Chloramine
Other names	Monochloramine Chloramide
Identifiers
CAS number	10599-90-3
Properties
Molecular formula	NH2Cl
Molar mass	51. CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 48 g/mol
Appearance	colorless
Melting point	−66 °C
Boiling point	°C
Solubility in other solvents	Soluble
Related compounds
Related compounds	Dichloramine Nitrogen trichloride
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references

Chloramine (monochloramine) is a chemical compound with the formula NH₂Cl. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Dichloramine is a reactive inorganic compound It has the formula. Nitrogen trichloride, also known as trichloramine, trichlorine nitride is the Chemical compound with the formula NCl3 In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes It is usually used as a dilute solution where it is used as a disinfectant. Disinfectants are Antimicrobial agents that are applied to non-living objects to destroy Microorganisms, the process of which is known as disinfection. The term chloramine also refers to a family of organic compounds with the formulas R₂NCl and RNCl₂ (R is an organic group). An organic compound is any member of a large class of Chemical compounds whose Molecules contain Carbon. Dichloramine, NHCl₂, and nitrogen trichloride, NCl₃, are also well known. Dichloramine is a reactive inorganic compound It has the formula. Nitrogen trichloride, also known as trichloramine, trichlorine nitride is the Chemical compound with the formula NCl3

Synthesis and chemical reactions

NH₂Cl is a highly unstable compound in concentrated form, much less as a pure liquid. Pure NH₂Cl decomposes violently above −40 °C. ^[1] NH₂Cl is, however, quite stable in dilute solution, and this considerable stability is the basis of its applications.

NH₂Cl is prepared by the chemical reaction between ammonia and hypochlorous acid^[2] under mildly alkaline conditions:

NH₃ + HOCl → NH₂Cl + H₂O

The synthesis is conducted in dilute solution. A chemical reaction is a process that always results in the interconversion of Chemical substances The substance or substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor Hypochlorous acid ( IUPAC name chloric(I acid) is a weak Acid with the Chemical formula HOCl In this reaction HOCl undergoes attack by the nucleophile NH₃. In Chemistry, a nucleophile (literally nucleus lover as in nucleus and phile) is a Reagent that forms a Chemical bond to At lower pH's, further chlorination occurs.

The above syntheses are useful but do not deliver NH₂Cl in pure form. The pure compound can be prepared by contacting fluoroamine with calcium chloride:

NH₂F + CaCl₂ → NH₂Cl + CaClF

NH₂Cl is a key intermediate in the traditional synthesis of hydrazine. Fluoroamine is a Chemical compound with formula N[[hydrogen H2]] F. Calcium chloride (CaCl2 is an ionic compound of Calcium and Chlorine. Hydrazine is a Chemical compound with the formula N2H4 It has an Ammonia -like odor and is derived from the same industrial chemistry

Monochloramine oxidizes sulfhydrals and disulfides in the same manner as HClO,^[3] but only possesses 0. 4% of the biocidal effect of HClO. ^[4]

Uses in water treatment

NH₂Cl is commonly used in low concentrations as a disinfectant in municipal water systems as an alternative to chlorination. In Chemistry, concentration is the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance Disinfectants are Antimicrobial agents that are applied to non-living objects to destroy Microorganisms, the process of which is known as disinfection. A water supply network is a system of engineered Hydrologic and Hydraulic components including the watershed or geographic area that collects Chlorination is the process of adding the element Chlorine to Water as a method of Water purification to make it fit for human consumption as This application is increasing. Chlorine (sometimes referred to as Free Chlorine) is being displaced by chloramine, which is much more stable and does not dissipate from the water before it reaches consumers. Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. NH₂Cl also exhibits less tendency to convert organic materials into chlorocarbons such as chloroform and carbon tetrachloride. Applications The simplest form of organochlorides are chlorinated Hydrocarbons These consist of simple Hydrocarbons in which one or more hydrogen atoms have Chloroform, also known as trichloromethane and methyl trichloride, is a Chemical compound with formula C[[Hydrogen H]] Cl Carbon tetrachloride, also known by many other names (see Table is the Organic compound with the formula CCl4 Such compounds have been identified as carcinogens and in 1979 the U. The term carcinogen refers to any substance Radionuclide or radiation that is an agent directly involved in the promotion of Cancer or in the fatation of its propagation S. EPA began regulating their levels in U. S. drinking water. Furthermore, water treated with chloramine lacks the distinct chlorine odour of the gaseous treatment and so has improved taste.

Chloramine in tap water gives a greenish cast to the water in bulk, versus the normally bluish cast to pure water or water containing only free chlorine disinfectant. This greenish color may be observed by filling a white polyethylene bucket with chloraminated tap water and comparing it to chloramine-free water such as distilled water or a sample from a swimming pool.

New swimming pool initially filled with chloramine-treated tap water, showing greenish color of chloramine in bulk water. The color is less apparent in smaller volumes, but is noticeable in a white 5-gallon bucket, or even faintly detectable in a glass tumbler on careful inspection.

Chloramine can be removed from tap water by treatment with superchlorination (10 ppm or more of free chlorine, such as from a dose of sodium hypochlorite bleach or pool sanitizer) while maintaining a pH of about 7 (such as from a dose of hydrochloric acid). Hypochlorous acid from the free chlorine strips the ammonia from the chloramine, and the ammonia outgasses from the surface of the bulk water. This process takes about 24 hours for normal tap water concentrations of a few ppm of chloramine. Residual free chlorine can then be removed by exposure to bright sunlight for about 4 hours.

Situations where NH₂Cl should be removed

Aquarium owners must remove the chloramine from their tap water because it is toxic to fish. An aquarium (plural aquariums or aquaria) is a Vivarium consisting of at least one transparent side in which Water -dwelling Plants Tap water ( running water) is part of indoor Plumbing, which became available in the late 19th century and common in the mid-20th century Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two Aging the water for a few days removes chlorine but not the more stable chloramine, which can be neutralised using products available at pet stores. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and

Many animals are sensitive to chloramine and it must be removed from water given to many animals in zoos.

Chloramine must also be removed from the water prior to use in kidney dialysis machines, as it would come in contact with the bloodstream across a permeable membrane. In Medicine, dialysis (from Greek "dialusis" meaning dissolution "dia" meaning through and "lusis" meaning loosening is primarily However, since chloramine is neutralized by the digestive process, kidney dialysis patients can still safely drink chloramine-treated water.

Home brewers use reducing agents such as sodium metabisulfite or potassium metabisulfite to remove chloramine from brewing liquor as it, unlike chlorine, cannot be removed by boiling (A. Homebrewing typically refers to the Brewing of Beer and similar Alcoholic beverages (and sometimes soft drinks on a very small scale as a Hobby Sodium metabisulfite or sodium pyrosulfite (IUPAC spelling Br Potassium metabisulfite, K2S2O5 is a white Crystalline powder with a pungent Sulfur odour Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and J. DeLange). Residual sodium can cause off flavors in beer (See Brewing, Michael Lewis) so potassium metabisulfite is preferred.

In swimming pools, chloramines are formed by the reaction of free chlorine with organic substances. Chloramines, compared to free chlorine, are both less effective as a sanitizer and more irritating to the eyes of swimmers. When swimmers complain of eye irritation from "too much chlorine" in a pool, the problem is typically a high level of chloramines, caused by too little chlorine in relation to the amount of organic matter. Pool test kits designed for use by homeowners are sensitive to both free chlorine and chloramines, which can be misleading.

Organic chloramines

A variety of organic chloramines are known and proven useful in organic synthesis. Organic synthesis is a special branch of Chemical synthesis and is concerned with the construction of Organic compounds via Organic reactions Organic One example is N-chloromorpholine ClN(CH₂CH₂)₂O, N-chloropiperidine, and N-chloroquinuclidinium chloride. Piperidine is an Organic compound with the molecular formula (CH25NH Quinuclidine is an Organic compound and a Bicyclic Amine and used as a Catalyst and a chemical building block ^[5]

Safety

NH₂Cl is toxic in large quantities. US EPA regulations limit chloramine concentration to 4 parts per million (ppm). A typical target level in US public water supplies is 3 ppm.

References

1. ^ Holleman, A. F. ; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
2. ^ Fair, G. M. , J. C. Morris, S. L. Chang, I. Weil, and R. P. Burden. 1948. The behavior of chlorine as a water disinfectant. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 40:1051-1061.
3. ^ Jacangelo, J. G. , V. P. Olivieri, and K. Kawata. 1987. Oxidation of sulfhydryl groups by monochloramine. Water Res. 21:1339-1344.
4. ^ Morris, J. C. 1966. Future of chlorination. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 58:1475-1482.
5. ^ Lindsay Smith, J. R. ; McKeer, L. C. ; Taylor, J. M. "4-Chlorination of Electron-Rich Benzenoid Compounds: 2,4-Dichloromethoxybenzene" Organic Syntheses, CollectedVolume 8, p. 167 (1993). . http://www.orgsyn.org/orgsyn/pdfs/CV8P0167.pdf describes several N-chloramines

External links

• Chlorine and chloramines in the freshwater aquarium
• Chloramine FAQ from the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission
• "Chlorinated drinking water", IARC Monograph (1991)
• EPA Maximum Contaminant Levels