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Chouannerie

The defence of Rochefort-en-terre, painting by Alexandre Bloch, 1885
Date 1793 - 1804,
1815
Location Brittany, Maine, Normandy
Result Republican victory
Belligerents
France (First Republic - First Empire) Flag of France Chouans
Flag of France Vendéens
Flag of France Émigrés
Great Britain
Commanders
Jean-Baptiste de Canclaux
Jean-Michel Beysser
Jean Antoine Rossignol
Jean-Baptiste Kléber
Lazare Hoche
Jean Humbert
Guillaume Brune
Gabriel d'Hédouville
Pierre Quantin
Claude Ursule Gency		 Georges Cadoudal
Joseph de Puisaye
Jean Chouan
Marie Paul de Scépeaux
Aimé du Boisguy
Louis de Frotté
Pierre Guillemot
Amateur de Boishardy
Louis de Bourmont
Louis d'Andigné
Pierre-Mathurin Mercier
Jean-Louis Treton
Guillaume Le Métayer
Strength
Armée de l'Ouest:
1795: 68 000 men
1799: 45 000 men
1800: 75 000 men		 1795- 1800:
~ 55 000 men

A Breton chouan
History of France
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Chouannerie
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The Chouannerie was a royalist uprising in twelve of the western departements of France (particularly Brittany and Maine) against the French Revolution, the First French Republic, and even (with its headquarters in London rather than France) for a time under the Empire. Year 1793 ( MDCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1804 ( MDCCCIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Brittany (Breizh bʁejs Bretagne; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a former independent Celtic kingdom and Duchy, now incorporated into Maine is one of the traditional provinces of France. It corresponds to the old county of Maine centered around the city of Le Mans. Normandy (Normandie Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The First Republic in France, officially the French Republic (République française was proclaimed on 21 September 1792 during the French Revolution. The Empire of the French (1804-1814 also known as the Empire of France, Greater French Empire, First French Empire, French Empire, or This article deals with the name its origins and usage For the course of the revolt itself see Chouannerie, and for the family in particular see Chouan family The War in Vendée ( 1793 to 1796) was a Civil war in Vendée between Royalists and Republicans during the French Émigré is a French term that literally refers to a person who has "migrated out" but often carries a connotation of politico-social self- Exile. The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a State in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1800 Jean Baptiste Camille de Canclaux ( 2 August 1740, Paris - 27 December 1817, Paris was a French general during the French Revolution Jean Baptiste Kléber ( 9 March, 1753 &ndash 14 June, 1800) was a French general during the French Revolutionary Wars. Louis Lazare Hoche ( June 24, 1768 - September 19, 1797) was a French soldier who rose to be general General Jean Joseph Amable Humbert ( August 22, 1755 &mdash January 3, 1823) was a French soldier a participant in the Guillaume Marie Anne Brune 1st Comte Brune ( March 13, 1763 &mdash August 2, 1815) was a French soldier and political figure who rose Georges Cadoudal, sometimes called simply Georges ( January 1, 1771 &ndash June 25, 1804) was a French politician and Joseph-Geneviève comte de Puisaye ( March 6 1755 - September 13 1827) was a minor French aristocrat who fought as a counter-revolutionary Jean Chouan is the Nom de guerre of Jean Cottereau ( October 30 1757 – July 28 1794) a French insurrection counter-revolutionary Louis-Auguste-Victor Count de Ghaisnes de Bourmont ( September 2, 1773 - October 27, 1846) was a Marshal of France. Year 1795 ( MDCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1799 ( MDCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year -of the Julian calendar. The Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar until Friday, but 12 days ahead since Saturday. Year 1795 ( MDCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year -of the Julian calendar. The Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar until Friday, but 12 days ahead since Saturday. The History of France has been divided into a series of separate historical articles navigable through the list to the right Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western For Gaul before the Roman conquest see Gaul. Roman Gaul consisted of an area of provincial rule in the Roman Empire, in modern day The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group France in the Middle Ages covers an area roughly corresponding to modern day France, from the death of Charlemagne in 814 to the middle of the 15th Early Modern France is the Early modern period of French history from the end of the 15th century to the end of the 18th century (or from the French Renaissance The History of France from 1789 to 1914 ( The long 19th century) extends from the French Revolution to World War I and includes The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an The cause of the French Revolution is a significant subject of Historical debate The Estates-General (or States-General) of 1789 (Les États-Généraux de 1789 was the first meeting since 1614 of the French Estates-General The National Assembly of France is the lower legislative house under the French Fifth Republic. The Storming of the Bastille in Paris occurred on 14 July 1789. The National Constituent Assembly (Assemblée nationale constituante was formed from the National Assembly on 9 July 1789, during the first stages of the The National Constituent Assembly (Assemblée nationale constituante was formed from the National Assembly on 9 July 1789, during the first stages of the The French Revolution was a period in the History of France covering the years 1789 to 1799, in which republicans overthrew the Bourbon The Civil Constitution of the Clergy divided the French people During the French Revolution, the Legislative Assembly was the legislature of France from October 1 1791 to September 1792. The French Revolution was a period in the History of France covering the years 1789 to 1799 in which republicans overthrew the Bourbon monarchy During the French Revolution, the National Convention or Convention, in France, comprised the Constitutional and legislative assembly Saint justjpg|thumbnail|200px| Louis Antoine Léon de Saint-Just]] The Reign of Terror' (5 September 1793 &ndash 28 July 1794 or simply The Terror (la Terreur was The Executive Directory ( Directoire exécutif) was a body of 5 single-male Directors that held executive power in France following The Consulate was the government of France between the fall of the Directory in the coup of 18 Brumaire in 1799 until the start of the The War in Vendée ( 1793 to 1796) was a Civil war in Vendée between Royalists and Republicans during the French This is a glossary of the French Revolution. It generally does not explicate names of individual people or their political associations those can be found in List of people associated The following is a Timeline of the French Revolution Events preceding but pertinent to the French Revolution The Enlightenment, which led to many The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of major conflicts from 1792 until 1802 fought between the French Revolutionary government and several European states This is a partial '''list''' of people associated with the French Revolution, including supporters and opponents The French Revolution stretches back over two hundred years prior to the event itself The Empire of the French (1804-1814 also known as the Empire of France, Greater French Empire, First French Empire, French Empire, or Following the ousting of Napoleon I of France in 1814 the Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne The July Monarchy (1830-1848 was a period of liberal monarchy rule of France under Louis-Philippe History Revolution of 1848 See also Mid-nineteenth century France The industrial population of the Faubourgs The Second French Empire or Second Empire was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870 between the Second The French Third Republic (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe The History of France from 1914 to the present includes the later years of the Third Republic (1871–1941 World War I (1914–18 The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. In the Terminology of Political geography and Historiography a National department (département departamento is an administrative Brittany (Breizh bʁejs Bretagne; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a former independent Celtic kingdom and Duchy, now incorporated into Maine is one of the traditional provinces of France. It corresponds to the old county of Maine centered around the city of Le Mans. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an The First Republic in France, officially the French Republic (République française was proclaimed on 21 September 1792 during the French Revolution. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The Empire of the French (1804-1814 also known as the Empire of France, Greater French Empire, First French Empire, French Empire, or It occurred in 3 phases, and mainly lasted from spring 1794 to 1800. [1].

Its members, known as Chouans, were motivated by their opposition to conscription and their support of the Catholic Church and engaged in what would later be called guerrilla warfare. This article deals with the name its origins and usage For the course of the revolt itself see Chouannerie, and for the family in particular see Chouan family Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc One of their leaders was Charles Armand Tuffin, marquis de la Rouerie. Charles Armand Tuffin marquis de la Rouërie (April 1757 - January 1793 also known in the United States as Colonel Armand was a Breton cavalry officer who served under the Another was Jean Chouan. Jean Chouan is the Nom de guerre of Jean Cottereau ( October 30 1757 – July 28 1794) a French insurrection counter-revolutionary

Contents

Origins

Form 1791, the rejection of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy caused the peasants around Vannes to rise in defence of their bishop against the patriots of Lorient who wished to impose the oath on him. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( "Constitution civile du clergé") was a law passed on July 12, 1790 during the French Revolution Vannes (Gwened is a town and commune located in the Morbihan département, in Brittany, in the west of France. Lorient, or L'Orient, (An Oriant is a commune and a Seaport in the Morbihan département, of Brittany. The following spring, in the area around Quimper, a justice of the peace led several parishes in a rising in the king's name against the local authorities. [2].

During the summer of 1792, incidents occurred in the districts of Carhaix (Finistère), Lannion, Pontrieux (Côtes-d'Armor), Craon, Château-Gontier and Laval (Mayenne), where the peasants opposed a levy of volunteers for the army. Year 1792 ( MDCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Carhaix-Plouguer ( Karaez-Plougêr in Breton) is a commune in the Finistère department in northwestern France. Lannion (Lannuon is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department in Bretagne in northwestern France. Pontrieux (Pontrev is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department in Bretagne in northwestern France. Craon is the name of several communes in France Craon, in the Mayenne department Craon former commune of the Meurthe-et-Moselle Château-Gontier is a commune of the Mayenne département, in France. At Saint-Ouen-des-Toits, in the district of Laval, Jean Cottereau (known as Jean Chouan) led the insurgents. His nickname probably came from his imitation of the call of the tawny owl (the chouette hulotte) for a recognition signal. [2] A reward was put on his head, but nevertheless he reached England in March 1793. The republican administration recognised him and his brother as the leaders of the revolt. [3]

Causes

The Breton Association

Main article: Charles Armand Tuffin, marquis de la Rouerie

Course

First phase

Second phase

Third phase

Chouan leaders

The principal leaders of the insurrection were Georges Cadoudal and his brother Julian, Jean Cottereau called John Chouan, Pierre Guillemot, known as the king of Bignan, Joseph de Puisaye, Louis-Charles de Sol de Grisolles, Auguste and Sébastien de La Haye de Silz, John-Louis Treton, nicknamed Jambe d'Argent, Tristan-Llhermitte, Michel Jacquet known as Taillefer, Joseph-Juste Coquereau, Aimé du Boisguy, Boishardy, Pierre-Mathurin Mercier la Vendée and Bonfils de Saint Loup. Charles Armand Tuffin marquis de la Rouërie (April 1757 - January 1793 also known in the United States as Colonel Armand was a Breton cavalry officer who served under the Georges Cadoudal, sometimes called simply Georges ( January 1, 1771 &ndash June 25, 1804) was a French politician and Jean Chouan is the Nom de guerre of Jean Cottereau ( October 30 1757 – July 28 1794) a French insurrection counter-revolutionary Joseph-Geneviève comte de Puisaye ( March 6 1755 - September 13 1827) was a minor French aristocrat who fought as a counter-revolutionary

In Brittany, the Chouans were supported by many nobles: Charles Armand Tuffin, marquis de la Rouerie, the Chevalier de Boishardy, Count Louis of Rosmorduc, and the Picquet brothers of Boisguy, as well as by commoners (the brothers Cadoudal). Charles Armand Tuffin marquis de la Rouërie (April 1757 - January 1793 also known in the United States as Colonel Armand was a Breton cavalry officer who served under the In Lower Normandy, Count Louis de Frotte had a dominant role. Basse-Normandie ('Lower Normandy' is an administrative region of France. One of the lieutenants in lower Maine was Guillaume Le Métayer, who was nicknamed Rochambeau. Maine is one of the traditional provinces of France. It corresponds to the old county of Maine centered around the city of Le Mans.
In the Vendee, the nobility couldn't play their normal military role; there was never any properly organised army; it comprised mostly of small elusive bands. The Chouan leaders were above all, peasant farmers.

Differently from the earlier War in the Vendee of 1793, the Chouannerie didn't possess any territory, the cities and many towns having remained republican, but some districts did carry out open revolt. The War in Vendée ( 1793 to 1796) was a Civil war in Vendée between Royalists and Republicans during the French Year 1793 ( MDCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common There was also the 'Petite Vendée " in lower Maine, controlled by the Prince of Talmont. The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean The Chouannerie was very difficult to suppress as its fighting forces hadn't been decimated in the battles of the Vendee war, its leaders were many in number and its army units were small and dispersed.

Typology of the Chouans

Historiograpic

Novelistic

This rebellion is featured in the novel Les Chouans by Honoré de Balzac and the Man in Grey, a collection of short stories about the Chouans by Baroness Orczy. Les Chouans (English The Chouans) is an 1829 novel by French novelist and playwright Honoré de Balzac (1799–1850 and included in the The Man in Grey by Baroness Orczy, author of The Scarlet Pimpernel, was first published in 1918 Emma (" Emmuska " Magdolna Rozália Mária Jozefa Borbála Orczy de Orczi (anglicized to Baroness Emma Magdalena Rosalia Maria Josephina It is also depicted in paintings and popular imagery.

Political resurgence

In the years which followed the Revolt of the Chouans, and it until XXth century, the western population remained for a long time divided between zones " chouannes ", of Right-wing and "patriotic" zones, of Left-wing. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on In Politics, right-wing, the political right, and the Right are positions that uphold traditional values and/or authorities

The principles and ideals of the Chouan movement are the object of recoveries by several organisations and movements such as French legitimists, Breton nationalists and extreme right groups such as Action française, the Fédération bretonne légitimiste, the souvenir de la chouannerie mayennaise and the writers Arthur de Gobineau and Anne Bernet. Legitimists are Royalists in France who believe that the King of France and Navarre must be chosen according to the simple application of the Breton nationalism is the Nationalism of the traditional province of Brittany in France. Far right, extreme right, ultra-right, or radical right are terms used to discuss the qualitative or quantitative position a group The Action Française is a French Monarchist ( Orléanist) Counter-revolutionary movement and periodical founded by Maurice Pujo and Joseph Arthur Comte de Gobineau ( July 14, 1816 — October 13, 1882) was a French Aristocrat, novelist and man of

Bibliography

Historical

Works of fiction

References

  1. ^ Albert Soboul (dir. Albert Marius Soboul ( April 27, 1914 &ndash September 11, 1982) was a French historian of the French Revolution and of ), Dictionnaire historique de la Révolution française, Quadrige/PUF, 1989, p. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) 217, "Chouans/Chouannerie" entry by Roger Dupuy
  2. ^ a b Albert Soboul (dir. Albert Marius Soboul ( April 27, 1914 &ndash September 11, 1982) was a French historian of the French Revolution and of ), Dictionnaire historique de la Révolution française, Quadrige/PUF, 1989, p. 218, entrée « Chouans/Chouannerie » par Roger Dupuy
  3. ^ There are at their head, wrote the procureur syndic of Ernée, on 28 April 1793, two men whose surname is Cottereau, called Chouan. Ernée is a commune in the department of Mayenne, Pays de la Loire, France. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Year 1793 ( MDCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common We have promised a reward to whoever arrests them, but people must take precautions for these two individuals are very brave and very determined. If on your part you could seize them, this would render a true service to the public cause.
  4. ^ A journalist, Émile Souvestre researched the survivors and, without taking sides too much, entered two theses which always remain diametrically opposed and he allows us to better understand the Chouannerie movement's birth.
  5. ^ Analyses the evolution of the Chouannerie during 7 years of civil war in the western French departments. Its different facets (pré-chouannerie, guérilla chouannerie, military chouannerie. . . ) are treated in detail. Besides the historical aspects, the author describes the "chouans au quotidien", or everyday chouans : numbder, age, profession, wives, priests, nobles . . . ).
  6. ^ A general history of the revolt, integrating the Chouanneries in Mayenne, Normandy and Britanny and associating them with the War in the Vendee. The War in Vendée ( 1793 to 1796) was a Civil war in Vendée between Royalists and Republicans during the French It brings to life the key characters at certain key moments in their lives. At the end are 2 indexes (16 pages of first names, and 9 pages of placenames) and some illustrations, including an artist's impression of Jean Chouan. Jean Chouan is the Nom de guerre of Jean Cottereau ( October 30 1757 – July 28 1794) a French insurrection counter-revolutionary
  7. ^ The names and distinctions of around 4000 Mayenne chouans, officers, NCOs and men, as well as almoners serving in the Mayenne departement between 1792 and 1832. Biographical notes on the Chouans' military careers, a non-exhaustive list of around 3000 choauns. It also contributes to rectifying two historical errors - the revolt recruited in the towns as much as in the counrtyside, and the army quickly organised itself into companies, legions then divisions, in a more and more highly-structured manner.
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