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Chlorine trifluoride
Identifiers
CAS number[7790-91-2]
UN number1749
Properties
Molecular formulaClF3
Molar mass92. CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to UN numbers or UN IDs are four-digit numbers that identify Hazardous substances, and articles (such as explosives flammable liquids toxic substances etc A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 45 g/mol
Melting point

-76. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 3 °C

Boiling point

11. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid 75 °C

Solubility in other solventsHydrolysis
Thermochemistry
Std enthalpy of
formation ΔfHo298		-158. Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. The standard enthalpy of formation or "standard heat of formation" of a compound is the change of Enthalpy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a 87 kJ/mol
Standard molar
entropy So298		281. In Chemistry, the standard molar entropy is the Entropy content of one mole of substance under standard conditions (not standard temperature and pressure 59 J. K–1. mol–1
Hazards
Main hazardsToxic, corrosive, oxidizer. Occupational safety and health is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the Safety, Health and welfare of people engaged in
NFPA 704
 
4
3
 
Related compounds
Related compoundsClF5
ClF
BrF3
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for
materials in their standard state
(at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox disclaimer and references

Chlorine trifluoride is the chemical compound with the formula ClF3. Symbolism The four divisions are typically color-coded with blue indicating level of Health Hazard, red indicating Chlorine pentafluoride has formula ClF5 It was first synthesized in 1963 Chlorine monofluoride is a volatile Interhalogen compound with the Chemical formula ClF Bromine trifluoride is the Inorganic compound with the formula BrF3 In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. This colourless, poisonous, corrosive and very reactive gas condenses to a pale-greenish yellow liquid, the form in which it is most often sold (pressurized at room temperature). This page is about the physical properties of gas as a state of matter The compound is primarily of interest as a component in rocket fuels, in industrial cleaning and etching operations primarily in the semiconductor industry[1] [2], nuclear reactor fuel processing[3] and other industrial operations. [4]

Contents

Preparation, structure, and properties

Main article: chlorine fluorides

It was first reported by Ruff and Krug who prepared it by fluorination of chlorine; this also produced ClF and the mixture was separated by distillation. A chlorine fluoride is a compound containing only Chlorine and Fluorine. Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and [5]

3 F2 + Cl2 → 2 ClF3

ClF3 is approximately T-shaped. In chemistry T-shaped molecular geometry describes a somewhat unusual geometry adopted by compounds where a central atom has three Ligands Ordinarily three-coordinated compounds minimize This structure is explicable in the context of VSEPR theory, which considers also lone pairs of electrons as occupying two equatorial positions of a hypothetic trigonal bipyramid. Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR theory (1957 is a model in Chemistry, which is used for predicting the shapes of individual Molecules based The elongated Cl-Faxial bonds are consistent with hypervalent bonding. A hypervalent molecule is a Molecule that contains one or more typical elements ( group 1 2 13-18 formally bearing more than eight Electrons in their

Pure ClF3 is stable to 180° in glass vessels, but above this temperature it decomposes by a free radical mechanism to the elements. In Chemistry, radicals (often referred to as free radicals) are atoms molecules or ions with Unpaired electrons on an otherwise Open shell
The main use of ClF3 is to produce uranium hexafluoride, UF6 as part of nuclear fuel processing and reprocessing, by the reaction:

U + 3ClF3 →UF6 + 3ClF

Hazards

ClF3 is a very strong oxidizing and fluorination agent. Uranium hexafluoride (UF6 referred to as "hex" in the nuclear industry is a compound used in the Uranium enrichment process that produces An oxidizing agent or oxidising agent (also called an oxidant, oxidizer or oxidiser) can be defined as either a Chemical compound ClF3 is extremely reactive with most inorganic and organic materials and will initiate the combustion of many materials without an ignition source and these reactions are often violent or in some cases explosive. Several metals give chlorides and fluorides, phosphorus yields PCl3 plus PF5, sulfur SCl2 plus SF4. The chloride Ion is formed when the element Chlorine picks up one Electron to form an Anion (negatively-charged ion Cl&minus Fluoride is the reduced form of Fluorine. Both organic and Inorganic compounds containing the element fluorine are considered fluorides Phosphorus, (ˈfɒsfərəs is the Chemical element that has the symbol P and Atomic number 15 Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 ClF3 is also violently water reactive in which it hydrolyses to a variety of hazardous chemicals such as hydrofluoric acid. Hydrofluoric acid is a Solution of Hydrogen fluoride in Water. H2S explodes on being mixed with ClF3 at room temperature. Hydrogen sulfide (or hydrogen sulphide) is the Chemical compound with the formula H 2 S.

The ability to surpass the oxidizing ability of oxygen leads to corrosivity against oxide-containing materials often thought as incombustible. In an industrial accident, a spill of 900 kg of chlorine trifluoride burned itself through 30 cm of concrete and 90 cm of gravel beneath. [6] Any equipment that comes into contact with chlorine trifluoride must be carefully selected and cleaned, because any contamination can ignite on contact.

Exposure of larger amounts of chlorine trifluoride, as a liquid or as a gas, ignites tissue. The hydrolysis reaction with water is violent and exposure results in a thermal burn. The product of hydrolysis is hydrofluoric acid, which is corrosive to human tissue, absorbs through skin, selectively attacks bone and stimulates pain nerves, and causes a potentially lethal poisoning. Hydrofluoric acid is a Solution of Hydrogen fluoride in Water.

Military applications

Under the code name N-stoff ("substance N"), chlorine trifluoride was investigated for military applications by the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Nazi Germany from slightly before the start of World War II. A code name or cryptonym is a word or name used clandestinely to refer to another name or word The Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft is a German entity formally known as the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Tests were made against mock-ups of the Maginot Line fortifications, and it was found to be an effective combined incendiary weapon and poison gas. The Maginot Line (IPA, Ligne Maginot named after French Minister of Defense André Maginot, was a line of concrete Fortifications tank obstacles artillery Incendiary devices or incendiary bombs are Bombs designed to start Fires or destroy sensitive equipment using materials such as Napalm, Thermite Chemical warfare involves using the toxic properties of Chemical substances to kill injure or incapacitate an enemy. From 1938 construction commenced on a partly bunkered, partly subterranean 31. Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A military bunker is a hardened shelter often buried partly or fully underground designed to protect the inhabitants from falling bombs or other attacks 76 km² munitions factory at Falkenhagen which was intended to produce 50 tonnes of N-stoff per month, plus Sarin. This article is about the tonne or metric ton For other tons see Ton. Sarin, also known by its NATO designation of GB, is an extremely toxic substance whose sole application is as a Nerve agent. However by the time it was captured by the advancing Red Army in 1944, the factory had produced only about 30 to 50 tonnes, at a cost of over 100 German Reichsmark per kilograma. The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. For a detailed discussion of the English translation of Reich, see Reich. N-stoff was never used in war. [7]

Rocket propellant

Chlorine trifluoride has been investigated as a high-performance storable oxidizer in rocket propellant systems. Rocket propellant is mass that is stored usually in some form of Propellant tank prior to being used as the propulsive mass that is ejected from a rocket engine in the form Handling concerns, however, prevented its use. Clark summarized the difficulties, "It is, of course, extremely toxic, but that's the least of the problem. John Drury Clark PhD ( August 15, 1907 -July 1988 was a noted American Rocket fuel developer Chemist, and Science fiction It is hypergolic with every known fuel, and so rapidly hypergolic that no ignition delay has ever been measured. A hypergolic propellant is either of the two Rocket propellants used in a hypergolic Rocket engine, which spontaneously ignite when they come into contact It is also hypergolic with such things as cloth, wood, and test engineers, not to mention asbestos, sand, and water—with which it reacts explosively. "[8][9]

References

  1. ^ Hitoshi Habuka, Takahiro Sukenobu, Hideyuki Koda, Takashi Takeuchi, and Masahiko Aihara (2004). "Silicon Etch Rate Using Chlorine Trifluoride". Journal of the Electrochemical Society 151 (11): G783–G787. doi:10.1149/1.1806391. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  2. ^ United States Patent 5849092 "Process for chlorine trifluoride chamber cleaning"
  3. ^ Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, (BEST) (2006). Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 5 (citation at the National Academies Press). Washington D. C. : National Academies Press, 40. ISBN 0-309-10358-4.  
  4. ^ United States Patent 6034016 "Method for regenerating halogenated Lewis acid catalysts"
  5. ^ Otto Ruff, H. Otto Ruff ( December 12, 1871 - September 17, 1939) was a German Chemist. Krug (1931). "Über ein neues Chlorfluorid-CIF3". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 190 (1): 602–608. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie (Journal for Inorganic and General Chemistry is a Scientific journal dealing with Inorganic chemistry doi:10.1002/zaac.19301900127. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  6. ^ Air Products Safetygram. http://www.airproducts.com/nr/rdonlyres/8479ed55-2170-4651-a3d4-223b2957a9f3/0/safetygram39.pdf
  7. ^ "Bunker Tours" report on Falkenhagen
  8. ^ Clark, John D. (2001). Ignition!. UMI Books on Demand. ISBN 0-8135-0725-1.  
  9. ^ ClF3/Hydrazine at the Encyclopedia Astronautica.

Note a: Using data from Economic History Services and The Inflation Calculator, we can calculate that 100 Reichsmark in 1941 is approximately equivalent to $540 US dollars in 2006. Reichsmark exchange rate values from 1942 to 1944 are fragmentary.

External links

Dictionary

chlorine trifluoride

-noun

  1. (inorganic chemistry) A poisonous gaseous binary compound, CF3, of chlorine and fluorine.
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