Chloroform
IUPAC name	Trichloromethane
Other names	Chloroform, Formyl trichloride, Methane trichloride, Methyl trichloride, Methenyl trichloride, TCM, Freon 20, R-20, UN 1888
Identifiers
CAS number	[67-66-3]
PubChem	6212
EINECS number	200-663-8
KEGG	C13827
ChEBI	35255
RTECS number	FS9100000
SMILES	C(Cl)(Cl)Cl
InChI	1/CHCl3/c2-1(3)4/h1H
Properties
Molecular formula	CHCl3
Molar mass	119. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to PubChem is a Database of chemical Molecules The system is maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI a component The EINECS number (for European Inventory of Existing Chemical Substances) is a registry number given to each Chemical substance commercially available in the KEGG ( Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) is a collection of Online databases dealing with Genomes Enzymatic pathways and biological chemicals ChEBI (meaning "Chemical Entities of Biological Interest" or "Chemistry at the EBI " is a database of molecular entities focused on 'small' chemical Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances ( RTECS) is a Database of Toxicity information compiled from the open scientific literature without reference The IUPAC International Chemical Identifier ( InChI, pronounced "INchee" is a textual Identifier for Chemical substances designed to provide a A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 38 g/mol
Appearance	Colorless liquid
Density	1. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 48 g/cm³, liquid
Melting point	-63. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 5 °C
Boiling point	61. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid 2 °C
Solubility in water	0. Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. 8 g/100 ml at 20 °C
Structure
Molecular shape	Tetrahedral
Hazards
MSDS	External MSDS
Main hazards	Harmful (Xn), Irritant (Xi), Carc. Cat. 2B
NFPA 704	0 2 0
R-phrases	R22, R38, R40, R48/20/22
S-phrases	(S2), S36/37
Flash point	Non-flammable
U.S. Permissible exposure limit (PEL)	50 ppm (240 mg/m3) (OSHA)
Supplementary data page
Structure and properties	n, εr, etc. Molecular geometry or molecular structure is the three- Dimensional arrangement of the Atoms that constitute a Molecule. A material safety data sheet ( MSDS) is a form containing data regarding the properties of a particular substance This page provides supplementary chemical data on Chloroform Occupational safety and health is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the Safety, Health and welfare of people engaged in The term carcinogen refers to any substance Radionuclide or radiation that is an agent directly involved in the promotion of Cancer or in the fatation of its propagation Symbolism The four divisions are typically color-coded with blue indicating level of Health Hazard, red indicating R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. S-phrases are defined in Annex IV of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Safety advice concerning dangerous substances and preparations. The flash point of a flammable liquid is the lowest Temperature at which it can form an ignitable mixture in air The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Permissible Exposure Limit ( PEL or OSHA PEL) is a legal limit in the United States for exposure of an employee to a Substance This page provides supplementary chemical data on Chloroform This page provides supplementary chemical data on Chloroform The refractive index (or index of Refraction) of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light (or other waves such as sound waves is reduced inside the medium Measurement The relative static permittivity εr can be measured for static Electric fields as follows first the Capacitance of a test
Thermodynamic data	Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas
Spectral data	UV, IR, NMR, MS
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references

Chloroform, also known as trichloromethane and methyl trichloride, is a chemical compound with formula CHCl₃. This page provides supplementary chemical data on Chloroform This page provides supplementary chemical data on Chloroform Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy or ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry ( UV/ VIS) involves the Spectroscopy of Photons in the UV-visible Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy is the subset of Spectroscopy that deals with the Infrared region of the Electromagnetic spectrum. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy, is the name given to a technique which exploits the magnetic properties of certain nuclei Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that identifies the chemical composition of a compound or sample based on the Mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and It does not undergo combustion in air, although it will burn when mixed with more flammable substances. Combustion or burning is a complex sequence of Exothermic chemical reactions between a Fuel and an Oxidant accompanied by the production of It is a member of a group of compounds known as trihalomethanes. Trihalomethanes ( THM s are Chemical compounds in which three of the four hydrogen atoms of Methane (CH4 are replaced by Halogen atoms Chloroform has myriad uses as a reagent and a solvent. A reagent or reactant is a substance or compound consumed during a Chemical reaction. A solvent is a liquid or gas that dissolves a solid liquid or gaseous Solute, resulting in a Solution. It is also considered an environmental hazard.

Contents 1 History 2 Production 2.1 Inadvertent synthesis of chloroform 3 Uses 3.1 Anesthetic 3.2 As a solvent 3.3 As a reagent in organic synthesis 4 Safety 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

History

Chloroform was discovered in July 1831 by the American physician Samuel Guthrie ,^[1] and independently a few months later by the French chemist Eugène Soubeiran^[2] and Justus von Liebig^[3] in Germany, all of them using variations of the haloform reaction. Samuel Guthrie (1782 - 1848 was an American physician from Hounsfield, New York. A chemist is a Scientist trained in the Science of Chemistry. Eugène Soubeiran (December 5 1797 &ndash 17 November 1859 was a renowned French Scientist who served as chief Pharmacist at the Pitié-Salpêtrière Justus von Liebig ( May 12, 1803 &ndash April 18, 1873) was a German Chemist The haloform reaction is a chemical reaction where a haloform (CHX3 where X is a Halogen) is produced by the exhaustive Halogenation of a methyl Ketone Soubeiran produced chloroform through the action of chlorine bleach powder (calcium hypochlorite) on acetone (2-propanone) as well as ethanol. A bleach is a Chemical that removes color or whitens often via Oxidation. Acetone (also known as propanone, dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone, propan-2-one and β-ketopropane) is a colorless mobile flammable Chloroform was named and chemically characterised in 1834 by Jean-Baptiste Dumas. Jean Baptiste André Dumas ( July 14, 1800 - April 10, 1884) French Chemist, best known for his works on organic analysis ^[4]

In 1847, the Edinburgh obstetrician James Young Simpson first used chloroform for general anesthesia during childbirth. Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. Obstetrics (from the Latin obstare, "to stand by" is the surgical speciality dealing with the care of a woman and her offspring during Pregnancy Sir James Young Simpson ( June 7, 1811 &ndash May 6, 1870) was a Scottish doctor and an important figure in the History In modern medical practice general anaesthesia ( AmE: anesthesia) is a state of total unconsciousness resulting from General anaesthetic drugs Childbirth (also called labour, birth, partus or parturition) is the culmination of a Human Pregnancy or The use of chloroform during surgery expanded rapidly thereafter in Europe. Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē, via chirurgiae meaning "hand work" is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental In the United States, chloroform began to replace ether as an anesthetic at the beginning of the 20th century; however, it was quickly abandoned in favor of ether upon discovery of its toxicity, especially its tendency to cause fatal cardiac arrhythmia analogous to what is now termed "sudden sniffer's death". Diethyl ether, also known as ether and ethoxyethane, is a clear colorless and highly Flammable liquid with a low Boiling point and a Dysrhythmia redirects here For the American band see Dysrhythmia (band. Ether is still the preferred anesthetic in some developing nations due to its high therapeutic index (~1. Diethyl ether, also known as ether and ethoxyethane, is a clear colorless and highly Flammable liquid with a low Boiling point and a Developing countries are countries that haven't reached Western-style standards of democratic government free market economy industrialization social programs and human rights guaranties The therapeutic index (also known as therapeutic ratio) is a comparison of the amount of a therapeutic agent that causes the therapeutic effect to the amount that causes toxic 5-2. 2) ^[5] and low price. Trichloroethylene, a halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbon related to chloroform, was proposed as a safer alternative, though it too was later found to be carcinogenic. The Chemical compound trichloroethylene is a chlorinated Hydrocarbon commonly used as an industrial Solvent. In Organic chemistry, compounds composed of Carbon and Hydrogen are divided into two classes Aromatic compounds which contain Benzene rings The term carcinogen refers to any substance Radionuclide or radiation that is an agent directly involved in the promotion of Cancer or in the fatation of its propagation

Production

Industrially, chloroform is produced by heating a mixture of chlorine and either chloromethane or methane. Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and Chloromethane, also called Methyl chloride, R-40 or HCC 40 is a Chemical compound of the group of Organic compounds called Haloalkanes. Methane is a Chemical compound with the molecular formula. It is the simplest Alkane, and the principal component of Natural gas. At 400-500 °C, a free radical halogenation occurs, converting the methane or chloromethane to progressively more chlorinated compounds. In Organic chemistry, free radical halogenation is a type of Halogenation. Methane is a Chemical compound with the molecular formula. It is the simplest Alkane, and the principal component of Natural gas. Chloromethane, also called Methyl chloride, R-40 or HCC 40 is a Chemical compound of the group of Organic compounds called Haloalkanes.

CH₄ + Cl₂ → CH₃Cl + HCl

CH₃Cl + Cl₂ → CH₂Cl₂ + HCl

CH₂Cl₂ + Cl₂ → CHCl₃ + HCl

Chloroform undergoes further chlorination to give CCl₄:

CHCl₃ + Cl₂ → CCl₄ + HCl

The output of this process is a mixture of the four chloromethanes: chloromethane, dichloromethane, chloroform (trichloromethane), and carbon tetrachloride, which are then separated by distillation. Dichloromethane ( DCM) or methylene chloride is the Chemical compound with the formula CH2Cl2 Carbon tetrachloride, also known by many other names (see Table is the Organic compound with the formula CCl4 Distillation is a method of separating Mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture

Chloroform was first produced industrially by the reaction of acetone (or ethanol) with sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite, known as the haloform reaction. Acetone (also known as propanone, dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone, propan-2-one and β-ketopropane) is a colorless mobile flammable Sodium hypochlorite is a Chemical compound with the formula NaClO Calcium hypochlorite is a Chemical compound with formula (2 It is widely used for Water treatment and as a Bleaching agent (bleaching The haloform reaction is a chemical reaction where a haloform (CHX3 where X is a Halogen) is produced by the exhaustive Halogenation of a methyl Ketone The chloroform can be removed from the attendant acetate salts (or formate salts if ethanol is the starting material) by distillation. An acetate, or ethanoate, is either a salt or Ester of Acetic acid. Formate or methanoate is the ion CHOO&minus ( Formic acid minus one Hydrogen ion) This reaction is still used for the production of bromoform and iodoform. Bromoform (CHBr3 is a pale yellowish liquid with a sweet odor similar to chloroform a Halomethane or haloform The term 'iodoform' was also used in World War II to refer to Group keys sent to agents in Europe by the Special Operations Executive this usage is unrelated to the chemical The haloform process is obsolete for the production of ordinary chloroform. It is, however, used to produce deuterated material industrially. Deuterochloroform may be prepared by the reaction of sodium deuteroxide with chloral hydrate, or from ordinary chloroform. Chloral hydrate is a Sedative and Hypnotic drug as well as a Chemical reagent and precursor ^[6]

Inadvertent synthesis of chloroform

The haloform reaction can also occur inadvertently in domestic settings. Sodium hypochlorite solution (chlorine bleach) mixed with common household liquids such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, ethanol, or isopropyl alcohol may produce some chloroform, in addition to other compounds such as chloroacetone, or dichloroacetone. A bleach is a Chemical that removes color or whitens often via Oxidation. Acetone (also known as propanone, dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone, propan-2-one and β-ketopropane) is a colorless mobile flammable Butanone is a manufactured organic chemical. It is a colorless liquid with a sharp sweet butterscotch odor reminiscent of Acetone. Isopropyl alcohol (also isopropanol, iso, isopro, Rubbing alcohol, or the abbreviation IPA) is a common name for

Uses

The major use of chloroform today is in the production of the refrigerant R-22, commonly used in the air conditioning business. Chlorodifluoromethane or difluoromonochloromethane is a Hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC However, as the Montreal Protocol takes effect, this use can be expected to decline as R-22 is replaced by refrigerants that are less liable to result in ozone depletion. For other similarly-named agreements see Montreal Convention (disambiguation. Ozone depletion describes two distinct but related observations a slow steady decline of about 4 percent per decade in the total amount of Ozone in Earth's In addition, it is used under research conditions to anesthetize mosquitoes for experiments, most frequently for the study of malaria. In film and television, it is sometimes used in a fictional manner to knock out an unsuspecting victim, leaving no trace.

Anesthetic

Chloroform was developed in the mid-1800s and was mainly used as an anesthetic. Inhaling chloroform vapors depressed the central nervous system of a patient, causing dizziness, fatigue and unconsciousness, allowing a doctor to perform simple surgery or other painful operations. In Vertebrates the central nervous system ( CNS) is the part of the Nervous system which is enclosed in the Meninges.

The precise mechanism by which chloroform produces anesthesia is not certain^[7]. This is due, in part, to the fact that the mechanism of anesthesia itself is uncertain. There are two main theories of how drugs produce anesthesia. The Meyer Overton theory states that anesthetics dissolve in cellular membranes, causing structural distortion of the membranes. The distortion may reduce the conduction of a nerve impulse along a nerve cell. This theory is based on the observation that the potency of most anesthetic drugs is correlated with their solubility in oil. As an alternative to the Meyer Overton theory, it has been proposed that anesthetics interact with specific proteins. Examples of proteins that may be altered by binding of an anesthetic are neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels. Anesthetics may change the conformation (structure) of the protein. Other theories include actions at the interface between proteins and lipids.

One possible mechanism of action for chloroform is that it increases movement of potassium ions through certain types of potassium channels in nerve cells. A paper by Patel et al. published in Nature Neuroscience (May 1999, Volume 2, Number 5, pp. 422-426) shows that chloroform activates potassium channels. This can lead to hyperpolarization of membranes. Hyperpolarization of a nerve cell membrane makes it less excitable. When this occurs presynaptically, it will decrease the release of neurotransmitters. When this effect occurs postsynaptically, it reduces the response to a neurotransimitter

In general, most anesthetics enhance inhibitory neurotransmission in the brain. Many of them do this by increasing the actions of the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, gamma-aminobutyric (GABA). Chloroform may also act by increasing GABA neurotansmission.

As a solvent

Chloroform is a common solvent because it is relatively unreactive, miscible with most organic liquids, and conveniently volatile. Small amounts of chloroform are used as a solvent in the pharmaceutical industry and for producing dyes and pesticides. A solvent is a liquid or gas that dissolves a solid liquid or gaseous Solute, resulting in a Solution. A dye can generally be described as a Colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used to kill a pest. Chloroform is an effective solvent for alkaloids in their base form and thus plant material is commonly extracted with chloroform for pharmaceutical processing. For example, it is commercially used to extract morphine from poppies, scopolamine from Datura plants. Medical uses Morphine can be used as an analgesic in hospital settings to relieve pain in Myocardial infarction pain in A poppy is any of a number of showy Flowers typically withone per stem, belonging to the poppy family. The fictional truth drug Hyoscine-pentothal does not describe real hyoscine accurately Datura is a Genus of 12-15 species of vespertine Flowering plants belonging to the family Solanaceae. Chloroform containing deuterium (heavy hydrogen), CDCl₃, is a common solvent used in NMR spectroscopy. Deuterium, also called heavy hydrogen, is a Stable isotope of Hydrogen with a Natural abundance in the Oceans of Earth Deuterated chloroform (CDCl3 is an Isotopologue of Chloroform (CHCl3 in which the Hydrogen atom ("H" is replaced with Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy, is the name given to a technique which exploits the magnetic properties of certain nuclei It can be used to bond pieces of acrylic glass (which is also known under the trade name 'Perspex'). Poly(methyl methacrylate ( PMMA) or poly(methyl 2-methylpropenoate is a Thermoplastic and transparent Plastic.

As a reagent in organic synthesis

As a reagent, chloroform serves as a source of the dichlorocarbene CCl₂ group. ^[8] It reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide (usually in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst) to produce dichlorocarbene, CCl₂. Sodium hydroxide ( Na[[hydroxide OH]]) also known as Lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly according to IUPAC nomenclature A phase transfer catalyst or PTC in Chemistry is a Catalyst which facilitates the migration of a reactant in a Heterogeneous system from one Dichlorocarbene is a Carbene commonly encountered in Organic chemistry. ^[9][10] This reagent effects ortho-formylation of activated aromatic rings such as phenols, producing aryl aldehydes in a reaction known as the Reimer-Tiemann reaction. In Organic chemistry, phenols, sometimes called phenolics, are a class of Chemical compounds consisting of a Hydroxyl group (- An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a terminal Carbonyl group. The Reimer-Tiemann reaction is a Chemical reaction used for the ortho- Formylation of Phenols The reaction was discoverd by Karl Ludwig Reimer Alternatively the carbene can be trapped by an alkene to form a cyclopropane derivative. In Chemistry, a carbene is a highly reactive Organic molecule containing a Carbon atom with six valence electrons and having the general formula In Organic chemistry, an alkene, olefin, or olefine is an unsaturated Chemical compound containing at least one Carbon Cyclopropane is a Cycloalkane Molecule with the molecular formula C3H6 consisting of three Carbon Atoms linked to

Safety

As might be expected for an anesthetic, inhaling chloroform vapors depresses the central nervous system. A general anaesthetic (or anesthetic, see Spelling differences) drug is an anaesthetic drug that brings about a reversible loss of Consciousness. In Vertebrates the central nervous system ( CNS) is the part of the Nervous system which is enclosed in the Meninges. It is immediately dangerous to health and life at approximately 500 ppm according to the United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. IDLH is an initialism for Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health, and is defined by the NIOSH as exposure to airborne contaminants that is "likely to cause "Parts-per" notation is used especially in Science and Engineering, to denote Ratios (relative proportions in measured quantities particularly The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (or NIOSH) is the United States federal agency responsible for conducting research and making recommendations Breathing about 900 ppm for a short time can cause dizziness, fatigue, and headache. Chronic chloroform exposure may cause damage to the liver (where chloroform is metabolized to phosgene) and to the kidneys, and some people develop sores when the skin is immersed in chloroform. Phosgene is the Chemical compound with the formula COCl2 This colorless gas gained infamy as a Chemical weapon during World War I The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles

Animal studies have shown that miscarriages occur in rats and mice that have breathed air containing 30 to 300 ppm chloroform during pregnancy and also in rats that have ingested chloroform during pregnancy. Miscarriage or spontaneous abortion is the natural or spontaneous end of a Pregnancy at a stage where the embryo or fetus is incapable of surviving generally defined Pregnancy ( Latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring known as a Fetus or Embryo, inside the Uterus of a Female Offspring of rats and mice that breathed chloroform during pregnancy have a higher incidence of birth defects, and abnormal sperm have been found in male mice that have breathed air containing 400 ppm chloroform for a few days. A congenital disorder is a disease or disorder that is present at birth A spermatozoon or spermatozoan ( pl spermatozoa) from the Ancient Greek σπέρμα (seed and ζῷον (living being and more commonly known The effect of chloroform on reproduction in humans is unknown. Reproduction is the Biological process by which new individual Organisms are produced

Chloroform once appeared in toothpastes, cough syrups, ointments, and other pharmaceuticals, but it has been banned in consumer products in the United States since 1976. ^[11]

The National Toxicology Program's eleventh report on carcinogens^[12] implicates it as reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen, a designation equivalent to International Agency for Research on Cancer class 2A. The term carcinogen refers to any substance Radionuclide or radiation that is an agent directly involved in the promotion of Cancer or in the fatation of its propagation The International Agency for Research on Cancer ( IARC, or CIRC in its French Acronym) is an intergovernmental agency forming part of the World Health It has been most readily associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC also called hepatoma) is a primary malignancy (cancer of the Liver. ^[13][14] Caution is mandated during its handling in order to minimize unnecessary exposure; safer alternatives, such as dichloromethane, have resulted in a substantial reduction of its use as a solvent. Dichloromethane ( DCM) or methylene chloride is the Chemical compound with the formula CH2Cl2

During prolonged storage hazardous amounts of phosgene can accumulate in the presence of oxygen and ultraviolet light. Phosgene is the Chemical compound with the formula COCl2 This colorless gas gained infamy as a Chemical weapon during World War I Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays To prevent accidents, commercial chloroform is stabilized with ethanol or amylene, but samples that have been recovered or dried no longer contain any stabilizer and caution must be taken. Cis-2-pentenesvg|thumb|Cis-2-pentene]] Pentene refers to all the Alkenes with Chemical formula 510 containing a single Double bond Suspicious bottles should be tested for phosgene. Filter-paper strips, wetted with 5% diphenylamine, 5% dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, and then dried, turn yellow in phosgene vapor.

Commonly used in DNA extractions and generally in conjunction with phenol to form a biolayer with extraction buffer (tris etc). DNA will form in the supernatant while protein and non soluble cell materials will precipitate between the buffer chloroform layers.

See also

• Haloalkane
• Halomethane
• Chloromethane
• Dichloromethane
• Carbon tetrachloride (Tetrachloromethane)
• Fluoroform
• Bromoform
• Iodoform

References

External links

• Chloroform "The Molecular Lifesaver" An article at Oxford University providing facts about chloroform.
• Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 58
• History of chloroform anesthesia
• IARC Summaries & Evaluations: Vol. 1 (1972), Vol. 20 (1979), Suppl. 7 (1987), Vol. 73 (1999)
• International Chemical Safety Card 0027
• NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards 0127
• National Pollutant Inventory - Chloroform and trichloromethane
• NIST Standard Reference Database
• Story on Chloroform from BBC's The Material World (28 July 2005)
• Sudden Sniffer's Death Syndrome article at Carolina Poison Center

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (or NIOSH) is the United States federal agency responsible for conducting research and making recommendations

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic