Chrismation is the name given in Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches, as well as in the Assyrian Church of the East, Anglican, and in Lutheran initiation rites, to the Sacrament or Sacred Mystery more commonly known in the West as confirmation, although Italian normally uses cresima (chrismation), rather than confermazione (confirmation). The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Oriental Orthodoxy is the communion of Eastern Christian Churches that recognize only three Ecumenical councils — the First Council of Nicaea, the This article refers to Eastern Churches in full communion with the Holy See The Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East (ܥܕܬܐ ܩܕܝܫܬܐ ܘܫܠܝܚܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ̈ܝܐ ‘Ittā Qaddishtā wa-Shlikhāitā Qattoliqi Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther A sacrament, as defined in Hexam's Concise Dictionary of Religion is "a Rite in which God is uniquely active The term sacred mysteries generally denotes the area of Supernatural phenomena associated with a Divinity or a religious ideology. Confirmation is a Rite of initiation in many Christian Churches normally in the form of Laying on of hands and/or Anointing for Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy.
The term chrismation is used because of the chrism (perfumed holy oil, usually containing myrrh (μύρον), and consecrated by a bishop) with which the recipient of the sacrament is anointed, while the priest speaks the words sealing the initiate with the Gifts of the Holy Spirit. Chrism (Greek word literally meaning "an anointing" also called "Myrrh" ( Myron) "Holy Oil" or "Consecrated Oil" is a Consecrated Myrrh is a reddish-brown Resinous material the dried sap of the tree Commiphora myrrha, native to Yemen, Somalia Consecration is the solemn dedication to a special purpose or service usually religious A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight To anoint is to pour or smear with perfumed oil milk water melted butter or other substances a process employed ritually by many religions and races A priest or priestess is a person having the authority or power to administer religious rites in particular rites of sacrifice to and propitiation of a deity or deities Spiritual gifts (or Charismata, according to some Christian denominations such as Pentecostal, are gifts that are bestowed on Christians each having his or her In mainstream Christianity, the Holy Spirit or Holy Ghost is one of the three entities of the Holy Trinity which make up the single substance
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Liturgical form
- In the Eastern Orthodox Church and Byzantine Rite Catholic Churches, the priest seals the newly-baptized with chrism, making the sign of the cross on the forehead, eyes, ears, nostrils, breast, back, hands and feet using the following words each time:
- "The seal of the gift of the Holy Spirit" (in Greek: Σφραγὶς δωρεᾶς Πνεύματος Ἁγίου). The Byzantine Rite, sometimes called the Rite of Constantinople or Constantinopolitan Rite, is the liturgical rite used currently (in various languages Chrism (Greek word literally meaning "an anointing" also called "Myrrh" ( Myron) "Holy Oil" or "Consecrated Oil" is a Consecrated The Sign of the Cross, or Signum crucis in Latin is a ritual hand motion made by members of many but not all branches of Christianity. In mainstream Christianity, the Holy Spirit or Holy Ghost is one of the three entities of the Holy Trinity which make up the single substance Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly
- In the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church, whether the minister is a bishop or a priest, the words are:
- "____, be sealed with the Gift of the Holy Spirit" (in Latin: Accipe signaculum doni Spiritus Sancti). The Latin Rite is one of the 23 Sui iuris Particular Churches within the Catholic Church. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome.
- Formerly the Latin Rite formula was:
- "____, I sign you with the sign of the Cross, and I confirm you with the chrism of salvation. In the name + of the Father, and of + the Son, and of the + Holy Spirit" (in Latin: Signo te signo Crucis, et confirmo te chrismatis salutis. In nomine Pa+tris, et Fi+lii, et Spiritus + Sancti).
- In the Anglican form, the words of the sealing are generally:
- "____, you are sealed by the Holy Spirit in Baptism, and marked as Christ's own forever. Christ is the English term for the Greek ( Khristós) meaning "the anointed " "
- In the Lutheran form the words are generally:
- "____, child of God, you have been sealed by the Holy Spirit and marked with the cross of Christ forever. "
Sacramental theology
Eastern Churches
In the Eastern Churches, i. Families of churches Eastern Christians have a shared tradition but they became divided ( Schism) during the early centuries of Christianity in disputes about e. , the Assyrian Church of the East and the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Eastern Rite Catholic churches, this sacramental rite may be performed by a presbyter (priest), and is usually conferred immediately after baptism; therefore, it is usually received by infants. The Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East (ܥܕܬܐ ܩܕܝܫܬܐ ܘܫܠܝܚܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ̈ܝܐ ‘Ittā Qaddishtā wa-Shlikhāitā Qattoliqi The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Oriental Orthodoxy is the communion of Eastern Christian Churches that recognize only three Ecumenical councils — the First Council of Nicaea, the This article refers to Eastern Churches in full communion with the Holy See Presbyter in the New Testament refers to a leader in local Christian congregations then a synonym of episkopos (which has now come to mean Bishop In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted After receiving this sacrament, the recipient is eligible to receive the Eucharist. The Eucharist, also called Holy Communion or Lord's Supper and other names is a Christian Sacrament by which in a common interpretation those In addition, Chrismation may be used to admit those converts who have already been baptized according to a Trinitarian formula. The trinitarian formula is the phrase " in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit " (original Greek εις το ονομα In the Eastern tradition, chrismation shows the unity of the church through the bishop in the continuation of the Apostolic faith, because the chrism used is presented to the priest by the bishop and (together with the antimension) is the symbol of the priest's permission from the bishop to perform the sacraments (see Faculty (instrument)). The Antimension ( Greek "instead of the table" Slavonic: Antimíns) is one of the most important furnishings of the Altar in many A faculty is a Legal instrument or warrant in Canon law, especially a Judicial or Quasi-judicial warrant from an Ecclesiastical Although priests in the Eastern churches are universally granted this faculty, it is thus still considered ultimately proper to the bishop and associated with his Apostolic office specifically, and not merely the priestly. Furthermore, because some of last year's chrism is mixed with the next year's, there is a tradition that the chrism is believed to contain a remnant of, or at least a connection to, the same chrism which was consecrated by the Apostles in the first century, and thus is a symbol of Apostolic succession. Consecration is the solemn dedication to a special purpose or service usually religious The Twelve Apostles (Greek apostolos, "someone sent out" e
Western Churches
In some Anglican and all Lutheran churches, chrismation may be performed by a presbyter. Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther Presbyter in the New Testament refers to a leader in local Christian congregations then a synonym of episkopos (which has now come to mean Bishop
In the Roman Catholic Church and the majority of the Anglican Communion, since the sacrament is ordinarily administered only by a bishop, and thus is usually conferred separately from baptism, the obligation to receive it arises only later. Originally, when adult baptism was more common as the norm, all the catechumens would be baptized and chrismated by the bishop at the baptistry of the diocesan cathedral. Infant baptism at the parish church by the local presbyter became the norm as growth by conversion slowed and growth by reproduction became the norm; the necessity to baptize infants as soon as possible made the direct involvement of the bishop impractical. However, it must be remembered that all Christians are technically considered "converts," as one is baptized, not born, a Christian; it is necessarily a transformative conversion from the natural-born state of man. This is reflected in the fact that the rites of infant baptism retain the symbolism and rites of the catechumenate, even if in a compacted form. However, to retain the connection to the bishop and Apostolic unity, the West still usually maintains the bishop as the minister of chrismation, even though this involves a postponement of confirmation until some time after baptism.
In the Latin-Rite (i. The Latin Rite is one of the 23 Sui iuris Particular Churches within the Catholic Church. e. , Western) Catholic Church, the sacrament is customarily conferred only on persons old enough to understand it, and the ordinary minister is a bishop (see Confirmation). A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight Confirmation is a Rite of initiation in many Christian Churches normally in the form of Laying on of hands and/or Anointing for Only for a serious reason may the diocesan bishop delegate a priest to administer the sacrament (canon 884 of the Code of Canon Law). A diocesan Bishop is a bishop in charge of a Diocese. These are to be distinguished from Suffragan bishops assistant bishops, coadjutor bishops However, a priest may by law confer the sacrament if he baptizes someone who is no longer an infant or admits a person already baptized to full communion, or if the person (adult or child) to be confirmed is in danger of death (canon 883):
"The practice of the Eastern Churches gives greater emphasis to the unity of Christian initiation. The term Communion is derived from Latin communio (sharing in common That of the Latin Church more clearly expresses the communion of the new Christian with the bishop as guarantor and servant of the unity, catholicity and apostolicity of his Church, and hence the connection with the apostolic origins of Christ's Church" (Catechism of the Catholic Church, §1292). The Catechism of the Catholic Church, or CCC, is an official exposition of the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church and the twenty-two
Reserving administration of the sacrament to a bishop, who cannot be present at every infant baptism, meant that large groups of older children and young adults were confirmed together, making the occasion something of a rite of passage and an opportunity to affirm a personal commitment to the faith. Infant baptism is the Christian religious practice of baptizing infants or young children A rite of passage is a Ritual that marks a change in a person's social or sexual status Though traditionally this was also the occasion for the reception of their First Holy Communion, since the early twentieth century, when Pope Pius X encouraged the admission of children to reception of the Eucharist as soon as they reached the age of reason, those being confirmed have often been receiving the Eucharist for several years. Saint Pius X ( Latin: Pius PP X) ( June 2, 1835 &mdash August 20, 1914) born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, was the The Eucharist, also called Holy Communion or Lord's Supper and other names is a Christian Sacrament by which in a common interpretation those The age of Reason, also called the age of discretion, is the Age at which Children become capable of Moral responsibility. First Communion and Confirmation thus became separated in the last century, with Communion coming to be received, untraditionally, before Confirmation. However, the three sacraments of Christian initiation, baptism, confirmation and Eucharist, are increasingly conferred, within the Roman Catholic Church, in the traditional order, which is obligatory when an adult is baptized. More and more diocese are administering confirmation at the age of reason and preparing children to receive their first communion at that same confirmation Mass.
In the Lutheran church, chrismation is usually conferred immediately after baptism, while "Confirmation" has come to describe a rite of a mature acknowledgement of the faith, graced by the laying-on of the bishop's hands.
In both Eastern and Western traditions, chrismation is considered to bind the recipients more perfectly to the Church, and to enrich them with a special strength of the Holy Spirit. Some theologians propose that chrismation conveys the "Baptism of the Holy Spirit," the particular gifts (or charismata) of which may be latent or become manifest over time according to God's will. Spiritual gifts (or Charismata, according to some Christian denominations such as Pentecostal, are gifts that are bestowed on Christians each having his or her The Roman Catholic interpretation can be found in the Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1285-1321 Part 2, Section 2, Chapter 1, Article 2.
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