Corporations is posing a threat to the legitimate authority of the public good " Anti-globalization " is a term that encompasses a number of related ideas Antimilitarism is a doctrine commonly found in the Anarchist and more globally in the Socialist movement which may be both characterized as Internationalist Anti- Statism refers to opposition to state intervention into personal social or economic affairs The term anti-war usually refers to the opposition to a particular nation's decision to start or carry on an armed conflict unconditional of a maybe-existing just cause. Autarchism (from Greek, "belief in self rule" is a Political philosophy that upholds the principle of Individual liberty, rejects compulsory Autonomism refers to a set of Left-wing political and social movements and theories close to the socialist movement. The labour movement or labor movement is a broad term for the development of a collective organization of working people, to campaign in their own interest for better Left communism is the range of communist viewpoints held by the Communist Left, which opposes the political ideas of the Bolsheviks Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the Libertarian Marxism is a school of Marxism that describes itself as taking a less Authoritarian view of Marxist theory than conventional currents such as Stalinism Libertarian socialism is a group of political philosophies that aim to create a society without political economic or social hierarchies – a society in which all violent The Situationist International ( SI) was a small group of international political and artistic Agitators with roots in Marxism, Lettrism and the Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Christian anarchists believe that freedom is justified spiritually through the teachings of Jesus. Freedom, or the idea of being free is a broad concept that The English word " spirit " comes from the Latin " spiritus " (breath Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) This has caused them to be critical of government and Church authority. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. Sacred Tradition or Holy Tradition is a technical theological term used in some Christian traditions primarily in the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Some believe all individuals can directly communicate with God, which negates the need for a system of clergy. Leo Tolstoy's The Kingdom of God Is Within You^[1] is a key text in modern Christian anarchism. Leo Tolstoy, or Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy ( –) (Лев Никола́евич Толсто́й, was a Russian Writer widely regarded The Kingdom of God Is Within You (Царство Божие внутри вас Bozhiye vnutri vas'' is the Non-fiction Magnum opus of Leo Tolstoy

Contents 1 History 1.1 The Life and Teaching of Jesus 1.2 The early Church 1.3 The conversion of the Roman Empire 2 Anarchist Biblical views and principles 2.1 Antinomianism 2.2 Mysticism 2.3 Pacifism and nonviolence 2.4 Simple living 2.5 States and state control 2.6 Tax resistance 2.7 Vegetarianism 3 Later anarchistic Christian groups 3.1 The Doukhobors 3.2 Catholic Worker Movement 3.3 Student Christian Movement 4 Anarchist quotations 5 Key individuals 5.1 Adin Ballou 5.2 Søren Kierkegaard 5.3 Henry David Thoreau 5.4 William B. Greene 5.5 Leo Tolstoy 5.6 Nikolai Berdyaev 5.7 Léonce Crenier 5.8 Ammon Hennacy 5.9 Dorothy Day 5.10 Jacques Ellul 5.11 Thomas J. Hagerty 5.12 Philip Berrigan 5.13 Ivan Illich 5.14 Vernard Eller 5.15 Fyodor Dostoevsky 6 Anarchist organisations 7 See also 8 References 9 External links

History

The Life and Teaching of Jesus

More than any other text, the four Gospels provide the basis for Christian anarchism. This article is about the canonical books of the New Testament Dorothy Day, Ammon Hennacy, Leo Tolstoy and others constantly refer back to the words of Jesus in their social and political texts. Dorothy Day ( November 8, 1897 – November 29, 1980) was an American Journalist turned anarchist, social activist Ammon Hennacy ( July 24 1893 – January 14 1970) was an American pacifist, Christian anarchist, vegetarian For example, the title "The Kingdom of God is Within You" is a direct quote of Jesus from Luke 17:21. The Gospel of Luke (Gk Κατά Λουκάν Ευαγγέλιον) is a synoptic Gospel, and is the third and longest of the four canonical Gospels of the Dorothy Day and the Catholic Worker Movement particularly favored the Works of Mercy (Matthew 25:31–46), which were a recurring theme in both their writing and art. Dorothy Day ( November 8, 1897 – November 29, 1980) was an American Journalist turned anarchist, social activist The Catholic Worker Movement is a Catholic organization founded by the " Servant of God " Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin in 1933 The Works of Mercy or Acts of Mercy are actions and practices which the Roman Catholic Church considers expectations to be fulfilled by believers and which are also The Gospel of Matthew (Gk Κατά Ματθαίον Ευαγγέλιον is one of the four Canonical gospels in the New Testament and is a Synoptic gospel

The early Church

See also: Early Christianity

Some of the early Christian communities seem to have practiced certain features of anarchism. Early Christianity is commonly defined as the Christianity of the three centuries between the Crucifixion of Jesus ( c For example, the Jerusalem group, as described in Acts, shared their money and labor equally and fairly among the members. The Acts of the Apostles is a book of the Bible, which now stands fifth in the New Testament. ^[2] From the earliest period, women and men seem to have shared religious duties equally, though the public offices, such as missionary work and Temple observances, seem to have been held exclusively by men. ^[3] In respect to the latter, Christianity did not differ from any of the other Jewish sects active in the ancient world.

Some, such as Ammon Hennacy and Keith Akers, have claimed that a "shift" away from Jesus' practices and teachings of nonviolence, simple living and freedom occurred in the theology of Paul of Tarsus. Ammon Hennacy ( July 24 1893 – January 14 1970) was an American pacifist, Christian anarchist, vegetarian Keith Akers is an American advocate of Nonviolence, Simple living and Christian vegetarianism. Simple living (or voluntary simplicity) is a lifestyle individuals choose to minimize the 'more-is-better' pursuit of Wealth and consumption. Paul the apostle (שאול התרסי Šaʾul HaTarsi, meaning " Saul of Tarsus " Σαούλ Saul and Σαῦλος Saulos and These individuals suggest that Christians should look at returning to pre-"Pauline Christianity". Pauline Christianity is a term used to refer to a branch of Early Christianity associated with the beliefs and doctrines espoused by Paul the Apostle through Although there is some evidence that egalitarian Jewish Christians existed shortly after Jesus's death, possibly including the Ebionites, the majority of Christians soon followed the hierarchical and authoritarian religious structure which they attribute to Paul. Egalitarianism (derived from the French word égal, meaning equal) is a political doctrine that holds that all people should be treated as equals and have Jewish Christians (sometimes called also "Hebrew Christians" or "Christian Jews") is a term which can have two meanings a historical one and a The Ebionites ( Greek: grc Ἐβιωναῖοι Ebionaioi from Hebrew; he '''אביונים''' he-Latn ''Ebyonim'' "the Poor Ones" were an A hierarchical organization structured in a way such that every entity in the organization except one is Subordinate to a single other entity Authoritarianism describes a Form of government characterized by an emphasis on the Authority of the State in a republic or union

As the Christian community grew and spread, some prominent members began to advocate legalism^[4] and strict obedience to church doctrine. Legalism, in Christian Theology, is a pejorative term referring to an over-emphasis on law or codes of conduct or legal ideas usually implying an allegation Obedience, in human behavior is the quality of being obedient, which describes the act of carrying out commands or being actuated Doctrine (Latin doctrina) is a codification of beliefs or "a body of teachings quot or "instructions" taught principles or positions as the This type of religious authority and adherence has been compared to the theological economy of Israelite sacrificial religion in the second Temple period which Jesus directly attacked in throwing the money changers out of the Temple district (Matt 21:12-27). Theocracy is a form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler The Second Temple (בית המקדש romanized 'Beit HaMikdash' meaning 'Holy House' was the reconstructed Temple in Jerusalem which stood between 516 BCE and 70 CE The narrative of Jesus and the Money Changers occurs in both the Synoptic Gospels and in the Gospel of John, although it occurs close to the end of the Synoptic Gospels

Other Christians say that Paul's teachings emphasized congregational autonomy, servant-like leadership within the churches, prohibitions on one-man rule even in a local church, and other practices which contrast with this claim. Evidence of this interpretation can be found in Galatians 3:28, in which Paul describes a radically egalitarian Christian community where race, class and gender are abrogated. The Epistle to the Galatians is a book of the New Testament. It is a letter from Paul of Tarsus to a number of early Christian communities in the Roman province of

The conversion of the Roman Empire

See also: Constantine I and Christianity

After the conversion of the emperor Emperor Constantine, Christianity was legalised under the Edict of Milan in 313 bringing an end to the persecution of Christians. Persecutions See also Persecution of Christians The first recorded significant persecution of Christians at the hands of the authorities of the Roman Empire Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus (27 February ca. 272 &ndash 22 May 337 commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Saint Constantine The Edict of Milan was a letter signed by emperors Constantine and Licinius, that proclaimed Religious toleration in the Roman Empire. Some Christian anarchists argue that this merger of Church and state marks the beginning of the "Constantinian shift", in which Christianity gradually came to be identified with the will of the ruling elite and, in some cases, a religious justification for the exercise of power. Constantinian shift is a term used by Anabaptist and Post-Christendom theologians to describe the political and theological aspects of the 4th century

Anarchist Biblical views and principles

Antinomianism

Main article: Antinomianism

Some Christian anarchists are antinomian, often meaning that they do not consider themselves subject to a moral law given by religious or other authorities, but most frequently applying to the Old Testament. For the term in politics describing socialist movements see Autonomism Antinomianism (from the Greek ἀντί, "against" Many base their beliefs upon an interpretation of the simple principles and historic messages of Jesus, such as the Sermon on the Mount, while others hold a higher critical view of the Bible, allowing for more lenient interpretation. In the Gospel of St Matthew, the Sermon on the Mount is a compilation of Jesus' sayings epitomizing his moral teaching. Historical criticism or higher criticism is a branch of literary analysis that investigates the origins of a text as applied in Biblical studies it naturally

Opponents of Christian anarchism, ranging from Jewish to Catholic to certain Protestant sects, have criticized the anarchist viewpoint for what they view as rejection of the "inerrant Word of God" and also of church leadership. For the term in politics describing socialist movements see Autonomism Antinomianism (from the Greek ἀντί, "against" They believe that there is a need for a law to maintain order, while anarchists claim that good people do not require a law. See also Biblical law in Christianity. Biblical law in Christianity generally refers to a discussion as to what and how the biblical law applies in a Christian context.

Mysticism

See also: Christian mysticism and Christian meditation

The spirituality of a Christian anarchist can be as diverse as in any Christian tradition. Christian Mysticism is traditionally practised through the disciplines of Prayer (including oratio meditation and Contemplation Christian meditation is Meditation in a Christian context The word meditation has come to have two different meanings (1 continued intent focused thought and Spirituality, in a narrow sense concerns itself with matters of the Spirit, a concept closely tied to religious belief and Faith, a transcendent reality For Christian anarchists who have their roots in the New Testament their spirituality may be described as mystical but is also very orthodox. Christian Mysticism is traditionally practised through the disciplines of Prayer (including oratio meditation and Contemplation In both Christian monasticism and lay spirituality certain elements of anarchism which, while being present in normative Christianity, move more to the forefront. Those living the monastic life are known by the generic terms Monks (men and Nuns (women In religious organizations the laity comprises all persons who are not Clergy. Thomas Merton, for instance, in his introduction to a translation of the Sayings of the Desert Fathers describes these early monastics as "Truly in certain sense 'anarchists,' and it will do no harm to think of them as such. Thomas Merton ( 31 January 1915 – 10 December 1968) was one of the most influential Catholic writers of the 20th century "^[5]

Directly, anarchists have borrowed from Quakerism the method of facilitation and meetings known as consensus decision making. WikipediaConsensus here as this is the article namespace and that information is irrelevant to the reader This technique, which forms a fundamental part of Quaker worship, is used in most anarchist meetings. ^[6]

Other anarchists would hold to the syncretisms of Christianity and the New Age movement, which describes a broad movement of the late 20th century and contemporary Western culture. New Age ( New Age Movement and New Age Spirituality) is a Social Collective Phenomenon and a Spiritual Nature Western culture (sometimes equated with Western Civilization) are terms which are used to refer to Cultures of European origin It is characterized by an eclectic and individual approach to spiritual exploration, such as mixing Christian principles with meditation and yoga practices from the East. Eclecticism is a conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a single Paradigm or set of assumptions but instead draws upon multiple theories styles or ideas to Meditation is a mental discipline by which one attempts to get beyond the conditioned "thinking" mind into a deeper state of relaxation or awareness Yoga ( Sanskrit: योग, IAST: yóga, joːgə refers to traditional physical and mental disciplines originating in India, to the The term Eastern world refers very broadly to the various Cultures social structures and philosophical systems of " the East " One could describe Spirituality as anarchic if it is seen as being based on individual freedom and choice rather than keeping within rigid boundaries. Spirituality, in a narrow sense concerns itself with matters of the Spirit, a concept closely tied to religious belief and Faith, a transcendent reality

Pacifism and nonviolence

Main article: Christian pacifism

Many Christian anarchists, such as Leo Tolstoy and Ammon Hennacy, are pacifists opposing the use of both proactive (offensive) and reactive (defensive) physical force. Christian pacifism is the theological and ethical position that any form of violence is incompatible with the Christian faith Leo Tolstoy, or Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy ( –) (Лев Никола́евич Толсто́й, was a Russian Writer widely regarded Ammon Hennacy ( July 24 1893 – January 14 1970) was an American pacifist, Christian anarchist, vegetarian Hennacy believed that adherence to Christianity meant being a pacifist and, due to governments constantly threatening or using force to resolve conflicts, this meant being an anarchist. These individuals believe freedom will only be guided by the grace of God if they show compassion to others and turn the other cheek when confronted with violence. As commonly used, individual refers to a Person or to any specific object in a collection Political freedom is the absence of interference with the sovereignty of an individual by the use of coercion or aggression Turning the other cheek is to respond to an aggressor without violence (in every sense of the word

Christian anarchists appear far more likely to be pacifists than either secular anarchists or non-anarchist Christians.

A few of the key historic messages many Christian anarchists practice are the principles of nonviolence, nonresistance and turning the other cheek, which are illustrated in many passages of the New Testament and Hebrew Bible (e. Nonviolence is a philosophy and strategy for social change that rejects the use of physical Violence. Nonresistance (or non-resistance) discourages physical resistance to an enemy and is a subdivision of Nonviolence. Turning the other cheek is to respond to an aggressor without violence (in every sense of the word The term Hebrew Bible is a generic reference to those books of the Bible originally written in Biblical Hebrew (and the related Biblical Aramaic g. the sixth commandment, Exodus 20:13 and Deuteronomy 5:17, "You shall not murder").

Simple living

Main article: Simple living

Christian anarchists, such as Ammon Hennacy, often follow a simple lifestyle, for a variety of reasons, which may include environmental awareness or reducing taxable income. Simple living (or voluntary simplicity) is a lifestyle individuals choose to minimize the 'more-is-better' pursuit of Wealth and consumption. Simple living (or voluntary simplicity) is a lifestyle individuals choose to minimize the 'more-is-better' pursuit of Wealth and consumption.

States and state control

The most common challenge for the Biblical literalists is integrating the passage in Romans 13:1–7 where Paul defends obedience to "governing authorities", arguing that "there is no authority except that which God has established. The authorities that exist have been established by God. " Christian anarchists who subscribe to Paul's teachings argue that this chapter is particularly worded to make it clear that organizations like the Roman Empire cannot qualify as governing authorities because they are not "approved" of God and do not recognize Him in word or action. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial If it could, then, according to Paul, "they [Christians] would have praise from the authorities" for doing good. Instead the early Christians were persecuted by the Roman Empire for doing good, and became martyrs. The term martyr ( Greek μάρτυς martys "witness" is most commonly used today to describe an individual who sacrifices their life (or personal freedom Further, the "governing authorities" that are legitimate in the passage were never given the authority to make laws, merely to enforce the natural laws against "doing harm to a neighbor" in verses 8-10 (see tort and contract law). Natural law or the law of nature ( Latin: lex naturalis) is a theory that posits the existence of a law whose content is set by Nature and that Tort law is the name given to a body of law that creates and provides remedies for civil wrongs that do not arise out of Contractual duties A contract is an exchange of promises between two or more parties to do or refrain from doing an act which is enforceable in a court of law This interpretation makes all statute laws of states illegitimate, except as they restate Biblical moral precepts. A statute is a formal written enactment of a Legislative authority that governs a Country, State, City, or County. Some Christians subscribe to the belief that God did not establish all authorities on the earth.

A different interpretation of Romans 13 which is used to support Christian anarchism grants that the passage commands submission to all governing authorities, but points out that this does not equate to a vindication of those authorities. Vernard Eller articulates this position by restating the passage this way: "Be clear, any of those human [authorities] are where they are only because God is allowing them to be there. They exist only at his sufferance. And if God is willing to put up with . . . the Roman Empire, you ought to be willing to put up with it, too. There is no indication God has called you to clear it out of the way or get it converted for him. You can't fight an Empire without becoming like the Roman Empire; so you had better leave such matters in God's hands where they belong. "^[7] This was the position held by French philosopher and Christian anarchist Jacques Ellul. Jacques Ellul ( January 6 1912 &ndash May 19 1994) was a French Philosopher, sociologist, theologian

Ernst Kaseman, in his Commentary on Romans, has challenged the usual interpretations of Romans 13 in light of German Lutheran Churches using this passage as justification to support the Nazi holocaust. ^[8] Others hold that Romans 13 teaches submission to the state while not encouraging or even condoning Christian participation in the workings of the state. According to this view Jesus submitted to the state while still refusing its means.

Another passage of the New Testament also appears to require some amount of harmonization with the ideals espoused by Christian anarchism. Hebrews 13:17 commands Christians to "obey your leaders and submit to their authority",^[9] without referencing to any circumstantial qualifications as to when this command applies.

There are other Christians, such as Ammon Hennacy, who do not see the need to integrate Paul's teachings in Romans 13:1–7 into their anarchist way of life. Ammon Hennacy ( July 24 1893 – January 14 1970) was an American pacifist, Christian anarchist, vegetarian Ammon Hennacy believed "Paul spoiled the message of Christ" [1].

Tax resistance

Main article: Tax resistance

Some Christian anarchists resist taxes in the belief that their government is engaged in immoral, unethical or destructive activities, such as war, and paying taxes inevitably funds these activities. A tax resister resists or refuses payment of a Tax because of opposition to the institution collecting the tax or to some of that institution’s policies War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units

Adin Ballou wrote that if the act of resisting taxes requires physical force to withhold what a government tries to take, then it is important to submit to taxation. Adin Ballou ( April 23, 1803 – August 5, 1890) was founder of the Hopedale Community in what is Ammon Hennacy, who, like Ballou also believed in nonresistance, managed to resist taxes without using force. Ammon Hennacy ( July 24 1893 – January 14 1970) was an American pacifist, Christian anarchist, vegetarian Nonresistance (or non-resistance) discourages physical resistance to an enemy and is a subdivision of Nonviolence. ^[10]

Opponents cite that Jesus told his followers to "give to Caesar what is Caesar's," (Matthew 22:21) without regard to what Caesar would then do with the money. " Render unto Caesar… " is the beginning of a phrase attributed to Jesus in the Synoptic gospels which reads in full “Render unto Caesar the things

Vegetarianism

See also: Christian vegetarianism and Anarchism and animal rights

Vegetarianism in the Christian tradition has a long history commencing in the first centuries of Church with the Desert Fathers and Desert Mothers who abandoned the "world of men" for intimacy with the God of Jesus Christ. Christian vegetarianism is based on extending the compassionate teachings of Jesus, the Twelve apostles and the Early church to all living beings through The anarchist philosophical and political movement has some connections to elements of the Animal liberation movement. Desert Fathers were Christian Hermits, Ascetics and Monks who lived mainly in the Scetes desert of Egypt, beginning around Mary of Egypt (ca 344 – ca 421 is revered as the Patron saint of penitents most particularly in the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and SSC RF "Troitsk Institute of Innovative and Termonuclear Research" or TRINITY for shprt Троицкий Институт инновационных и термоядерных Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) Vegetarianism amongst hermits and Christian monastics in the Eastern Christian and Roman Catholic traditions remains common to this day as a means of simplifying one's life, and as a practice of asceticism. A hermit (from the Greek ἔρημος erēmos, signifying " Desert " "uninhabited" hence "desert-dweller" adjective "eremitic" MONK is a Monte Carlo software package for simulating nuclear processes particularly for the purpose of determining the neutron multiplication factor or k-effective Families of churches Eastern Christians have a shared tradition but they became divided ( Schism) during the early centuries of Christianity in disputes about Ascetic redirects here You might also be looking for Acetic acid. Many Christian anarchists, such as Tolstoy and Hennacy, extend their belief in nonviolence and compassion to all living beings through vegetarianism or veganism. Vegetarianism is the practice of a diet that excludes Meat (including game and slaughter by-products Fish (including Shellfish and other sea Vegetarianism is also common among non-Christian anarchists. Other Christian anarchists point out that the decision to be vegetarian is purely a personal choice, as there are many passages in the Bible that could be interpreted as permitting inclusion of meat and fish within a diet.

Later anarchistic Christian groups

The Doukhobors

The origin of the Doukhobors dates back to 16th and 17th century Russia. The Doukhobors or Doukhabors (Духоборы Dukhobory) earlier Dukhobortsy (Духоборцы are a Christian group of Russian Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Doukhobors ("Spirit Wrestlers") are a radical Christian sect that maintains a belief in pacifism and a communal lifestyle, while rejecting secular government. In 1899, the Doukhobors fled repression in Tsarist Russia and migrated to Canada, mostly in the provinces of Saskatchewan and British Columbia. Saskatchewan (səˈskætʃəwən) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588276 British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C The funds for the trip were paid for by the Quakers and Russian novelist Leo Tolstoy. Leo Tolstoy, or Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy ( –) (Лев Никола́евич Толсто́й, was a Russian Writer widely regarded Canada was suggested to Leo Tolstoy as a safe-haven for the Doukhobors by anarchist Peter Kropotkin who, while on a speaking tour across the country, observed the religious tolerance experienced by the Mennonites. The Mennonites are a group of Christian Anabaptist denominations named after Menno Simons (1496&ndash1561 though his teachings were a relatively

Catholic Worker Movement

The Catholic Worker Movement, founded by Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin on May 1, 1933, is a Christian movement dedicated to nonviolence and simple living. The Catholic Worker Movement is a Catholic organization founded by the " Servant of God " Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin in 1933 Dorothy Day ( November 8, 1897 – November 29, 1980) was an American Journalist turned anarchist, social activist Peter Maurin ( May 9, 1877 – May 15, 1949 born in Oultet, France) was a Catholic activist who co-founded Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Simple living (or voluntary simplicity) is a lifestyle individuals choose to minimize the 'more-is-better' pursuit of Wealth and consumption. Over 130 Catholic Worker communities exist in the United States where "houses of hospitality" care for the homeless. The Joe Hill House of hospitality (which closed in 1968) in Salt Lake City, Utah featured an enormous twelve feet by fifteen foot mural of Jesus Christ and Joe Hill. The Joe Hill House was a Catholic Worker Movement "house of hospitality" in Salt Lake City, Utah co-founded in 1961 by Ammon Hennacy Joe Hill, born Joel Emmanuel Hägglund, and also known as Joseph Hillström ( October 7, 1879 or 1882 – November 19, 1915

The Catholic Worker Movement has consistently protested against war and violence for over seven decades. Many of the leading figures in the movement have been both anarchists and pacifists. Catholic Worker Ammon Hennacy defined Christian anarchism as:

…being based upon the answer of Jesus to the Pharisees when Jesus said that he without sin should be the first to cast the stone, and upon the Sermon on the Mount which advises the return of good for evil and the turning of the other cheek. Ammon Hennacy ( July 24 1893 – January 14 1970) was an American pacifist, Christian anarchist, vegetarian The word Pharisees ( lat. pharisæ|us, - i) comes from the Hebrew פרושים perushim from פרוש parush, meaning "separated" In the Gospel of St Matthew, the Sermon on the Mount is a compilation of Jesus' sayings epitomizing his moral teaching. Therefore, when we take any part in government by voting for legislative, judicial, and executive officials, we make these men our arm by which we cast a stone and deny the Sermon on the Mount. The dictionary definition of a Christian is one who follows Christ; kind, kindly, Christ-like. Anarchism is voluntary cooperation for good, with the right of secession. A Christian anarchist is therefore one who turns the other cheek, overturns the tables of the moneychangers, and does not need a cop to tell him how to behave. A Christian anarchist does not depend upon bullets or ballots to achieve his ideal; he achieves that ideal daily by the One-Man Revolution with which he faces a decadent, confused, and dying world".

Maurin and Day were both baptized and confirmed in the Catholic Church and believed in the institution, thus showing it is possible to be a Christian anarchist and still choose to remain within the Church. After her death, Day was proposed for sainthood by the Claretian Missionaries in 1983. The Claretians, a community of Roman Catholic priests and brothers were founded by Saint Anthony Claret in 1849 Pope John Paul II granted the Archdiocese of New York permission to open Day's "cause" in March of 2000, calling her a Servant of God. Pope Servant of God is a title given to certain people in several different Religions but in general usage the phrase "servant of God" is used as a description of a person

Student Christian Movement

Streams within the World Student Christian Federation, an international ecumenical network, follow anarchistic principles of Biblical interpretation, including non-creedal faith expressions, radical social justice activism, non-hierarchical decision-making structures and commitment to resisting oppression and imperialism. The World Student Christian Federation ( WSCF) is a federation of autonomous national Student Christian Movements (SCMs forming the youth and student arm of the global Ecumenism (also oecumenism, œcumenism) refers to initiatives aimed at greater Religious unity or cooperation Social justice, sometimes called civil justice, refers to the concept of a Society in which Justice is achieved in every aspect of society rather than Some member movements, or student christian movements, openly embrace a Christian anarchist ethic and structure, for instance the Student Christian Movement of Canada which makes decisions by consensus, adheres to a decentralized, autonomous structure and opposes hierarchies. The Student Christian Movement of Canada (SCM Canada is a youth-led ecumenical network of student collectives based in Spirituality, issues of social

Anarchist quotations

Petr Chelčický

The man who obeys God needs no other authority (over him). Petr Chelčický ('petr 'xeltšitski (c 1390 &ndash c 1460 was a Christian and political leader and author in 15th century Bohemia (now the Czech Republic

Ammon Hennacy

An anarchist is anyone who doesn't need a cop to tell him what to do. Ammon Hennacy ( July 24 1893 – January 14 1970) was an American pacifist, Christian anarchist, vegetarian

Oh, judge, your damn laws: the good people don't need them and the bad people don't follow them, so what good are they?

Being a pacifist between wars is as easy as being a vegetarian between meals.

David Lipscomb

The people of Maine and Texas, of England and India, could never become enemies or be involved in strife and war, save through the intervention of human government to spread enmity and excite to war. David Lipscomb (1831&ndash1917 was an important minister, editor, and Educator in the American Restoration Movement and one of the leaders […] Whatever tends to wean men from this government of God, and to substitute other governments for it, brings confusion and strife (95).

Leo Tolstoy

All violence consists in some people forcing others, under threat of suffering or death, to do what they do not want to do. Leo Tolstoy, or Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy ( –) (Лев Никола́евич Толсто́й, was a Russian Writer widely regarded

In all history there is no war which was not hatched by the governments, the governments alone, independent of the interests of the people, to whom war is always pernicious even when successful.

Everyone thinks of changing the world, but no one thinks of changing himself.

In the name of God, stop a moment, cease your work, look around you.

Jacques Ellul

There are different forms of anarchy and different currents in it. Jacques Ellul ( January 6 1912 &ndash May 19 1994) was a French Philosopher, sociologist, theologian I must, first say very simply what anarchy I have in view. By anarchy I mean first an absolute rejection of violence.

What seems to be one of the disasters of our time is that we all appear to agree that the nation-state is the norm. […] Whether the state be Marxist or capitalist, it makes no difference. The dominant ideology is that of sovereignty. (Anarchy and Christianity, 104–5. )

So I can very well say without hesitation that all those who have political power, even if they use it well have acquired it by demonic mediation and even if they are not conscious of it, they are worshippers of diabolos. (Si tu es le Fils de Dieu, 76)

Nicolas Berdyaev

It is beyond dispute that the state exercises very great power over human life and it always shows a tendency to go beyond the limits laid down for it. Nikolai Alexandrovich Berdyaev (Николай Александрович Бердяев ( &ndash March 24 1948) was a Russian religious and political (Slavery and Freedom, 145)

There is absolute truth in anarchism and it is to be seen in its attitude to the sovereignty of the state and to every form of state absolutism. […] The religious truth of anarchism consists in this, that power over man is bound up with sin and evil, that a state of perfection is a state where there is no power of man over man, that is to say, anarchy. The Kingdom of God is freedom and the absence of such power … the Kingdom of God is anarchy. (Slavery and Freedom, 147–8)

Key individuals

The following people may be considered key figures in the development of Christian anarchism. This does not mean that they were all Christian anarchists themselves (see Category:Christian anarchists).

Adin Ballou

Adin Ballou (1803–1890) was founder of the Hopedale Community in what is now Hopedale, Massachusetts, and a prominent 19th century exponent of pacifism, socialism and abolitionism. Adin Ballou ( April 23, 1803 – August 5, 1890) was founder of the Hopedale Community in what is Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies Through his long career as a Unitarian minister, he tirelessly sought social reform through his radical Christian and socialist views. Unitarianism as a theology is the belief in the single personality of God in contrast to the doctrine of the Trinity (three persons in one God Tolstoy was heavily influenced by his writings.

Søren Kierkegaard

Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855), a Danish philosopher and theologian who some consider to be the archetypal Christian anarchist for his theory that the claims culture and state make on an individual lie in opposition to the claim God makes on all people. Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (ˈsœːɐn ˈkʰiɐ̯kəˌɡ̊ɒˀ in Danish Anglicized as;) Kierkegaard advocated perfect obedience to God even if that conflicted with customs, secular law and government. He has been compared to Max Stirner, the great individualist anarchist. Johann Kaspar Schmidt ( October 25, 1806 – June 26, 1856) better known as Max Stirner (the Nom de plume Individualist anarchism refers to any of several traditions that hold that "individual conscience and the pursuit of self-interest should not be constrained by any collective Kierkegaard is regarded as the father of Christian existentialism. Christian existentialism describes a group of writings that take a philosophically Existentialist approach to Christian theology

Henry David Thoreau

Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862) was an American author, pacifist, nature lover, tax resister and individualist anarchist. A tax resister resists or refuses payment of a Tax because of opposition to the institution collecting the tax or to some of that institution’s policies Individualist anarchism refers to any of several traditions that hold that "individual conscience and the pursuit of self-interest should not be constrained by any collective He was an advocate of civil disobedience and a lifelong abolitionist. Civil disobedience is the active refusal to obey certain Laws demands and commands of a Government, or of an occupying power, without resorting to physical Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies Though not commonly regarded as a Christian anarchist, his essay Civil Disobedience does include many of the Christian anarchist ideals. Civil Disobedience ( Resistance to Civil Government) is an essay by Henry David Thoreau that was first published in 1849

William B. Greene

William B. Greene (1819–1878), an individualist anarchist based in the United States, was a Unitarian minister, and the originator of a Christian Mutualism, which he considered a new dispensation, beyond God’s covenant with Abraham. William Batchelder Greene ( April 4, 1819 &ndash May 30, 1878) was a 19th century Individualist anarchist, Unitarian Individualist anarchism refers to any of several traditions that hold that "individual conscience and the pursuit of self-interest should not be constrained by any collective The United States of America —commonly referred to as the His 1850 Mutual Banking begins with a discussion (drawn from the work of Pierre Leroux) of the Christian rite of communion as a model for a society based in equality, and ends with a prophetic invocation of the new Mutualist dispensation. Pierre Leroux ( April 7, 1797 - April 1871 French Philosopher and political economist, was born at Bercy near Paris His better-known scheme for mutual banking, and his criticisms of usury should be understood in this specifically religious context. Unlike his contemporaries among the nonresistants, Greene was not a pacifist, and served as a Union Army colonel in the American Civil War. Nonresistance (or non-resistance) discourages physical resistance to an enemy and is a subdivision of Nonviolence.

Leo Tolstoy

Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910)^[11] wrote extensively on his anarchist principles, which he arrived at via his Christian faith, in his books The Kingdom of God is Within You^[12], What I Believe (aka My Religion), The Law of Love and the Law of Violence, and Christianity and Patriotism which criticised government and the Church in general. Leo Tolstoy, or Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy ( –) (Лев Никола́евич Толсто́й, was a Russian Writer widely regarded The Kingdom of God Is Within You (Царство Божие внутри вас Bozhiye vnutri vas'' is the Non-fiction Magnum opus of Leo Tolstoy " What I Believe " is the title of two essays by Bertrand Russell (1925 and E He called for a society based on compassion, nonviolent principles and freedom. Tolstoy was a pacifist and a vegetarian. Vegetarianism is the practice of a diet that excludes Meat (including game and slaughter by-products Fish (including Shellfish and other sea His vision for an equitable society was an anarchist version of Georgism, which he mentions specifically in his novel Resurrection. "Georgist" redirects here For the Romanian political group see National Liberal Party-Brătianu. Resurrection (Воскресение Voskresyeniye) first published in 1899, was the last Novel written by Leo Tolstoy.

Nikolai Berdyaev

Nikolai Berdyaev (1874–1948), the Orthodox Christian philosopher has been called the philosopher of freedom and is known as a Christian existentialist. Nikolai Alexandrovich Berdyaev (Николай Александрович Бердяев ( &ndash March 24 1948) was a Russian religious and political The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Known for writing "the Kingdom of God is anarchy" he believed that freedom ultimately comes from God, in direct opposition to anarchists such as Mikhail Bakunin, who saw God as the enslaver of humanity (symbolically; Bakunin was an atheist). Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin ( - July 1 1876) was a well-known Russian Revolutionary and theorist of Collectivist anarchism. Atheism Christian anarchists claim Man enslaves Man, not God.

Léonce Crenier

Léonce Crenier (1888–1963) first rejected religion, becoming an anarcho-communist when he moved to Paris from rural France in 1911. Léonce Crenier ( 1888 - May 10, 1963) was a Catholic Monk who promoted the theological / political concept of Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. In 1913 he visited his sister in Portugal where he stayed for several years. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. During this period he suffered a debilitating and agonising illness. Receiving the attentions of a particularly caring nurse, he survived, despite the gloomy predictions of the doctors. Converting to Catholicism, he became a monk. MONK is a Monte Carlo software package for simulating nuclear processes particularly for the purpose of determining the neutron multiplication factor or k-effective He is particularly known for his concept of precarity, and was influential on Dorothy Day. For a sociological view of labor conditions see Precarious work Definition Precarity is a condition of Existence without

Ammon Hennacy

Ammon Hennacy (1893–1970) wrote extensively on his work with the Catholic Workers, the IWW, and at the Joe Hill House of Hospitality. Ammon Hennacy ( July 24 1893 – January 14 1970) was an American pacifist, Christian anarchist, vegetarian The Industrial Workers of the World ( IWW or the Wobblies) is an international union currently headquartered in Cincinnati Ohio, USA He was a practicing anarchist, draft dodger, vegetarian, and tax resister. Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i A draft dodger, draft evader or draft resister, is a person who avoids ("dodges" or otherwise violates the Conscription policies of the Vegetarianism is the practice of a diet that excludes Meat (including game and slaughter by-products Fish (including Shellfish and other sea A tax resister resists or refuses payment of a Tax because of opposition to the institution collecting the tax or to some of that institution’s policies He also tried to reduce his tax liability by taking up a lifestyle of simple living and bartering. His autobiography The Book of Ammon describes his work in nonviolent, anarchist, social action, and provides insight into the lives of Christian anarchists in the United States of the 20th century. Nonviolence is a philosophy and strategy for social change that rejects the use of physical Violence. His other books are One Man Revolution in America and The Autobiography of a Catholic Anarchist.

Dorothy Day

Dorothy Day (1897–1980) was a journalist turned social activist (she was a member of the Industrial Workers of the World) and devout member of the Roman Catholic Church. Dorothy Day ( November 8, 1897 – November 29, 1980) was an American Journalist turned anarchist, social activist She became known for her social justice campaigns in defense of the poor, forsaken, hungry and homeless. Alongside Peter Maurin, she founded the Catholic Worker Movement in 1933, espousing nonviolence, and hospitality for the impoverished and downtrodden. Peter Maurin ( May 9, 1877 – May 15, 1949 born in Oultet, France) was a Catholic activist who co-founded The Catholic Worker is a monthly Newspaper published by the Catholic Worker Movement community in New York City. Dorothy Day was declared Servant of God when a cause for sainthood was opened for her by Pope John Paul II. Servant of God is a title given to certain people in several different Religions but in general usage the phrase "servant of God" is used as a description of a person

Jacques Ellul

Jacques Ellul (1912–1994) was a French thinker, sociologist, theologian and Christian anarchist. Jacques Ellul ( January 6 1912 &ndash May 19 1994) was a French Philosopher, sociologist, theologian He wrote several books against the "technological society", and some about Christianity and politics, like Anarchy and Christianity (1991) asserting that anarchism and Christianity are socially following the same goal.

Thomas J. Hagerty

Thomas J. Hagerty was a Catholic priest from New Mexico, USA, and one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). The Reverend Fr Thomas J Hagerty was an American Roman Catholic priest from New Mexico, and one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". The Industrial Workers of the World ( IWW or the Wobblies) is an international union currently headquartered in Cincinnati Ohio, USA Hagerty is credited with writing the IWW Preamble, assisting in the composition of the Industrial Union Manifesto and drawing up the first chart of industrial organization. He was ordained in 1892 but his formal association with the church ended when he was suspended by his archbishop for urging miners in Colorado to revolt during his tour of mining camps in 1903. Hagerty is not commonly regarded as a Christian anarchist in the Tolstoyan tradition but rather an anarcho-syndicalist. The adjective Tolstoyan (also spelled Tolstoian)refers to the author Leo Tolstoy. Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of Anarchism which focuses on the labour movement. Christian anarchists like Dorothy Day and Ammon Hennacy have been members of the Industrial Workers of the World and found common cause with the axiom "an injury to one is an injury to all. The Industrial Workers of the World ( IWW or the Wobblies) is an international union currently headquartered in Cincinnati Ohio, USA In traditional Logic, an axiom or postulate is a proposition that is not proved or demonstrated but considered to be either self-evident, or subject "

Philip Berrigan

Philip Berrigan was an internationally renowned peace activist and Roman Catholic priest. Philip Berrigan ( October 5, 1923 – December 6, 2002) was an internationally renowned American Peace activist, A peace activist is a Political activist who advocates for a peaceful resolution of political disputes As a Christian Ecclesiastical term Catholic —from the Greek adjective, meaning "general" or "universal"—is described He and his brother Daniel Berrigan were on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list for illegal nonviolent actions against war. Daniel Berrigan, SJ (born May 9, 1921) is a poet American Peace activist, and Roman Catholic Priest. See also Former FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives, FBI Most Wanted Terrorists The FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list arose from a conversation held in late 1949 Nonviolence is a philosophy and strategy for social change that rejects the use of physical Violence.

Ivan Illich

Ivan Illich was a libertarian-socialist social thinker, with roots in the Catholic Church, who wrote critiques of technology, energy use and compulsory education. Ivan Illich (ɪˈvɑn ˈɪlɪtʃ ( Vienna, 4 September 1926 &ndash Bremen, 2 December 2002) was an Austrian Libertarian socialism is a group of political philosophies that aim to create a society without political economic or social hierarchies – a society in which all violent In 1961 Illich founded the Centro Intercultural de Documentación (CIDOC) at Cuernavaca in Mexico, in order to "counterfoil" the Vatican's participation in the "modern development" of the so-called Third World. Illich's books Energy and Equity and Tools for Conviviality are considered classics for social ecologists interested in appropriate technology, while his book Deschooling Society is still revered by activists seeking alternatives to compulsory schooling. Social Ecology is a philosophy developed by French geographer and anarchist Élisée Reclus and revived by Murray Bookchin in the 1960s Appropriate technology (AT is Technology that is designed with special consideration to the environmental ethical cultural social and economical aspects of the community Deschooling Society (1971 was the book that brought Ivan Illich to public attention Ivan's view on Jesus as an anarchist is highlighted here.

Vernard Eller

Vernard Eller is a member of the Church of the Brethren and author of Christian Anarchy: Jesus' Primacy Over the Powers (1987) [2]. The Church of the Brethren is a Christian denomination originating from the Schwarzenau Brethren ("Schwarzenauer Neutäufer" organized in 1708 by eight

Fyodor Dostoevsky

Fyodor Dostoevsky in many respects can be considered to have believed in Christian anarchism/autonomy. Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (Фёдор Миха́йлович Достое́вский, sometimes transliterated Dostoyevsky, Dostoievsky, His greatest novel The Brothers Karamazov postulates the idea that all men should be monks and that everyone is responsible for everyone else. The Brothers Karamazov (Братья Карамазовы /'bratʲjə karə'mazəvɨ/ is the final Novel by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky Also, that belief in God can only be found through the practice of active love.

Anarchist organisations

• Ecclesia
• Life and Labor Commune
• Plowshares Movement
• Tolstoyan Moscow Society

See also

• Anarchism and Islam
• Anarchism and Orthodox Judaism
• Christian communism
• Christian libertarianism
• Christian socialism
• Christian vegetarianism
• Christian pacifism
• Diane Drufenbrock
• Early Christianity
• Gnosticism
• Liberation theology
• Nonconformism
• Precarity
• Postmodern Christianity
• Self-ownership
• Weak theology
• "Fool for Christ": Christian ascetic and non-conformist tradition within Eastern Christianity, see also "Hermit", and "Stylite". The Life and Labor Commune was a Tolstoyan agricultural commune founded in 1921 and disbanded as a state run collective farm in 1937 On September 9, 1980, Daniel Berrigan, his brother Philip Berrigan, and six others (the "Plowshares Eight" began the Plowshares Movement The adjective Tolstoyan (also spelled Tolstoian)refers to the author Leo Tolstoy. Although anarchists commonly reject Organized religion (see Anarchism and religion) there have been numerous traditions within Islam (often associated with Sufism While there is no organized Orthodox Jewish anarchist movement, various anarchistic ideas are common in the works of many Kabbalists and Hasidic teachers Christian Communism is a form of Religious communism centered around Christianity. Christian libertarianism should not be confused with Libertarian Christianity. Christian socialism generally refers to those on the Christian left whose politics are both Christian and Socialist and who see these two philosophies as Christian vegetarianism is based on extending the compassionate teachings of Jesus, the Twelve apostles and the Early church to all living beings through Christian pacifism is the theological and ethical position that any form of violence is incompatible with the Christian faith Sister Diane Joyce Drufenbrock (born 7 October 1929 in Evansville, Indiana) also known as Sister Madeleine Sophie, is a Franciscan Early Christianity is commonly defined as the Christianity of the three centuries between the Crucifixion of Jesus ( c Gnosticism (γνώσις gnōsis, Knowledge) refers to a diverse Syncretistic Religious movement consisting of various Belief systems Liberation theology is a school of Theology within Christianity, particularly in the Roman Catholic Nonconformism is the refusal to conform to common standards conventions rules customs traditions norms or laws For a sociological view of labor conditions see Precarious work Definition Precarity is a condition of Existence without Postmodern Christianity is an outlook of Christianity that is closely associated with the body of writings known as Postmodern philosophy. Self-ownership (or sovereignty of the individual, individual sovereignty or individual autonomy) is the moral or natural right (aka Freedom of a person The term deconstruction-and-religion describes a nontheistic mode of thought that proceeds from a Theological and Deconstructive framework Foolishness for Christ refers to behavior motivated by real or assumed craziness to serve a religious purpose of Christianity Ascetic redirects here You might also be looking for Acetic acid. Families of churches Eastern Christians have a shared tradition but they became divided ( Schism) during the early centuries of Christianity in disputes about A hermit (from the Greek ἔρημος erēmos, signifying " Desert " "uninhabited" hence "desert-dweller" adjective "eremitic" Stylites (from Greek stylos, "pillar" or Pillar-Saints are a type of Christian Ascetic who in the early days of the
• Jonathan Livingston Seagull
• Simone Weil: French philosopher, social activist, and Christian mystic of Jewish heritage; Weil died under forced exile in Britain during World War II at 34 years of age. Jonathan Livingston Seagull, written by Richard Bach, is a Fable in Novella form about a seagull learning about life and Simone Weil (simɔn vɛj February 3, 1909 in Paris, France &ndash August 24, 1943 in Ashford Kent, Her major works, including "Oppression and Liberty", "Gravity and Grace", and "Waiting for God" were all published post-humously and to great acclaim. Since her death in 1944 her thought has steadily grown in influence. Pope Paul VI, a great proponent of Catholic Social Teaching, counted Simon Weil as one of his major early influences. Pope Catholic social teaching encompasses aspects of Catholic doctrine relating to matters dealing with the collective welfare of humanity
• New Monasticism
• Order of Watchers: A French Protestant community of Hermits. New Monasticism, or Neomonasticism, is a modern day iteration of a long tradition of Christian monasticism that has recently developed within certain Christian communities The Order of Watchers ("Ordre des Veilleurs" in French is a community of Hermits of the French Protestant tradition founded in 1923 by Theologian A hermit (from the Greek ἔρημος erēmos, signifying " Desert " "uninhabited" hence "desert-dweller" adjective "eremitic"
• God: Sole Satisfier
• Jan Tyranowski, solitary, mystic, and student in the teachings of John of the Cross. Jan Tyranowski (1900–1947 - Catholic layman, student of Discalced Carmelite spirituality and central figure in the Spiritual formation of the young For another saint who lived around the same time and area see John of Avila. He was a central figure in the spiritual formation of young Karol Wojtyla, who became pope John Paul II. Pope
• The Mormon Worker

References

1. ^ Full text at kingdomnow.org
2. ^ Hinson, E. The Mormon Worker is an independent bi-monthly newspaper currently published in Provo and Salt Lake City, Utah. Glenn. The early church : origins to the dawn of the Middle Ages, (1996) pp 42–3
3. ^ Chadwick, Henry. The early church , (1967)
4. ^ McGrath, Alister E., Christianity: An Introduction. Alister E McGrath (born January 23, 1953) is a Christian theologian, with a DPhil in Molecular biophysics, noted for his work on Blackwell Publishing (2006). ISBN 1405108991. Page 174: "In effect, they [Jewish Christians] seemed to regard Christianity as an affirmation of every aspect of contemporary Judaism, with the addition of one extra belief — that Jesus was the Messiah. Unless males were circumcised, they could not be saved (Acts 15:1). Today most Christian denominations are neutral about biblical male circumcision, neither requiring it nor forbidding it . . . Paul notes the emergence of a Judaizing party in the region — that is, a group within the church which insisted that Gentile believers should obey every aspect of the law of Moses, including the need to be circumcised. According to Paul [reference is made to Galatians, but no specific verse is given], the leading force behind this party was James . . . the brother of Jesus . . . "
5. ^ Merton, Thomas. "Wisdom of the Desert. " Abbey of Gethsemani Inc. Gethsemane ( Greek ΓεσΘημανι Gesthēmani ' Hebrew: גת שמנים, from Aramaic גת שמנא Gat Šmānê, lit 1960. p. 5
6. ^ 'Graeber, David. "What is Consensus" Many Worlds Press, 2006. p. 4.
7. ^ Christian Anarchy (Eller) 1
8. ^ Käsemann, Ernst, Commentary on Romans, (1980)
9. ^ BibleGateway.com - Passage Lookup: Hebrews 13:17
10. ^ “Ammon Hennacy” in Gross, David M. (ed. ) We Won’t Pay: A Tax Resistance Reader (2008) ISBN 1434898253 pp. 385-393
11. ^ Nesterov.
12. ^ Full text at kingdomnow.org

• Dave Andrews (1999). Dave Andrews (born May 20, 1951) is an Australian Christian anarchist Author, speaker, Social activist, Christi-Anarchy: Discovering a radical spirituality of compassion.
• Ammon Hennacy (1994). Ammon Hennacy ( July 24 1893 – January 14 1970) was an American pacifist, Christian anarchist, vegetarian The Book of Ammon.
• E. Glenn Hinson (1996). The Early Church
• David Lipscomb (1866-1867). David Lipscomb (1831&ndash1917 was an important minister, editor, and Educator in the American Restoration Movement and one of the leaders On Civil Government: Its Origin, Mission and Destiny and The Christian's Relation to It.
• Jaroslav Pelikan (2003). Jaroslav Jan Pelikan ( 17 December 1923 – 13 May 2006) was one of the world's leading scholars in the History of Christianity and Credo: Historical and Theological Guide to Creeds and Confessions of Faith in the Christian Tradition.
• Leo Tolstoy (1894). Leo Tolstoy, or Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy ( –) (Лев Никола́евич Толсто́й, was a Russian Writer widely regarded The Kingdom of God is Within You [3]. The Kingdom of God Is Within You (Царство Божие внутри вас Bozhiye vnutri vas'' is the Non-fiction Magnum opus of Leo Tolstoy

External links

• Psalters
• The Apostles Creed
• Jesus Is an Anarchist (PDF), James Redford, June 1, 2006; or in HTML: [4]
• The Kingdom of God Is Within You by Leo Tolstoy — Free e-text English translation
• Tolstoy's Legacy for Mankind: A Manifesto for Nonviolence, Part 1
• Tolstoy's Legacy for Mankind: A Manifesto for Nonviolence, Part 2
• Totalitarian Daydreams and Christian Humanism
• Kenneth Rexroth, Communalism: From Its Origins to the Twentieth Century
• Student Christian Movement
• "Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth" — University of Virginia Library
• prayer-i58 — Christian-based anti-capitalist network
• "Paul, anarchiste éclairé", by Dr Yves MARIS
• When the State is Ultimate
• Vine and Fig Tree — Christian Anarchist Homepage
• Jesus Manifesto: Christian Anarchism and New Monasticism
• Jesus Radicals
• CatholicAnarchy.org
• The Mormon Worker Newspaper Homepage

HTML, an initialism of HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant Markup language for Web pages It provides a means to describe the structure

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