The worn state of many pages is evidence of continuous use throughout centuries.

Chludov Psalter (Moscow, Hist. Mus. MS. D. 29) is an illuminated marginal Psalter made in the middle of the 9th Century. An illuminated manuscript is a Manuscript in which the text is supplemented by the addition of decoration such as decorated Initials borders and A Psalter is a volume containing the Book of Psalms and which often contains other devotional material The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. It is a unique monument of Byzantine art at the time of the Iconoclasm, one of only three illuminated Byzantine Psalters to survive from the 9th century. Byzantine art is the term commonly used to describe the artistic products of the Byzantine Empire from about the 4th century until the Fall of Constantinople Iconoclasm, Greek for "image-breaking" is the deliberate destruction within a culture of the culture's own religious Icons and other symbols or monuments The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era.

According to one tradition, the miniatures are supposed to have been created clandestinely, and many of them are directed against Iconoclasts. Many contain explanations of the drawings written next to them, and little arrows point out from the main text to the illustration, to show which line the picture refers to. The polemical style of the whole ensemble is highly unusual, and a demonstration of the furious passions the Iconoclast dispute generated.

The psalter measures 195 mm by 150 mm and contains only 169 folios. The outer edges of the pages are normally left blank in order to be covered with illustrations. The text and captions were written in a diminutive uncial script, but many of these were rewritten in crude minuscule about three centuries later. Uncial is a Majuscule script commonly used from the 3rd to 8th centuries AD by Latin and Greek Scribes From the 8th century to the "Handwriting" redirects here For scripts for writing down notes by hand see " Cursive " The book contains the Psalms in the arrangement of the Septuagint, and the responses to be chanted during their recitation, which follow the Liturgy of Hagia Sophia, the Imperial church in Constantinople. Psalms ( Hebrew: Tehilim, תהילים, or "praises" is a book of the Hebrew Bible (the Christian Old Testament) included The Septuagint (ˈsɛptuədʒɪnt or simply " LXX " is the Koine Greek version of the Hebrew Bible, translated in stages between the Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya Αγία Σοφία " Holy Wisdom " Sancta Sophia or Sancta Sapientia) is a former patriarchal Basilica, later Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS

In the illustration to the right, the miniaturist illustrated the line "They gave me gall to eat; and when I was thirsty they gave me vinegar to drink" with a picture of a soldier offering Christ vinegar on a sponge attached to a pole. Below is a picture of the last Iconoclast Patriarch of Constantinople, John the Grammarian rubbing out a painting of Christ with a similar sponge attached to a pole. "Patriarch of Constantinople" redirects here For the institutional church itself see Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. John is caricatured, here as on other pages, with untidy straight hair sticking out in all directions, which was considered ridiculous by the elegant Byzantines. Byzantine dress changed considerably over the thousand years of the Empire but was essentially conservative

Nikodim Kondakov hypothesized that the psalter was created in the famous monastery of St John the Studite in Constantinople. Nikodim (or Nikodeme) Pavlovich Kondakov (Никоди́м Па́влович Кондако́в November 1 (13, 1844 village of Khalan Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS Other scholars believe that the liturgical responses it contains were only used in Hagia Sophia, and that it was therefore a product of the Imperial workshops in Constantinople, soon after the return of the Iconophiles to power in 843.

It was kept at Mount Athos until 1847, when a Russian scholar brought it to Moscow. Mount Athos (Όρος Άθως is a mountain on the Peninsula of the same name in Macedonia, of northern Greece, called in Greek Άγιον Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of The psalter was then acquired by Aleksey Khludov, whose name it bears today. Aleksey Ivanovich Khludov ( 23 August, 1818 &ndash 22 March, 1882) was a Russian Old Believer merchant who amassed the richest It passed as part of the Khludov bequest to the Nikolsky Old Believer Monastery and then to the State Historical Museum. Preobrazhenka Cemetery (Russian Преображенка Преображенское кладбище English Transfiguration Cemetery) is a Cemetery in the northern The State Historical Museum of Russia (Государственный Исторический музей is a Museum of Russian history wedged between

References

• Robin Cormack, "Writing in Gold, Byzantine Society and its Icons", 1985, George Philip, London, ISBN 054001085-5

External links

• Overview
• Illustrations