Citizendia
Your Ad Here

This article is about the city in New Zealand. For other uses, see Christchurch (disambiguation).
Christchurch
Ōtautahi (Māori)
—  Metropolitan Area  —
Coordinates: 43°31′48″S 172°37′13″E / -43.53, 172.62028
Country Flag of New Zealand New Zealand
Region Canterbury
Territorial Authority Christchurch City
   
Extent North: to Waimakariri River,
East: entire Banks Peninsula,
West: to Templeton
   
Extent of Urban Area City area, Kaiapoi,
Prebbleton, Rolleston, Lincoln, Rangiora, Lyttelton &
Diamond Harbour
Settled by the UK 1848
Government
 - MayorChristchurch City Bob Parker
 - Regional Council Environment Canterbury
Area
 - Urban 1,426 km² (550. Statistics New Zealand defines New Zealand urban areas for statistical purposes Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This list of countries, arranged alphabetically New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island The region is the top tier of Local government in New Zealand. The New Zealand region of Canterbury (Waitaha is mainly composed of the Canterbury Plains and the surrounding mountains The Waimakariri River is the largest of the North Canterbury Rivers in the South Island of New Zealand. Banks Peninsula is in the Canterbury region on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand, partly surrounded by the Pacific Ocean Templeton is a town 15 km southwest of Christchurch on State Highway 1. Kaiapoi is a town in the Canterbury region of the South Island of New Zealand, located close to the mouth of the Waimakariri River, and Rolleston is the centre of the Selwyn District of Canterbury and the Selwyn District Council has its headquarters in the town for the suburb of Auckland, see Lincoln Auckland Lincoln is a town (population 2727 census 2006 in the Canterbury Rangiora is a rural town in the South Island of New Zealand. It is the largest town in north Canterbury and the seat of the Waimakariri Lyttelton ( is a Port Town on the north shore of Lyttelton Harbour next to Banks Peninsula, 12 km by road from Christchurch Bob Parker (1953-) is a former television host and current mayor of Christchurch, New Zealand. Councillors Canterbury Regional Council is governed by 14 elected councillors who are elected on a first-past-the-post basis from eight regional constituencies Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. 6 sq mi)
 - City 452 km² (174. 5 sq mi)
Population (2006 Census)[1]
 - Density 244. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 63/km² (633. 59/sq mi)
 - Urban 414,000
 - City 359,900
Time zone NZST (UTC+12)
 - Summer (DST) NZDT (UTC+13)
Local iwi Ngāi Tahu, Ngāti Mamoe
Website: Christchurch: www.ccc.govt.nz Canterbury Region: www.ecan.govt.nz
Space view of Christchurch and surrounding areas.
Space view of Christchurch and surrounding areas. History On 2 November 1868, New Zealand officially adopted a standard time to be observed nationally and was perhaps the first country to do so UTC+12 is a Time zone for the following locations Fiji Gilbert Islands, Kiribati Marshall Islands Daylight saving time ( DST UTC+13 is a Time zone for the following locations Enderbury Kiribati (Phoenix Islands Time New Zealand Daylight Time In New Zealand society iwi (iwi form the largest everyday Social units in Māori populations. Ngāi Tahu, or Kāi Tahu, the principal Māori Iwi (tribe of the southern region of New Zealand, has its tribal authority (Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Kāti Mamoe, or Ngāti Mamoe, is an historic Māori Iwi. Originally from the Heretaunga ( Napier) area they moved to the South Island
View from Sugar-Loaf (Banks Peninsula) towards Christchurch and surrounding areas.
View from Sugar-Loaf (Banks Peninsula) towards Christchurch and surrounding areas.

Christchurch (Māori: Ōtautahi) is the regional capital of Canterbury, New Zealand. The region is the top tier of Local government in New Zealand. The New Zealand region of Canterbury (Waitaha is mainly composed of the Canterbury Plains and the surrounding mountains The largest city in the South Island, it is also the second largest city and third largest urban area of New Zealand. A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status The South Island is the larger of the two major islands of New Zealand, the other being the more populous North Island. Statistics New Zealand defines New Zealand urban areas for statistical purposes A coastal city, the urban area is situated just north of Banks Peninsula, midway down the South Island's east coast, but (since 2006) the city limits encompass the peninsula. Banks Peninsula is in the Canterbury region on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand, partly surrounded by the Pacific Ocean

The city was named by the Canterbury Association, which settled the surrounding province of Canterbury. The name of Christchurch was agreed on at the first meeting of the association on 27 March 1848. It was suggested by J. R. Godley, who had attended Christ Church, Oxford. Not to be confused with Christchurch, a city in New Zealand. Christ Church (Ædes Christi the temple or house of Christ and thus sometimes known as Some early writers called the town "Christ Church", but it was recorded as "Christchurch" in the minutes of the management committee of the association. [2]

The river which flows through the centre of the city (its banks now largely forming an urban park) was named Avon at the request of the pioneering Deans brothers to commemorate the Scottish Avon, which rises in the Ayrshire hills near what was their grandfathers' farm and flows into the Clyde. [2]

The usual Māori name Ōtautahi is a shortened form of Te Whenua o Te Potiki-Tautahi – named for the seasonal dwelling of Ngāi Tahu chief Tautahi of Port Levy, on a bank of the Avon River, near to where the Barbadoes Street bridge now stands. This article discusses the Māori people of New Zealand For their language see Māori language, and for other meanings see Māori (disambiguation. Ngāi Tahu, or Kāi Tahu, the principal Māori Iwi (tribe of the southern region of New Zealand, has its tribal authority (Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Port Levy is a long sheltered bay and settlement on Banks Peninsula in Canterbury New Zealand. The Avon River is a River located in Christchurch New Zealand. [3]

Contents

Geography

Christchurch lies in Canterbury, near the centre of the east coast of the South Island, east of the Canterbury Plains. The New Zealand region of Canterbury (Waitaha is mainly composed of the Canterbury Plains and the surrounding mountains The South Island is the larger of the two major islands of New Zealand, the other being the more populous North Island. Canterbury Plains cover an area bounded by the foothills of the Southern Alps and the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand. It is located near the southern end of Pegasus Bay, and is bounded to the east by the Pacific Ocean coast and the estuary of the Avon as well as the Heathcote River. Pegasus Bay is on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions The Avon River is a River located in Christchurch New Zealand. The Heathcote River lies within the city boundaries of Christchurch New Zealand. To the south and south-east the urban portion of the city is limited by the volcanic slopes of the Port Hills separating it from the Banks Peninsula. The Port Hills are a range of hills running approximately east-west between the port of Lyttelton and the city of Christchurch in Canterbury New Zealand As of 2006, the Banks Peninsula was incorporated into the city, in effect tripling the city's land area [2] while adding only about 8,000 people to the city's population. To the north the city is bounded by the braided Waimakariri River. The Waimakariri River is the largest of the North Canterbury Rivers in the South Island of New Zealand.

Central City

At the centre of the city is Cathedral Square, surrounding the Anglican cathedral, Christ Church. Cathedral Square is the city centre of Christchurch, New Zealand. Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs "ChristChurch Cathedral" redirects here For other uses see Christ Church Cathedral (disambiguation. The area around this square and within the four avenues of Christchurch (Bealey Avenue, Fitzgerald Avenue, Moorhouse Avenue and Deans Avenue[4]) is considered the CBD of the city. A central business district ( CBD) is the commercial and often geographic heart of a city The central city also has a number of residential areas, including Inner City East, Inner City West, Avon Loop, Moa & Victoria.

Cathedral Square is a popular destination and hosts attractions such as the speakers' corner made famous by the Wizard of New Zealand, Ian Brackenbury Channell. The Wizard of New Zealand, also known as the Archwizard of Canterbury, is well known in New Zealand as a public speaker performer and eccentric The central city includes the pedestrianised Cashel Street as Christchurch's urban mall. At one end of the mall stands the Bridge Of Remembrance; at the other end the amphitheatre known as the Hack Circle. The Hack Circle or 'Hack' was a nickname given to an Amphitheatre in central Christchurch New Zealand.

Inner suburbs

(clockwise, starting north of the city centre)

Mairehau; Shirley; Richmond; Avonside; Linwood; Woolston; Opawa; Waltham; St Martins; Beckenham; Sydenham; Somerfield; Spreydon; Addington; Riccarton; Ilam; Burnside; Fendalton; Bryndwr; Strowan; Merivale; Papanui; St Albans. Mairehau is a Suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand. It is located four kilometres north of the city centre close to the edge of the urbanised central Shirley is a suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand on the north side of the city Richmond is a suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand. Situated to the inner north east of the city centre the suburb is bounded by Shirley Road to the north Hills Road Avonside is an eastern Suburb in Christchurch, New Zealand. It has a Parish church begun in 1874, designed by the Linwood is an inner suburb of the city of Christchurch, New Zealand. Woolston is a light industrial and residential suburb of Christchurch in the South Island of New Zealand. This article is about the suburb of Christchurch New Zealand For places in Poland, see Opawa (disambiguation. Waltham is an inner suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand, located two kilometres southeast of the city centre St Martins is an inner suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand, located two kilometres south of the city centre Beckenham is an inner suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand, located three kilometres south of the city centre Sydenham is an inner suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand, located two kilometres south of the city centre on and around the city’s main street Colombo Street Somerfield is a suburb in the south of Christchurch, New Zealand. Spreydon is a middle-class Suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand. Addington is a major suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand. It is sited close to State Highway 73, Christchurch's Ring road, 2 Riccarton is a major residential suburb of Christchurch New Zealand. for the electorate see Ilam (NZ electorate Ilam is a leafy suburb of Christchurch New Zealand, about five kilometres west of Burnside (in Christchurch, New Zealand) is a suburb located South East of Christchurch International Airport. for the parliamentary electorate see Fendalton (NZ electorate Fendalton is a suburb of Christchurch, in the South Island of Bryndwr is a suburb of Christchurch New Zealand and is one of the few places in New Zealand with a name of Welsh origin Strowan is a suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand.It is located between the suburbs of Merivale (south Papanui (north Bryndwr (north-west Merivale is a suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand. Its boundaries are defined by Statistics New Zealand as being Leinster Rd to the north Papanui Rd Papanui is a Suburb of Christchurch New Zealand. It is located five kilometers to the northwest of the city centre its geographical coordinates are 43° 30' St Albans is one of Christchurch, New Zealand 's largest suburbs

Outer suburbs

(clockwise, starting north of the city centre)

Marshland; Burwood; Parklands; Waimairi Beach; Avondale; New Brighton; Bexley; Aranui; South Brighton; Southshore; Bromley; Mt Pleasant; Redcliffs; Sumner; Ferrymead; Heathcote Valley; Hillsborough; Murray Aynsley; Huntsbury; Cashmere; Westmorland; Hillmorton; Hoon Hay; Halswell; Oaklands; Wigram; Middleton; Sockburn; Hornby; Islington; Templeton; Yaldhurst; Russley; Avonhead; Harewood; Bishopdale; Casebrook; Redwood; Belfast; Brooklands;

Satellite towns

(clockwise, starting south of the city centre)

Lyttelton; Tai Tapu; Lincoln; Prebbleton; Rolleston; West Melton; Rangiora; Kaiapoi. Burwood is a north eastern suburb of Christchurch New Zealand. Avondale is a suburb of Christchurch in the South Island of New Zealand. New Brighton is a coastal Suburb of Christchurch New Zealand, to the east of the city centre The suburb of Bexley is situated in Christchurch East on the west bank of the Avon River approximately one kilometre from the Avon-Heathcote Estuary Mount Pleasant is the name of many English-speaking places around the world Redcliffs is an outer coastal suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand. Sumner is a coastal seaside village-like suburb of Christchurch New Zealand. Introduction Ferrymead is a suburb south-east of Christchurch, New Zealand. Heathcote Valley is a suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand, dominated by the approaches to the Lyttelton Tunnel, a major arterial pass through the Murray Aynsley is a suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand, located on the fringes of the Port Hills 5  km south-east of the city centre Huntsbury is a suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand, located on the fringes of the Port Hills some three kilometres south of the city centre The suburb of Cashmere rises above the southern end of the city of Christchurch in New Zealand ’s South Island. Westmorland is an outer suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand. It is situated mostly on a hillside and is a recent development of the city dating back to the late Halswell is an outer suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand, located in open country nine kilometres southwest of the city centre on State Highway 75. Wigram is a suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand. Technically called Wigram Park, the second half of its name is rarely if ever heard Hornby is a major residential and retail Suburb at the western edge of Christchurch, New Zealand. Templeton is a town 15 km southwest of Christchurch on State Highway 1. Bishopdale is a residential suburb located in the north of Christchurch, New Zealand. Redwood is the name given to two different places in New Zealand. Belfast is a Suburb of Christchurch New Zealand. It is in the north of the city close to the banks of the Waimakariri River. Brooklands is the name of several small settlements in New Zealand. Lyttelton ( is a Port Town on the north shore of Lyttelton Harbour next to Banks Peninsula, 12 km by road from Christchurch for the suburb of Auckland, see Lincoln Auckland Lincoln is a town (population 2727 census 2006 in the Canterbury Rolleston is the centre of the Selwyn District of Canterbury and the Selwyn District Council has its headquarters in the town West Melton in New Zealand is a satellite town of Christchurch and has the largest population in the Selwyn District of Canterbury New Zealand Rangiora is a rural town in the South Island of New Zealand. It is the largest town in north Canterbury and the seat of the Waimakariri Kaiapoi is a town in the Canterbury region of the South Island of New Zealand, located close to the mouth of the Waimakariri River, and

Climate

Overview

Christchurch has a temperate climate, with maximum temperatures in January ranging from 15 °C to 25 °C (59–77 °F) (often reaching 30 °C/86 °F or higher), and maximum temperatures in July ranging from 5 °C to 15 °C (41–59 °F). Climate encompasses the temperatures humidity rainfall atmospheric particle count and numerous other meteorogical factors in a given region over long periods of The summer climate is often moderated by a sea breeze from the northeast, but a record temperature of 41. A sea-breeze (or onshore breeze) is a Wind from the sea that develops over land near coasts 6 °C (107 °F) was reached in February 1973. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 A notable feature of the weather is the nor'wester, a hot föhn wind that occasionally reaches storm force, causing widespread minor damage to property. The Nor'west arch is a weather pattern peculiar to the east coast of New Zealand 's South Island. A foehn wind or föhn wind is a type of dry downslope wind which occurs in the lee of a mountain range A storm is any disturbed state of an astronomical body's atmosphere, especially affecting its surface and strongly implying Severe weather. [5]

In winter it is common for the temperature to fall below 0 °C (32 °F) at night. There are on average 70 days of ground frost per year. [6] Snow falls occur on average once or twice a year in the hill suburbs and about once or twice every two years on the plain.

On cold winter nights, the surrounding hills, clear skies, and frosty calm conditions often combine to form a stable inversion layer above the city that traps vehicle exhausts and smoke from domestic fires to cause smog. Frost is the solid deposition of Water vapor from saturated air In meteorology an inversion is a deviation from the normal change of an atmospheric property with altitude Smog is a kind of Air pollution; the word "smog" is a Portmanteau of Smoke and Fog. While not as bad as smog in Los Angeles or Mexico City, Christchurch smog has often exceeded World Health Organisation recommendations for air pollution. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico Air pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of Chemicals Particulate matter, or Biological materials that cause harm or discomfort [7] The city has funding available to upgrade domestic home heating systems, and in order to limit air pollution has banned the use of open fires as of 1st January 2006. By 2008, woodburners more than 15 years old will be prohibited. [8]

Temperatures

Weather averages for Christchurch
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 22. 5 (73) 22. 2 (72) 20. 4 (69) 17. 8 (64) 14. 6 (58) 11. 7 (53) 11. 3 (52) 12. 4 (54) 14. 9 (59) 17. 4 (63) 19. 2 (67) 21. 2 (70) 17. 1 (63)
Average low °C (°F) 12. 2 (54) 12. 1 (54) 10. 6 (51) 7. 7 (46) 4. 5 (40) 2. 1 (36) 1. 9 (35) 2. 9 (37) 5. 1 (41) 7. 2 (45) 8. 9 (48) 10. 9 (52) 7. 2 (45)
Precipitation mm (inches) 42 (1. In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric 7) 39 (1. 5) 54 (2. 1) 54 (2. 1) 56 (2. 2) 66 (2. 6) 79 (3. 1) 69 (2. 7) 47 (1. 9) 53 (2. 1) 44 (1. 7) 49 (1. 9) 648 (25. 5)
Source: NIWA Science climate data[9]

Structure

Boatsheds on the Avon River
Boatsheds on the Avon River

Demographics

On 6 March 2004, the area administered by the Christchurch City Council had a population of 344,100, making it the second-largest in New Zealand, and the largest city in the South Island. Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island The South Island is the larger of the two major islands of New Zealand, the other being the more populous North Island. The Christchurch urban area is the third-largest in the country by population, after Auckland and Wellington. The Auckland metropolitan area or Greater Auckland, in the North Island of New Zealand, is the largest and most populous urban area in the country Wellington (ˈwælɪŋtən is the Capital of New Zealand, the country's second largest urban area, the

The following table shows the ethnic profile of Christchurch's population, as recorded in the 2001 and 2006 New Zealand Census. The New Zealand government department Statistics New Zealand conducts a Census of Population and Dwellings every five years The percentages add up to more than 100%, as some people counted themselves as belonging to more than one ethnic group. Figures for 2006 refer to just Christchurch City, not the whole urban area. The substantial percentage drop in the numbers of 'Europeans' was mainly caused by the increasing numbers of people from this group choosing to define themselves as 'New Zealanders' – even though this was not one of the groups listed on the census form.

Ethnic Group 2001 (%) 2001 (people)[10] 2006 (%) 2006 (people)[11]
European 89. 8 291,594 75. 4 255,366
'New Zealanders' n/a n/a 12. 9 43,671
Asian 5. Asian or Asiatic is a Demonym for people from Asia. However the use of the term varies by country and person often referring to people from a particular 5 17,703 7. 9 26,631
Māori 7. This article discusses the Māori people of New Zealand For their language see Māori language, and for other meanings see Māori (disambiguation. 2 23,421 7. 6 25,725
Pacific Island 2. Pacific Islander (or Pacific Person, pl Pacific People, also called Oceanic[s] ' is a geographic term to describe the Austronesian 4 7,713 2. 8 9,465
Middle East/Latin America/Africa n/a n/a 0. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. 8 2,862
Others 0. 6 2,073 0. 0 114
Total giving their ethnicity 324,666 (individuals) 338,748 (individuals)

The 2006 Census also provides information about the multilinguality of the region. Accordingly, 283,986 people in Christchurch City spoke one language only, while 37,947 spoke two, and 7,881 could converse in three or more languages. [11]

Economy

The agricultural industry has always been the economic core of Christchurch. The city has long had industry based on the surrounding farming country. PGG Wrightson, New Zealand's leading agribusiness, is based in Christchurch. Its local roots go back to Pyne Gould Guinness an old stock and station agency serving the South Island. That firm helped take deer farming techniques abroad. PGG Wrightson's overseas diversification includes dairy farming in Uruguay.

Other agribusineses in Christchurch have included malting, seed development and dressing, wool and meat processing, and small biotechnology operations using byproducts from meat works.

Dairying has grown strongly in the surrounding areas with high world prices for milk products and the use of irrigation to lift grass growth on dry land. With its higher labour use this has helped stop declines in rural population. Many cropping and sheep farms have been converted to dairying. Conversions have been by agribusiness companies as well as by farmers, many of whom have moved south from North Island dairying strongholds such as Taranaki and the Waikato.

Cropping has always been important in the surrounding countryside. Wheat and barley and various strains of clover and other grasses for seed exporting have been the main crops. These have all created processing businesses in Christchurch.

In recent years, regional agriculture has diversified, with a thriving wine industry springing up at Waipara, and beginnings of new horticulture industries such as olive production and processing. Deer farming has led to new processing using antlers for Asian medicine and aphrodisiacs. The high quality local wine in particular has increased the appeal of Canterbury and Christchurch to tourists.

In earlier years, Christchurch was one of the two heavy-engineering centres of New Zealand, with firms such as Anderson's making steel work for bridges, tunnels, and hydro-electric dams in the early days of infrastructure work. Now manufacturing is mainly of light products and the key market is Australia, with firms such as those pioneered by the Stewart family among the larger employers.

Before clothing manufacture largely moved to Asia, Christchurch was the centre of the New Zealand clothing industry, with firms such as LWR Industries. The firms that remain mostly design and market, and manufacture in Asia. The city also had five footwear manufacturers, but these have been replaced by imports.

In the last few decades, technology-based industries have sprung up in Christchurch. Angus Tait founded Tait Electronics, a mobile-radio manufacturer, and other firms spun off from this, such as Dennis Chapman's Swichtec. Sir Angus Tait, KNZM, OBE, ( 26 July 1919 &ndash 7 August 2007) was a New Zealand Electronics Tait proteges include Chapman. In software, Gil Simpson founded LINC, which became Jade. Neither Angus nor Gil completed high school education.

However, there have been spin-offs from the electrical department of the University of Canterbury engineering school. These included Pulse Data, which became Human Ware ( making reading devices and computers for blind people and those with limited vision) and CES Communications (encryption). The Pulse Data founders had moved from the Canterbury University engineering school to work for Wormald when they set up Pulse Data through a management buyout of their division.

Nowadays, the University of Canterbury engineering school and computer science department play an important role in supplying staff and research for the technology industries, and the Christchurch Polytechnic Institute of Technology provides a flow of trained technicians and engineers. Similarly, nearby Lincoln University has played an important role in Christchurch agribusiness. Lincoln University is a New Zealand University that was formed in 1990 when Lincoln College Canterbury was made independent of the University

Tourism is also a significant factor of the local economy. Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel The closeness of the ski-fields and other attractions of the Southern Alps, and hotels, a casino, and an airport that meet international standards make Christchurch a stopover destination for many tourists. A ski is a long flat device worn on the feet designed to help the wearer slide smoothly over snow The Southern Alps is a Mountain range which runs along the western side of the South Island of New Zealand. The city is popular with Japanese tourists,[12] with signage around Cathedral Square in Japanese. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities

Government

Christchurch's local government is a democracy with various elements including:

In 1993, Christchurch was selected as the "Best Run City in the World", also known as the 'Carl Bertelsmann Prize: Local Government', by the Bertelsmann Foundation of Germany. The Bertelsmann Foundation (Bertelsmann Stiftung is the largest private operating Non-profit foundation in Germany created in 1977 by Reinhard Mohn of Especially noted was the increased efficiency of communal services in competition with private enterprises. Christchurch shared the award honour with Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Phoenix (ˈfiːˌnɪks O'odham Skikik, Yavapai Wasinka, Western Apache Fiinigis, Navajo Hoozdo, The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [15]

Education

Further information: List of schools in Canterbury, New Zealand#Christchurch City

Secondary schools

Christchurch is well-known for several very traditional schools of the English public school type, such as Christ's College, St Andrew's, St. Bede's College, Villa Maria College, St. Margaret's College and Rangi Ruru Girls' School, but also has several less conventional schools such as Unlimited Paenga Tawhiti and Hagley Community College. Canterbury is a region in the South Island of New Zealand It contains numerous rural primary schools several small town primary and secondary schools and big-city schools in Christchurch An independent school in the United Kingdom is a school relying upon private sources for all of its funding predominantly in the form of school fees Christ's College Canterbury is an independent, Anglican, secondary, day and Boarding school for boys located in Christchurch St Andrew's College Christchurch, New Zealand is a private co-educational school that enrolls from Pre School-Year 13 St Bede's College is a Roman Catholic day and Boarding school in Christchurch, New Zealand for boys aged 13 (Year 9 to 18 (Year St Margaret's College is a high achieving independent Anglican girls' day and boarding school in Merivale, Christchurch, New Zealand Rangi Ruru Girls' School is a school located in Christchurch, New Zealand for girls aged 11 (Year 7 to 18 (Year 13 Unlimited Paenga Tawhiti (UPT is a relatively new state secondary school located in the city centre of Christchurch, New Zealand. Hagley Community College, is a non-integrated state secondary school in inner-city Christchurch, New Zealand. Christchurch is also the location of Burnside High School, well known for its specialist music programme, and the second largest school in New Zealand with 2,650 pupils. Burnside High School (BHS (Called Waimairi-iri in Maori is the second largest high school in New Zealand with over 2500 students and is located in the suburb of Burnside in New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Cashmere High School at Rose Street is another large co-educational secondary school. Cashmere High School is a state school in Christchurch, New Zealand.

Tertiary institutions

A number of tertiary education institutions have campuses in Christchurch, or in the surrounding areas.

Christchurch Brill Tram No 178 on the heritage tramway
Christchurch Brill Tram No 178 on the heritage tramway

Transport

Christchurch is served by Christchurch International Airport and by buses (local and long-distance) and trains. This page discusses the New Zealand university For universities in Canterbury England see the University of Kent and Canterbury Christ Church University Lincoln University is a New Zealand University that was formed in 1990 when Lincoln College Canterbury was made independent of the University The Christchurch Polytechnic Institute of Technology (CPIT is an Institute of technology in Christchurch, New Zealand. The Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences is one of three medical schools that make up the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Otago. Christchurch International Airport is the main Airport that serves Christchurch, New Zealand. The local bus service, known as Metro, is provided by Environment Canterbury. The New Zealand region of Canterbury (Waitaha is mainly composed of the Canterbury Plains and the surrounding mountains The car, however, remains the dominant form of transport. The central city has very flat terrain and the City Council are establishing a network of cycle lanes on roads.

There is a functioning tram service in Christchurch, but as a tourist attraction, its loop is restricted to a circuit of the central city. The trams were originally introduced in 1905, ceased operating in 1954,[16] but returned to the inner city (as a tourist attraction) in 1995. In addition to nomal bus services, Christchurch also has a pioneering zero-fare hybrid bus service, the Shuttle, in the inner city. Zero-fare Public transport services are funded in full by means other than collecting a Fare from passengers A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to propel the vehicle

See also: Public transport in Christchurch

The Main North Line railway travels northwards via Kaikoura to Picton and is served by the famous TranzCoastal passenger train, while the Main South Line heads to Invercargill via Dunedin and was used by the Southerner until its cancellation in 2002. Public transport in Christchurch, New Zealand is mainly by Bus services operated by three bus companies and jointly marketed Construction The first proposal for a line resembling the present day Main North Line was made in 1861 Kaikoura is a town on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand. Picton is a town in the Marlborough region of New Zealand. It is near the head of Queen Charlotte Sound near the north-east corner of the South Island }|} The TranzCoastal is a long-distance passenger train between Picton and Christchurch in the South Island of New Zealand, operated by |}}|}The Main South Line, sometimes referred to as part of the South Island Main Trunk Railway, runs south from Lyttelton in New Zealand through Christchurch Invercargill ( Waihōpai in Māori) is the southernmost and westernmost city in New Zealand, and one of the southernmost cities in the world Dunedin (dəˈneɪdɪn) Ōtepoti in Maori is the second-largest city in the South Island of New Zealand, and the principal city of the region of The Southerner was a passenger express Train that ran in New Zealand 's South Island between Christchurch and Invercargill via The most famous train to depart Christchurch is the TranzAlpine, which travels along the Main South Line to Rolleston and then turns onto the Midland Line, passes through the Southern Alps via the Otira Tunnel, and terminates in Greymouth on the West Coast. The TranzAlpine is a Passenger Train service operated by Tranz Scenic on the South Island of New Zealand. Rolleston is the centre of the Selwyn District of Canterbury and the Selwyn District Council has its headquarters in the town The Midland line is a famous 212 km section of railway between Christchurch (Rolleston and Greymouth in the South Island of New Zealand The Southern Alps is a Mountain range which runs along the western side of the South Island of New Zealand. The Otira Tunnel is a railway tunnel on the Midland Line in the South Island of New Zealand between Otira and Arthur's Pass. Greymouth is the largest town in the West Coast region on the South Island of New Zealand, and the seat of the Grey District Council Naming To New Zealanders the term 'The Coast' generally refers to the West Coast of the South Island, and 'Coasters' to those that live there This trip is often regarded to be one of the ten great train journeys in the world for the amazing scenery through which it passes. The TranzAlpine service is primarily a tourist service and carries no significant commuter traffic. Commuter trains used to operate in Christchurch but were progressively cancelled in the 1960s and 1970s. The last such service, between Christchurch and Rangiora, ceased in 1976. Rangiora is a rural town in the South Island of New Zealand. It is the largest town in north Canterbury and the seat of the Waimakariri

History

Main article: History of Canterbury, New Zealand

Overview

Archeological evidence found in a cave at Redcliffs in 1876 has indicated that the Christchurch area was first settled by moa-hunting tribes about 1250. Pre-1840 Maori Period Introduction Probably no more than 500 Māori were living in Canterbury when European settlement began in the 1840s Redcliffs is an outer coastal suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand. The Moa were ten species (in six genera of flightless Birds endemic to New Zealand. Māori oral history relates that humans occupied the area around the year 1000. This article discusses the Māori people of New Zealand For their language see Māori language, and for other meanings see Māori (disambiguation. These first inhabitants were thought to have been followed by the Waitaha tribe, who are said to have migrated from the East coast of the North Island in the 16th century. Waitaha is an early historical Māori Iwi. Inhabitants of the South Island of New Zealand, they were largely absorbed via marriage and conquest Following tribal warfare, the Waitaha (made of three peoples) were dispossessed by the Ngati Mamoe tribe. Kāti Mamoe, or Ngāti Mamoe, is an historic Māori Iwi. Originally from the Heretaunga ( Napier) area they moved to the South Island They were in turn subjugated by the Ngāi Tahu tribe, who remained in control until the arrival of European settlers. Ngāi Tahu, or Kāi Tahu, the principal Māori Iwi (tribe of the southern region of New Zealand, has its tribal authority (Te Rūnanga o Ngāi

Following the purchase of land at Putaringamotu (modern Riccarton) by the Weller brothers whalers of Otago and Sydney a party of European settlers led by Herriott and McGillivray established themselves in what is now the Christchurch area, early in 1840. The Weller brothers, Englishmen of Sydney and Otago, New Zealand, were the founders of a Whaling station on Otago Harbour and New History See also History of Otago The Otago Settlement sponsored by the Free Church of Scotland, materialised in March 1848 with the arrival of the first Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 Their abandoned holdings were taken over by the Deans brothers in 1843 who stayed. The First Four Ships were chartered by the Canterbury Association and arrived on 16 December 1850, bringing the first 792 of the Canterbury Pilgrims to Lyttelton Harbour. The Canterbury Association was formed in order to establish a colony in what is now the Canterbury Region in the South Island of New Zealand. Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion For the game see 1850 (board game. 1850 ( MDCCCL) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link Lyttelton ( is a Port Town on the north shore of Lyttelton Harbour next to Banks Peninsula, 12 km by road from Christchurch These sailing vessels were the Randolph, Charlotte-Jane, Sir George Seymour, and Cressy. Randolph was a 664-ton ship-rigged Merchant vessel constructed in 1849 in Sunderland. The Charlotte-Jane was one of the first four Ships in 1850 to carry Emigrants from England to the new Colony of Canterbury The Sir George Seymour was one of the first four ships in 1850 to carry emigrants from England to the new colony of Canterbury in New Zealand. The Cressy was one of the first four Ships in 1850 to carry Emigrants from England to the new Colony of Canterbury in The Canterbury Pilgrims had aspirations of building a city around a cathedral and college, on the model of Christ Church in Oxford. Not to be confused with Christchurch, a city in New Zealand. Christ Church (Ædes Christi the temple or house of Christ and thus sometimes known as Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, [17] The name "Christ Church" was decided prior to the ships' arrival, at the Association's first meeting, on 27 March 1848. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates Year 1848 ( MDCCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap

Captain Joseph Thomas, the Canterbury Association's Chief Surveyor, surveyed the surrounding area. By December 1849 he had commissioned the construction of a road from Port Cooper, later Lyttelton, to Christchurch via Sumner. Lyttelton ( is a Port Town on the north shore of Lyttelton Harbour next to Banks Peninsula, 12 km by road from Christchurch Sumner is a coastal seaside village-like suburb of Christchurch New Zealand. [18] However this proved more difficult than expected and road construction was stopped while a steep foot and pack horse track was constructed over the hill between the port and the Heathcote valley, where access to the site of the proposed settlement could be gained. A packhorse (UK or pack horse (USA refers generally to an Equid such as a Horse, Mule, Donkey or Pony used for carrying This track became known as the Bridle Path, because the path was so steep that pack horses needed to be led by the bridle. The Bridle Path is a track which connects Christchurch and Lyttelton in the South Island of New Zealand. [19]

Goods that were too heavy or bulky to be transported by pack horse over the Bridle Path were shipped by small sailing vessels some eight miles (13 km) by water around the coast and up the estuary to Ferrymead. Introduction Ferrymead is a suburb south-east of Christchurch, New Zealand. New Zealand's first public railway line, the Ferrymead railway, opened from Ferrymead to Christchurch in 1863. The Ferrymead Railway is a New Zealand heritage railway built upon the formation of New Zealand's first public railway the line from Ferrymead to Due to the difficulties in travelling over the Port Hills and the dangers associated with shipping navigating the Sumner bar, a railway tunnel was bored through the Port Hills to Lyttelton, opening in 1867. The Port Hills are a range of hills running approximately east-west between the port of Lyttelton and the city of Christchurch in Canterbury New Zealand [20]

Christchurch became a city by Royal Charter on 31 July 1856, the first in New Zealand. A Royal Charter is a Charter granted by the Sovereign on the advice of the Privy council to legitimize an incorporated body such as a city company Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently Year 1856 ( MDCCCLVI) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Many of the city's Gothic buildings by architect Benjamin Mountfort date from this period. See also Gothic art Gothic architecture is a style of Architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. Benjamin Woolfield Mountfort (13 March 1825 &ndash 15 March 1898 was an English emigrant to New Zealand, where he became one of that country's most prominent

Christchurch was the seat of provincial administration for the Province of Canterbury. (For the current top-level subdivision of Canterbury in New Zealand see Canterbury New Zealand) The Canterbury Province was a province of New Zealand

In 1947, New Zealand's worst fire disaster occurred at Ballantyne's Department Store in the inner city, with 41 people killed in a blaze which razed the rambling collection of buildings. The Ballantyne's Department Store Fire on November 18 1947, remains the worst fire disaster in New Zealand history [21]

The Lyttelton Road Tunnel between Lyttelton and Christchurch was opened in 1964. The Lyttelton Road Tunnel links the New Zealand city of Christchurch and its seaport Lyttelton. [22]

Christchurch was also host to the 1974 British Commonwealth Games. The 1974 British Commonwealth Games were held in Christchurch, New Zealand from 24 January-2 February 1974

Gateway to the Antarctic

Statue of Robert Falcon Scott created by his widow, Kathleen Scott.
Statue of Robert Falcon Scott created by his widow, Kathleen Scott. Kathleen Scott Baroness Kennet, born Edith Agnes Kathleen Bruce FRSBS, ( 27 March 1878 - 25 July 1947) was a British

Christchurch has a history of involvement in Antarctic exploration – both Robert Falcon Scott and Ernest Shackleton used the port of Lyttelton as a departure point for expeditions, and there is a statue of Scott, sculpted by his widow, in the central city. The history of Antarctica emerges from early Western theories of a vast continent known as Terra Australis, believed to exist in the far south of the globe Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton, CVO, OBE, (15 February 1874 – 5 January 1922 was an Anglo-Irish explorer who was one of the principal figures of the period

Christchurch International Airport serves as the major base for the Italian and United States Antarctic programs as well as the New Zealand Antarctic programme. Christchurch International Airport is the main Airport that serves Christchurch, New Zealand. The International Antarctic Centre provides both base facilities and a museum and visitor centre. The International Antarctic Centre is located in Christchurch, New Zealand, just across from Christchurch International Airport. The United States Navy and latterly the United States Air National Guard, augmented by the New Zealand and Australian air forces, use Christchurch Airport as take-off for the main supply route to McMurdo and Scott Bases in Antarctica. The Clothing Distribution Center (CDC) in Christchurch, has more than 140,000 pieces of extreme cold weather (ECW) gear for issue to nearly 2,000 U.S. Antarctic Program (USAP) participants in the 2007-08 season. United States Antarctic Program (or USAP; formerly known as the United States Antarctic Research Program or USARP and the United States Antarctic [23]


Visitor attractions

Cathedral Square in Christchurch, with Christ Church in the background.
Cathedral Square in Christchurch, with Christ Church in the background.
The Christchurch Art Gallery
The Christchurch Art Gallery
Water fountain at Christchurch Botanical Gardens.
Water fountain at Christchurch Botanical Gardens.

Entertainment

Parks & Nature

The large number of public parks and well-developed residential gardens with many trees has given Christchurch the name of The Garden City. [24] Hagley Park and the 30-hectare (75 acre) Christchurch Botanic Gardens, founded in 1863, are in the central city, with Hagley Park being a site for sports such as golf, cricket, netball, and rugby, and for open air concerts by local bands and orchestras. Hagley Park is a large public Park (161 km² in Christchurch, New Zealand which was created in 1855 by the Provincial Government The Christchurch Botanic Gardens, Christchurch, New Zealand are botanical gardens founded in 1863 when an English oak on 9 July 1863 Cricket is a bat-and-ball team Sport that originated in England and is now played in more than 100 countries Netball is a non-contact team Sport similar to and derived from Basketball. Rugby football (usually just " rugby " may refer to a number of sports through history descended from a common form of Football developed at Rugby School

Cinema & Theatre

While historically most cinemas were grouped around Cathedral Square,[25] only the Regent complex remains there, which was rebuilt as 'Regent on Worcester' in 1996. Only one of the first generation of suburban cinemas, the Hollywood in Sumner, remains open. [26] The largest multiplexes are the Hoyts 8 in the old Railway Station on Moorhouse Avenue and Reading Cinemas (also eight screens) in the Palms shopping centre in Shirley. The Hoyts Group is an Australian company consisting of Hoyts Exhibition Hoyts Distribution and Val Morgan Reading Entertaiment is a Movie theater company which is part of Reading International Inc The recently (2005)[27] opened Hoyts in Riccarton had the largest screen in New Zealand – although this has recently (2007) been surpassed by Auckland, which now has the largest movie theatre screen in the world, incorporated into the new Sylvia Park shopping complex. Sylvia Park is a large Business park and shopping centre in the Auckland, New Zealand suburb of Mount Wellington.

The Rialto Cinemas on Moorhouse avenue specialise in international films and art house productions. The Rialto also hosts the majority of the cities various film festivals and is home to the local film society.

The Christchurch Arts Centre includes two art house cinemas, Cloisters and The Academy, screening a wide selection of contemporary, classic and foreign language films. The Christchurch Arts Centre is a hub for arts crafts and entertainment in Christchurch, New Zealand.

There is an active film society in the city,[28].

Christchurch has one full-time professional theatre, the Court Theatre,[29] which is based in the Christchurch Arts Centre. The Court Theatre is a professional theatre company based in Christchurch, New Zealand. There is also an active recreational theatre scene.

Music

The city is known for its many live acts. [30][31] and also has a professional symphony orchestra. An orchestra is an instrumental ensemble, usually fairly large with string brass woodwind sections and possibly a percussion section as well [32]

There are usually buskers around the town square, and Christchurch also hosts the World Buskers Festival in January each year.

In recent movements, hip hop has effectively landed in Christchurch. In 2000, First Aotearoa Hip Hop Summit was held there. And in 2003, Christchurch’s own Scribe (rapper), released his debut album in New Zealand and has received five times platinum in that country, in addition to achieving two number one singles. Scribe is the Stage name of New Zealand Rapper Malo Luafutu. His debut album The Crusader, was released in 2003 in New [33][34]

Venues

The Westpac Arena is New Zealand's second largest permanent multipurpose arena, seating between 5000 and 8000, depending on configuration. Westpac Arena formerly known as the Westpac Centre and before that the WestpacTrust Centre is a sporting and entertainment arena located in Addington, Christchurch It is home of the Canterbury Rams basketball team, and Canterbury Tactix netball side. History "Glory Days " (1986-94 Canterbury was one of the most dominant teams in the New Zealand NBL's early days The Canterbury Tactix are a New Zealand Netball team based in Christchurch, New Zealand. It was the venue for the 1999 World Netball championships and has been host to many concerts in recent years. Netball is a non-contact team Sport similar to and derived from Basketball.

The Christchurch Town Hall Auditorium (2000 seats, opened 1974) was the first major auditorium design by architects Warren and Mahoney and acousticians Marshall Day. The Christchurch Town Hall of the Performing Arts, previously known as the Christchurch Town Hall opened in 1972, is Christchurch 's premier performing arts centre It is still recognised as a model example of concert-hall design. It has an excellent modern pipe organ. The pipe organ is a Musical instrument that produces sound when pressurized air (wind is driven through a series of pipes, controlled by a keyboard

Christchurch also has a Casino,[35] and there are also a wide range of live music venues[36][37] – some short-lived, others with decades of history. A casino is in the modern sense of the word a facility that houses and accommodates certain types of Gambling activities

Sport

Sports


Events

Venues

Winter afternoon on the Christchurch coast.
Winter afternoon on the Christchurch coast. The 1974 British Commonwealth Games were held in Christchurch, New Zealand from 24 January-2 February 1974 The 1999 Netball World Championships were held at the Westpac Arena in Christchurch, New Zealand, the tenth edition of the Netball World Championships

Sister cities

Christchurch has seven sister cities around the world. They are:[39]

References

  1. ^ Section 3.4 Greater Christchurch Area (PDF) (Greater Christchurch Urban Development Strategy, Christchurch City Council, 2007)
  2. ^ a b A History of Canterbury, Vol. Adelaide is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of South Australia, and is the fifth largest city in Australia with a South Australia is a state of Australia in the southern central part of the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Geography and administration Although within the historic county boundaries of Hampshire, at the time of the 1974 local government re-organisation it was considered Dorset ( (or archaically, Dorsetshire) is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Lanzhou ( Postal map spelling: Lanchow is a Prefecture-level city and capital of Gansu province in northwestern China. ( is a province located in the northwest of the People's Republic of China. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National is a historic city located to the west of Okayama, Japan, sitting on the Takahashi River, on the coast of the Inland Sea. is the capital city of Okayama Prefecture in the Chūgoku region of Japan. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Songpa-gu is a gu of Seoul, South Korea. It is located in the southeast of the city Seoul ( soʊl is the Capital and largest City of South Korea. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː ( is the capital of Hubei province and is the most populous city in central People's Republic of China. ( Postal map spelling: Hupeh) is a central province of the People's Republic of China. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National 1 - Sir James Hight & Straubel, C. R. ; Canterbury Centennial Association and Whitcombe and Tombs, Christchurch 1957, Page 121
  3. ^ Ōtautahi (from the Christchurch City Library website)
  4. ^ Christchurch City Council definition
  5. ^ Canterbury's damaging nor'wester (from the Metservice NZ website)
  6. ^ Mean Number Of Days Of Ground Frost (from the NIWA website)
  7. ^ Air Pollution Today (from the Environment Canterbury website)
  8. ^ [1] (from the Environment Canterbury website)
  9. ^ Niwa Science climate data. Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited ( MetService) has been in existence since 1992 when it was established as a State-Owned Enterprise. The National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, commonly abbreviated to NIWA and known in the Māori language as Taihoro Nukurangi, is a Crown Research The New Zealand region of Canterbury (Waitaha is mainly composed of the Canterbury Plains and the surrounding mountains The New Zealand region of Canterbury (Waitaha is mainly composed of the Canterbury Plains and the surrounding mountains
  10. ^ 2001 Regional Summary, Statistics New Zealand
  11. ^ a b 2006 Regional Summary Tables by Regional Council, Statistics New Zealand
  12. ^ The Sister City link with Christchurch (from christchurch. Statistics New Zealand (In Māori, Te Tari Tatau) is the state sector organisation of New Zealand which is responsible for the country's official Statistics New Zealand (In Māori, Te Tari Tatau) is the state sector organisation of New Zealand which is responsible for the country's official org, a Christchurch City Council website)
  13. ^ Environment Canterbury (official regional council website)
  14. ^ Canterbury District Health Board (official district health board website)
  15. ^ Carl Bertelsmann-Preis 1993: Kommunalverwaltung (from the Bertelsmann Foundation website, in German)
  16. ^ A Wheel on Each Corner, The History of the IPENZ Transportation Group 1956-2006 - Douglass, Malcolm; IPENZ Transportation Group, 2006, Page 12
  17. ^ Cathedral History (from the official Christ Church cathedral website)
  18. ^ Captain Thomas and the Streets of Christchurch. Christchurch (Ōtautahi The largest City in the South Island, it is also the second largest city and third largest urban area of New Zealand The Bertelsmann Foundation (Bertelsmann Stiftung is the largest private operating Non-profit foundation in Germany created in 1977 by Reinhard Mohn of The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. The Institution of Professional Engineers New Zealand ( IPENZ) is a not-for-profit Professional body representing Engineers It has over 10000 "ChristChurch Cathedral" redirects here For other uses see Christ Church Cathedral (disambiguation. Christchurch City Libraries.
  19. ^ Rescue, the Sumner community and its lifeboat service - Amodeo, Colin (editor), Christchurch: Sumner Lifeboat Institution Incorporated, 1998
  20. ^ Chch City Libraries
  21. ^ Ballantyne's fire
  22. ^ Te Ara
  23. ^ Looking good in the Antarctic (web). Clothing Distribution Center in Christchurch, New Zealand, outfits USAP participants for the trip south. The Antarctic Sun (January 10, 2008). Retrieved on 2008-01-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks
  24. ^ Christchurch, the Garden City (from the Christchurch City Council website)
  25. ^ Regent Theatre [1930-1976] (from the Canterbury Film Society website)
  26. ^ Christchurch Cinemas :: Hollywood Theatre
  27. ^ Hoyts Riccarton [2005 - ]. Christchurch (Ōtautahi The largest City in the South Island, it is also the second largest city and third largest urban area of New Zealand Canterbury Film Society.
  28. ^ Canterbury Film Society (from the official Canterbury Film Society website)
  29. ^ Court Theatre (from the official Court Theatre website)
  30. ^ The Official Launch of NZ Music Month 2007!. New Zealand Music Commission.
  31. ^ Celebrating Christchurch Music in NZ Music Month. Scoop. Scoopconz is a New Zealand Internet news site with a readership of 25000 unique visitors a day delivering 2000000 pages of information per month
  32. ^ Christchurch Symphony (from the official Christchurch Symphony Orchestra website)
  33. ^ Henderson, April K. “Dancing Between Islands: Hip Hop and the Samoan Diaspora. ” In The Vinyl Ain’t Final: Hip Hop and the Globalization of Black Popular Culture, ed. by Dipannita Basu and Sidney J. Lemelle, 180-199. London; Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Press, 2000
  34. ^ Aotearoa hiphop timeline.
  35. ^ Christchurch Casino (official Christchurch Casino website)
  36. ^ Christchurch's music scene today. Christchurch City Libraries.
  37. ^ Christchurch Live Music Venues. Christchurch Music Industry Trust.
  38. ^ Christchurch Park History. Christchurch Park.
  39. ^ Sister Cities of Christchurch (from the Christchurch City Council website)

Bibliography

External links

Official Organisations:

Culture & Information:

Tourism & Maps:


© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic