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Christiaan Huygens
Christiaan Huygens
Christiaan Huygens
BornApril 14, 1629(1629-04-14)
The Hague, Netherlands
DiedJuly 8, 1695 (aged 66)
The Hague, Netherlands
ResidenceNetherlands, France
NationalityDutch
FieldsPhysicist and mathematician
InstitutionsRoyal Society of London
French Academy of Sciences
Alma materUniversity of Leiden
College of Orange
Doctoral advisorFrans van Schooten
John Pell
Known forPendulum clock
Huygens–Fresnel principle
InfluencesRené Descartes
Frans van Schooten
InfluencedGottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Christiaan Huygens (pronounced /ˈhaɪgənz/ in English, IPA: [ˈhœyɣəns] in Dutch)[1] (April 14, 1629 – July 8, 1695) was a Dutch mathematician, astronomer and physicist; born in The Hague as the son of Constantijn Huygens, a friend of René Descartes. Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000 The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands A physicist is a Scientist who studies or practices Physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and research is the field of Mathematics. The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660 The French Academy of Sciences ( French: Académie des sciences) is a Learned society, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV at the Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval Leiden University (Universiteit Leiden located in the city of Leiden, is the oldest University in The Netherlands. A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement Franciscus van Schooten (1615 in Leiden – May 29, 1660 in Leiden) was a Dutch Mathematician who is most known for John Pell ( March 1, 1611 &ndash December 12, 1685) was an English Mathematician. A pendulum clock is a Clock that uses a Pendulum, a swinging weight as its Timekeeping element The Huygens–Fresnel principle (named for Dutch Physicist Christiaan Huygens, and French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel Franciscus van Schooten (1615 in Leiden – May 29, 1660 in Leiden) was a Dutch Mathematician who is most known for Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000 The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Historically Astronomy was more concerned with the classification and description of phenomena in the sky while Astrophysics attempted to explain these phenomena Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Constantijn Huygens ( September 4 1596, The Hague - March 28 1687, The Hague was a Dutch Poet and Composer He studied law and mathematics at the University of Leiden and the College of Orange in Breda before turning to science. Leiden University (Universiteit Leiden located in the city of Leiden, is the oldest University in The Netherlands. Breda ( is a Municipality and a city in the southern part of the Netherlands. Historians commonly associate Huygens with the scientific revolution. The period which many historians of science call the Scientific Revolution can be roughly dated as having begun in 1543 the year in which Nicolaus Copernicus published

Contents

Life and works

Huygens achieved note for his arguments that light consisted of waves, which became instrumental in the understanding of wave-particle duality. Light, or visible light, is Electromagnetic radiation of a Wavelength that is visible to the Human eye (about 400–700 A wave is a disturbance that propagates through Space and Time, usually with transference of Energy. In Physics and Chemistry, wave–particle duality is the concept that all Matter and Energy exhibits both Wave -like and He generally receives credit for his role in the development of modern calculus and his original observations on sound perception (see Repetition Pitch). Calculus ( Latin, calculus, a small stone used for counting is a branch of Mathematics that includes the study of limits, Derivatives A sensation of Pitch (psychophysics often occurs in free nature when the sound of a sound source reaches the ear of an observer directly and also after being reflected against a sound-reflecting In 1655, he discovered Saturn's moon Titan. TemplateInfobox Planet.--> Titan (ˈtaɪtən, or as He also examined Saturn's planetary rings, and in 1656 he discovered that those rings consisted of rocks. Saturn has the most extensive Planetary ring system of any planet in the Solar System. In the same year he observed and sketched the Orion Nebula. The Orion Nebula (also known as Messier 42, M42, or NGC 1976) is a Diffuse nebula situated south of Orion 's Belt His drawing, the first such known of the Orion nebula, was published in Systema Saturnium in 1659. Using his modern telescope he succeeded in subdividing the nebula into different stars. A telescope is an instrument designed for the observation of remote objects and the collection of Electromagnetic radiation. A star is a massive luminous ball of plasma. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun, which is the source of most of the Energy on Earth (The brighter interior of the Orion Nebula bears the name of the Huygens Region in his honour. ) He also discovered several interstellar nebulae and some double stars. A nebula (from Latin: "mist" pl nebulae or nebulæ, with ligature or nebulas) is an Interstellar cloud of Double Star is a Science fiction Novel by Robert A Heinlein, first serialized in Astounding Science Fiction Huygens formulated what is now known as the second law of motion of Isaac Newton in a quadratic form. Newton's laws of motion are three Physical laws which provide relationships between the Forces acting on a body and the motion of the Sir Isaac Newton, FRS (ˈnjuːtən 4 January 1643 31 March 1727) Biography Early years See also Isaac Newton's early life and achievements Newton reformulated and generalized that law.

After Blaise Pascal encouraged him to do so, Huygens wrote the first book on probability theory, [2] which he had published in 1657. Blaise Pascal (blɛz paskal (June 19 1623 &ndash August 19 1662 was a French Mathematician, Physicist, and religious Philosopher Probability theory is the branch of Mathematics concerned with analysis of random phenomena

He also worked on the construction of accurate clocks, suitable for naval navigation. Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput, or Clock is a gene which encodes proteins regulating Circadian rhythm. Navigation is the process of reading and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another In 1658 he published a book on this topic called Horologium. In fact his invention on Christmas 1656, the pendulum clock (patented 1657), was a breakthrough in timekeeping. A pendulum clock is a Clock that uses a Pendulum, a swinging weight as its Timekeeping element Devices known as escapements regulate the rate of a watch or clock, and the anchor escapement represented a major step in the development of accurate watches. In Mechanical watches and Clocks an escapement is a device which converts continuous rotational motion into an oscillating or back and forth motion A watch is a timepiece that is made to be worn on a person The term now usually refers to a wristwatch, which is worn on the wrist with a strap or Bracelet. Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput, or Clock is a gene which encodes proteins regulating Circadian rhythm. Subsequent to this publication, Huygens discovered that the cycloid was an isochronous curve and, applied to pendulum clocks in the form of cycloidal cheeks guiding a flexible pendulum suspension, would ensure a regular (i. A cycloid is the curve defined by the path of a point on the edge of circular wheel as the wheel rolls along a straight line A tautochrone or isochrone curve is the curve for which the time taken by an object sliding without friction in uniform Gravity to its lowest point is independent e isochronous) swing of the pendulum irrespective of its amplitude, i. e. irrespective of how it moved side to side. The mathematical and practical details of this finding were published in "Horologium Oscillatorium" of 1673. Huygens also observed that two pendulums mounted on the same beam will come to swing in perfectly opposite directions, an observation he referred to as odd sympathy which in modern times is known as resonance. The phrase odd sympathy (the actual phrase used was odd kind of sympathy) was used by Dutch Mathematician and Physicist Christiaan Huygens In Physics, resonance is the tendency of a system to Oscillate at maximum Amplitude at certain frequencies, known as the system's Contrary to sometimes expressed popular belief Huygens was not a clockmaker, and is not known to have ever made any clock himself; he was a scholar, scientist and inventor, and the oldest known pendulum clocks were made "under the privilege" -i. e. based on a license from Huygens- by Salomon Coster in The Hague. Salomon Coster (c 1620&ndash1659 is a Dutch clockmaker of the Hague who in 1657 was the first clockmaker to make a pendulum clock which had been invented by Christiaan Huygens The oldest known Huygens style pendulum clock is dated 1657 and can be seen at the Museum Boerhaave in Leiden [3] [4] [5] [6], which also shows an important astronomical clock owned and used by Huygens. Museum Boerhaave is a museum of the History of science and medicine based in Leiden, The Netherlands. "Leyden" redirects here For other uses see Leyden (disambiguation.

Huygens also developed a balance spring clock more or less contemporaneously with, though separately from, Robert Hooke, and controversy over whose invention was the earlier persisted for centuries. A balance spring, or hairspring, is a fine Spiral or Helical spring used in Mechanical watches Marine chronometers and Robert Hooke, FRS (18 July 1635 – 3 March 1703 was an English Natural philosopher and Polymath who played an important role in the In February 2006, a long-lost copy of Hooke's handwritten notes from several decades' Royal Society meetings was discovered in a cupboard in Hampshire, and the balance-spring controversy appears by evidence contained in those notes to be settled in favor of Hooke's claim. The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660

The Royal Society elected Huygens a member in 1663. The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660 In the year 1666 Huygens moved to Paris where he held a position at the French Academy of Sciences under the patronage of Louis XIV. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The French Academy of Sciences ( French: Académie des sciences) is a Learned society, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV at the Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent Using the Paris Observatory (completed in 1672) he made further astronomical observations. The Paris Observatory (in French Observatoire de Paris or Observatoire de Paris-Meudon) is the foremost astronomical observatory of France, Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study In 1684 he published "Astroscopia Compendiaria" which presented his new aerial (tubeless) telescope.

Huygens speculated in detail about life on other planets. Extraterrestrial life is Life originating outside of the Earth. In his book Cosmotheoros, further entitled The celestial worlds discover'd: or, conjectures concerning the inhabitants, plants and productions of the worlds in the planets (see online edition) he imagined a universe brimming with life, much of it very similar to life on 17th century Earth. The liberal climate in the Netherlands of that time not only allowed but encouraged such speculation. In sharp contrast, philosopher Giordano Bruno, who also believed in many inhabited worlds, was burned at the stake by the Italian authorities for his beliefs in 1600. Giordano Bruno (1548 – February 17, 1600) was an Italian Philosopher best-known as an early proponent of Heliocentrism and

In 1673, Huygens carried out experiments with internal combustion. Although he designed a basic form of internal combustion engine, fueled by gunpowder, he never successfully built one. The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the Combustion of Fuel and an Oxidizer (typically air occurs in a confined space called a

In 1675, Christiaan Huygens patented a pocket watch. A patent is a set of Exclusive rights granted by a State to an inventor or his assignee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an A pocket watch (or pocketwatch) is a Watch that is made to be carried in a pocket as opposed to a wristwatch, which is strapped to the wrist He also invented numerous other devices, including a 31 tone to the octave keyboard instrument which made use of his discovery of 31 equal temperament. In music 31 equal temperament, which can be abbreviated 31-tET 31- EDO, 31-ET is the tempered scale derived by dividing the Octave into 31 equal-sized

Huygens moved back to The Hague in 1681 after suffering serious illness. He attempted to return to France in 1685 but the revocation of the Edict of Nantes precluded this move. The Edict of Nantes was issued on April 13, 1598 by Henry IV of France to grant the Calvinist Protestants of Huygens died in The Hague on July 8, 1695. Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000

Named after Huygens

Bibliography of Christiaan Huygens

This list of works by Christiaan Huygens is likely incomplete.

Alternate title — Opera reliqua
a work in the area of optics and physics
Alternate title — Die pendeluhr, Horologium oscillatorium, von Christiaan Huygens
a work in the area of timepieces
Alternate title — Cosmotheoros.
Alternate title — The celestial worlds discover'd: or, Conjectures concerning the inhabitants, plants and productions of the worlds in the planets.
a work relating theories of life on other worlds
Alternate title — Treatise on light.
a work in the area of optics and physics

References

External links

Footnotes

  1. ^ How to pronounce "Huygens" with recordings of native Dutch speakers
  2. ^ "I believe that we do not know anything for certain, but everything probably. In music 31 equal temperament, which can be abbreviated 31-tET 31- EDO, 31-ET is the tempered scale derived by dividing the Octave into 31 equal-sized " —Christiaan Huygens, Letter to Pierre Perrault, 'Sur la préface de M. Perrault de son traité del'Origine des fontaines' [1763], Oeuvres Complétes de Christiaan Huygens (1897), Vol. 7, 298. Quoted in Jacques Roger, The Life Sciences in Eighteenth-Century French Thought, ed. Keith R. Benson and trans. Robert Ellrich (1997), 163. Quotation selected by W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter (eds. , 2005), Oxford Dictionary of Scientific Quotations ISBN 0-19-858409-1 p. 317 quotation 4.
  3. ^ Hans van den Ende: "Huygens's Legacy, The Golden Age of the Pendulum Clock", Fromanteel Ldt. , 2004,
  4. ^ van Kersen, Frits & van den Ende, Hans: Oppwindende Klokken - De Gouden Eeuw van het Slingeruurwerk 12 September - 29 November 2004 [Exhibition Catalog Paleis Het Loo]; Apeldoorn: Paleis Het Loo,2004
  5. ^ Hooijmaijers, Hans; Telling time - Devices for time measurement in museum Boerhaave - A Descriptive Catalogue; Leiden: Museum Boerhaave, 2005
  6. ^ No Author given; Chistiaan Huygens 1629-1695, Chapter 1: Slingeruurwerken; Leiden: Museum Boerhaave, 1988

References

Persondata
NAMEHuygens, Christiaan
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTIONPhysicist and mathematician
DATE OF BIRTHApril 14, 1629
PLACE OF BIRTHThe Hague, Netherlands
DATE OF DEATHJuly 8, 1690
PLACE OF DEATHThe Hague, Netherlands

A physicist is a Scientist who studies or practices Physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and research is the field of Mathematics. Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000 The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands
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