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Christ and the Sheep Shed[1] is a woodcut made in 1524 by Reformation artist Barthel Beham. For the origins of the technique and non-artistic use see Woodblock printing; for the related technique invented in the 18th century see Wood engraving Barthel Beham or Bartel (1502 &ndash 1540 was a German engraver, Miniaturist and painter. Created in the early part of the Protestant Reformation, this woodcut illustrates the beliefs of the artist, as well as other reformers, about the manipulation of the Catholic hierarchy. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time His work was influenced by reformers, such as Martin Luther, as well as other artists like Barthel’s older brother, Sebald. Martin Luther (November 10 1483 February 18 1546 was a German Monk, theologian, university professor Father of Protestantism, and church reformer This woodcut was created during the height of the peasant revolts and, though they were less severe in Germany opposed to other Reformation cities, the social implications were greatly felt. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Though there is little information on this particular woodcut, it represents much of the political and social aspects of the Reformation, and interpretation provides insight on the artist’s perspective of the era. The distribution of woodcuts was one of the most effective modes of propaganda during the Protestant Reformation. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time “Christ and the Sheep Shed” depicts the radical sentiment of the period in which it was created, and portrays the wide ranging effects of the Reformation and religion on all aspects of German culture. The image is unrealistic as an authentic situation. However, it was used as a symbolic interpretation of the Catholic Church’s manipulation over people and their faith.

Contents

Historical Context and interpretation

In 1517, Martin Luther posted his Ninety-Five Theses to the wall of the Castle Church in Wittenberg attacking several practices of the Catholic Church; in particular the use of indulgences. The Ninety-Five Theses on the Power of Indulgences, commonly known as The Ninety-Five Theses, were written by Martin Luther in 1517 All Saints' Church, commonly referred to as Schlosskirche, meaning " Castle Church " — to distinguish it from the "town church" the Stadtkirche Wittenberg, officially Lutherstadt Wittenberg, is a Town in Germany in the Bundesland Saxony-Anhalt, on the Elbe An indulgence, in Roman Catholic Theology, is the full or partial Remission of temporal punishment due for Sins which have already been forgiven [2] His theology argued that the sins of man could never be revealed but that Christ’s grace could save them. Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective [3] Among many reactions to this, a consequence was the criticism of religion and an increased amount of artwork for the propagation of the denial of the Catholic Church. “Christ and the Sheep Shed” was created in 1524, several years after Luther’s posting, and demonstrates the long lasting affect this act had. Barthel’s inspiration comes from his elder brother, Hans Sebald Beham, and the well-known artist, Albrecht Durer. Hans Sebald Beham (1500 &ndash 1550 was a German printmaker who did his best work as an engraver, and was also a designer of Woodcuts and Albrecht Dürer (ˈalbʀɛçt ˈdyʀɐ ( May 21, 1471 &ndash April 6, 1528) was a German painter, Printmaker [4] He was born in Nuremberg in 1502 and it is suggested that he studied in the workshop of Durer, which had significant influences on his artwork and decisions made in his career. [5] The premise of this woodcut is based on a passage from the Bible, John 10:1-42. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin This passage articulates Christ as the shepherd, his followers as the flock, and all others as thieves. “All who ever came before me were thieves and robbers, but the sheep did not listen to them. I am the gate; whoever enters through me will be saved”. [6] Barthel used characters in this scene that clearly show the Papacy as the “thieves”; they are climbing the sheep shed and entering through windows in the approach of a thief. At the top of the shed is the Pope, symbolizing his authority and domination over the rest of the church hierarchy. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and The shed is deliberately shaped by Beham to look like a church, with its steeple and cathedral-like windows, to avoid any confusion of what the scene attempts to depict. [7] Christ is in the front doorway of the shed, as he is the ‘gate’ to be entered through. Also seen are peasants grovelling to the nobility, which demonstrates Barthel’s sympathy towards the peasantry. A peasant is an agricultural worker who subsists by working a small plot of ground In the bottom-right corner of the woodcut people are gathered to buy indulgences, portraying the anxiety about salvation. In Theology, salvation can mean three related things being saved from or Liberation from something such as Suffering or the punishment of In the background a crucifixion scene is created; what is strange is that it is less visible than the shed and the church hierarchy, showing the insignificance of the actions of Christ himself, and an emphasis on the use of indulgences in the Catholic Church. Crucifixion (from Latin crucifixio, noun of process crucifixio, from perfect passive participle crucifixus, fixed to a cross from The scene created by Barthel depicts the mood of Germany in 1524 as a conflicted place between Protestantism and Catholicism, as well as the observations of the artist himself. His depiction of the Papacy as thieves is impractical, yet its reasoning is to exaggerate the situation to make the idea more influential. During the counter-reformation, Catholic artwork changed in response to the aforementioned Protestant images. The Counter-Reformation (also Catholic Reformation denotes the period of Catholic revival from the pontificate of Pope Pius IV in 1560 to the close of the Many Catholic paintings now focused on the worship of Saints lives and mystic moments. Others focused on refuting Protestant theology. Much like the theology of the counter-reformation, the art tried to undermine the teachings and authority of other religious sects.

Propaganda and Distribution

Prior to the reformation, woodcuts were used as devotional images in monastic centres. [8] Artists would be hired to create a woodcut that would illustrate text in chronicles. They found a new purpose when they were used to support humanism in the reformation. Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal [9] The communication and spread of ideas was central to this time period. Arguably, the reformation would not have been as influential without the use of the printing press. A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a medium (such as paper or cloth thereby transferring an image Gutenberg’s invention allowed the mass production of texts, giving Luther and his contemporaries the opportunity for widespread theology. Woodcuts were printed on covers of texts to increase interest of potential readers. [10] However, sixteenth-century German society was predominantly illiterate. The learned areas were in the centre of towns and cities, but these numbers remained few. [11] Print culture required a particular social group with the ability to absorb the information at hand. [12] For reforms to be effective then, the reformers would need to target the entire population and not simply the educated elites. Paintings and woodcuts, such as “Christ and the Sheep Shed”, provided visual interpretations of papal corruption which required no literacy whatsoever. [13] Interpretations could be made by the people themselves, facilitated by popular knowledge and word of mouth. Often woodcuts were accompanied by text; nevertheless, this was only used to assist the depiction and message thereof, not to stand independent from it. The printed text was usually simple requiring only basic reading skills. [14] Even without this text the illustrations were to the point and understandable without a broad based knowledge of politics or further explanation. Woodcuts were used rather than copper-plated engravings to produce thousands of copies without damage. Engraving is the practice of incising a design onto a hard usually flat surface by cutting grooves into it [15] The cost of woodcuts depended on the cost of the paper, which by the sixteenth century was in high-demand because of the printing press; therefore, much of the expenses were due to the price of paper. [16] Religious artwork that depicted the Papacy as anything but pious often promoted outward acts against the Clergy and nobility. [17] On Easter day 1525, in Upper Swabia, peasants started taking a more militant attitude. Swabia, Suabia, or Svebia ( German: Schwaben, Schwabenland or Ländle) is both a historic and linguistic Johann Herlot wrote a report on the instances: “…the peasants roused themselves… [They] arrived so unexpectedly that the count and his subordinates could not return to the castle…”[18] Typically these acts were promoted by artwork that demonstrated the oppression of the peasantry and tasks of the Clergy; much of this was seen in Barthel’s other work.

Radicalism

The radicals of the reformation are hard to define because they were so large in numbers and occupied a variety of beliefs. [19] Barthel Beham was radical in his beliefs on the Bible and the sacraments, like numerous other reformers, and he portrayed this through many pieces of artwork. A sacrament, as defined in Hexam's Concise Dictionary of Religion is "a Rite in which God is uniquely active He sympathized with the peasants, especially during the Peasant War. For other conflicts referred to as peasant wars or revolts see Peasant revolt (disambiguation. When Luther attacked the peasantry in an article in May 1525, Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants, he wrote, “…we must go beyond our duty, and offer the mad peasants an opportunity to come to terms…if that does not help, then swiftly grasp the sword”. The German Peasants' War took place between 1524 and 1526 as a result of a tumultuous collection of grievances in many different spheres political economic social and theological [20] That year Barthel, along with his brother Sebald and painter, Georg Pencz, were exiled from Nuremberg on account of their radical views on religious and political concerns. Georg Pencz (c 1500 - 1550 was a German engraver, painter and printmaker. When questioned on their views of Christ, Barthel replied in a manner suggesting that he did not believe in him. [21] From this incident these three artists were given the name “the Godless painters” and were shunned by different groups of society. These radical views began because the pace of the reforms was seen as moving too slow. Large groups of people wanted changes implemented immediately, but when this did not happen radical efforts were made. In Wittenberg, the reformer Karlstadt, protested against the worshipping of images and promoted their destruction; a notion called iconoclasm. Iconoclasm, Greek for "image-breaking" is the deliberate destruction within a culture of the culture's own religious Icons and other symbols or monuments This was a form of radical reformation. Luther and Karlstadt had very different approaches on matters concerning the implementation of reforms, teachings and artwork in general. [22] “Every community, whether small or large, should see for itself that it acts correctly and well and waits for no one. ”[23] This depicts the mood of Germany at the time of reform and the desire for quick change, which frequently resulted in violent actions to see an outcome. As a result of Karlstadt’s promotion of the defacing of religious artwork and advocation of speedy changes, he and Luther had a falling out after years of companionship. Not only did radicalism stem from the desire for a speedier reformation, but also from dissatisfaction of it altogether. As his expulsion from Nuremberg illustrates, Barthel was not happy with the reforms that Luther or his equals were enforcing; as a result he denied Christ as legitimate; thus the given name, “the godless painters”.

Social and Political implications

A common misconception of the reformation is that it was purely a religious affair. This is a false interpretation. The inquiry of artwork, such as “Christ and the Sheep Shed”, provides clarification of the spread of ideas and change of religious thought into political and social concerns. For instance, his woodcut “Peasant Holiday” further depicts his feelings on the oppression of the peasantry. [24] In it, the dominant classes are violently attacking the peasants with swords, while the women try to intercept. The perpetual use of the peasantry in religious, social and political matters shows the interconnection of the three. The political and moral upheaval that Germany faced as a result of the reformation is seen in the Peasant War. [25] Many feared an overthrow of the existing social order; Barthel’s pieces of art facilitated this as he often reflected the oppression of the peasantry and the advocation of uprising against the elite. More people were became concerned with politics and therefore the interest in pamphlets grew. A pamphlet is an unbound Booklet (that is without a hard cover or binding) Consequently, so did the proportion of learned people and literacy. [26] Many of the criticisms made in these pamphlets, accompanied by woodcuts, were against Church hierarchy and predominantly towards the Pope. He was portrayed as a demon, the anti-Christ, a thief, and a hoarding rich-man. For other uses see Antichrist (disambiguation In Christian eschatology, the Antichrist or anti-Christ means a person office [27] However, many others were targeted in a negative religious aspect as well. Such people were economic figures. Attacking the sale of indulgences and monopolies on the church, an artist depicted a merchant marking up prices in the sale of these indulgences. Merchants function as professionals who deal with Trade, dealing in commodities that they do not produce themselves in order to produce Profit. [28] In this, the artist was arguing for the return of order and morality to the Catholic Church. [29] A similar trend it seen in the Sheep Shed woodcut. Though it is intended as a religious piece, it demonstrates pertinent matters of society. Firstly, its affect on society reveals the influential ability that common artists had over popular opinion. Artists such as the Beham brothers and Georg Pencz created paintings and woodcuts that were widely distributed, making statements about the mood of the reformation. Secondly, that these artists were questioned in trial about their feelings about Christ shows the fear that authorities had about their influence on society. Their ejection from Nuremberg after the trial only asserts their artistic fortitude. Also what needs to be considered is that these artists were trying to make a livelihood. In 1527, after returning to Nuremberg following his expulsion, Barthel left permanently to become a court painter to the Catholic dukes in Munich. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. This suggests that his religious beliefs were irrelevant to his need for income. [30] Regardless of the purpose or sentiment of his or any artists work, the important matter is whether or not the public reacted to it, and clearly many did. Lastly, a social impact of reformation art was the increase in entrepreneurship; many people opened print shops and publishing industries because there was an increased demand for pamphlets and propaganda. [31] This caused much social tension and economic changes with the increase in wealth. This affected the size and function of the area which consequently secularized motives of achievement. [32]

Further reading

Primary Sources

₳ Barthel Beham (1524). Christ and the Sheep Shed.

₳ Barthel Beham. Peasant Holiday.

₳ Johann Herlot (1525). The Massacre of Weinsberg.

₳ John 10: 1-42 The Shepherd and his Flock.

₳ Martin Luther (1525). Against the Robbing and Murderous Hordes of Peasants.

Secondary Sources

₳ Briggs, Asa and Peter Burke. A Social History of the Media: From Gutenburd to the Internet. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2002.

₳ Christensen, Carl C. Art and the Reformation in Germany. Boulder: University of Colorado, 1979.

₳ C. Scott, Dixon, “The Engraven Reformation”. Queen's University, Belfast: 1997. http://www.worc.ac.uk/CHIC/reformat/engraven.htm

₳ Dixon, Scott. The Reformation and Rural Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

₳ Lindberg, Carter. The European Reformations. Boston: Blackwell Publishing, 2007.

₳ Melton, Janes Van Horn. Cultures of Communication from Reormation to Enlightenment. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2002.

₳ Moxey, Keith. Peasants, Warriors and Wives: Popular Imagery in the Reformation. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1989.

₳ Reinhart, Max. Infinite Boundaries: Order, Disorder and Reorder in Early Modern German Culture. Kirksville: Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers, 1998.

₳ Scribbner, R. W. Popular Culture and Popular Movements in Reformation Germany. London: The Hambledon Press, 1987.

References

  1. ^ Barthel Beham, Christ and the Sheep Shed http://individual.utoronto.ca/mmilner/history2p91/primary/gei432.gif
  2. ^ Carter Lindberg, The European Reformations (Boston: Blackwell Publishing, 2007), 76.
  3. ^ Scott Dixon, The Reformation and Rural Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 164.
  4. ^ Keith Moxey, Peasants, Warriors and Wives: Popular Imagery in the Reformation (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1989), 33.
  5. ^ Ibid. , 29.
  6. ^ John 10: 8-9 The Shepherd and his Flock.
  7. ^ Dixon C. Scott, "The Engraven Reformation", http://www.worc.ac.uk/CHIC/reformat/engraven.htm
  8. ^ Keith Moxey, Peasants, Warriors and Wives: Popular Imagery in the Reformation (Chicago:The University of Chicago Press, 1989), 20.
  9. ^ Ibid. , 21.
  10. ^ R. W. Scribner, Popular Culture and Popular Movements in Reformation Germany (London: The Hambledon Press, 1987), 287.
  11. ^ Ibid. , 277.
  12. ^ Asa Briggs and Peter Burke, A Social History of the Media: From Gutenberg to the Internet (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2002), 16.
  13. ^ James Van Horn Melton, Cultures of Communication from Reformation to Enlightenment (Burlington: Ashgate Publishing, 2002), 3.
  14. ^ R. W Scribner, Popular Culture and Popular Movements in Reformation Germany (London: The Hambledon Press, 1987), 287.
  15. ^ Keith Moxey, Peasants, Warriors and Wives: Popular Imagery in the Reformation (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1989), 22.
  16. ^ Ibid. , 23.
  17. ^ R. W. Scribner, Popular Culture and Popular Movements in Reformation Germany (London: The Hambledon Press, 1987), 277.
  18. ^ Johann Herlot, The Massacre of Weinsberg http://individual.utoronto.ca/mmilner/history2p91/seminar/section8.htm
  19. ^ Carter Lindberg, The European Reformations (Boston: Blackwell Publishing, 2007), 199.
  20. ^ Martin Luther, Against the Robbing and Murderous Hordes of Peasants http://individual.utoronto.ca/mmilner/history2p91/primary/rupp6213.htm
  21. ^ Carl C. Christensen, Art and the Reformation in Germany (Boulder: University of Colorado, 1979), 197.
  22. ^ Ibid. , 26.
  23. ^ Ibid. , 27.
  24. ^ Keith Moxey, Peasants, Warriors and Wives: Popular Imagery in the Reformation (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1989), 40.
  25. ^ Ibid. , 198.
  26. ^ Keith Moxey, Peasants, Warriors and Wives: Popular Imagery in the Reformation (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1989), 24.
  27. ^ Max Reinhart, Infinite Borders: Order, Disorder and Reorder in Early Modern German Culture (Kirksville: Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers, 1998), 182.
  28. ^ Ibid. , 182.
  29. ^ Ibid. , 182.
  30. ^ Keith Moxley, Peasants, Warriors and Wives: Popular Imagery in the Reformation (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1989), 33.
  31. ^ Keith Moxey, Peasants, Warriors and Wives: Popular Imagery in the Reformation(Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1989), 24.
  32. ^ Carter Lindberg, The European Reformations (Boston: Blackwell Publishing, 2007), 39.
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