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Chloral hydrate
IUPAC name 2,2,2-trichloroethane-1,1-diol
Other names trichloroacetaldehyde monohydrate
Tradenames: Aquachloral, Novo-Chlorhydrate, Somnos, Noctec, Somnote
Identifiers
CAS number [302-17-0]
PubChem 2707
SMILES ClC(Cl)(Cl)C(O)O
InChI 1/C2H3Cl3O2/c3-2(4,5)1(6)7/h1,6-7H
Properties
Molecular formula C2H3Cl3O2
Molar mass 165. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to PubChem is a Database of chemical Molecules The system is maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI a component The IUPAC International Chemical Identifier ( InChI, pronounced "INchee" is a textual Identifier for Chemical substances designed to provide a A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 403 g/mol
Appearance Colorless solid
Density 1. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 91 g/cm3
Melting point

57 °C, 330 K, 135 °F
Boiling point

98 °C, 371 K, 208 °F
Pharmacology
Bioavailability well absorbed
Routes of
administration		 Oral capsule/syrup, rectal suppository
Metabolism converted to trichloroethanol, hepatic and renal
Elimination
half-life		 8–10 hours in plasma
Excretion bile, feces, urine (various metabolites not unchanged)
Legal status


Schedule IV(US)
Pregnancy
category		 C(US)
Hazards
MSDS External MSDS
EU classification Harmful (Xn)
R-phrases R22 R36 R37 R38
Related compounds
Related compounds Chloral, chlorobutanol
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for
materials in their standard state
(at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox disclaimer and references

Chloral hydrate is a sedative and hypnotic drug as well as a chemical reagent and precursor. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid In Pharmacology, bioavailability is used to describe the fraction of an administered Dose of unchanged drug that reaches the Systemic circulation, one of A suppository is a drug delivery system that is inserted either into the Rectum (rectal suppository Vagina (vaginal suppository or Urethra (urethral Metabolism is the set of Chemical reactions that occur in living Organisms in order to maintain Life. The biological half-life of a substance is the time it takes for a substance (drug radioactive nuclide or other to lose half of its pharmacologic physiologic or radiologic activity Excretion is the process of eliminating waste products of Metabolism and other non-useful materials The Controlled Substances Act ( CSA) was enacted into law by the Congress of the United States as Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The pregnancy category of a pharmaceutical agent is an assessment of the risk of fetal injury due to the pharmaceutical if it is used as directed by the mother during The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A material safety data sheet ( MSDS) is a form containing data regarding the properties of a particular substance Council Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification packaging and labelling R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous Chloral, also known as trichloroacetaldehyde is the Organic compound with the formula Cl3CCHO Chlorobutanol, or 111-trichloro-2-methyl-2-propanol, is a chemical preservative sedative hypnotic and weak local anaesthetic similar in nature to Chloral hydrate In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly A sedative, or more specifically a sedative-hypnotic, is a substance that depresses the Central nervous system (CNS resulting in calmness relaxation sleepiness For the state of mind see Hypnosis. Hypnotic drugs induce Sleep (which differentiates them from the Sedative A reagent or reactant is a substance or compound consumed during a Chemical reaction. The name chloral hydrate indicates that it is formed from chloral (trichloroacetaldehyde) by the addition of one molecule of water. Chloral, also known as trichloroacetaldehyde is the Organic compound with the formula Cl3CCHO Its chemical formula is C2H3Cl3O2. A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the

It was discovered through the chlorination of ethanol in 1832 by Justus von Liebig in Gießen. "Fluorination" redirects here For the addition of fluoride to drinking water see Water fluoridation. Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Justus von Liebig ( May 12, 1803 &ndash April 18, 1873) was a German Chemist Gießen (ˈgiːsən is a town in the German federal state ( Bundesland) of Hessen, capital of both the district of Gießen and the administrative [1][2] Its sedative properties were first published in 1869 and subsequently, because of its easy synthesis, its use was widespread. A sedative, or more specifically a sedative-hypnotic, is a substance that depresses the Central nervous system (CNS resulting in calmness relaxation sleepiness [3] It was widely abused and misprescribed in the late 19th century. Drug addiction is widely considered a pathological state. The disorder of addiction involves the progression of acute Drug use to the development of drug-seeking A prescription (℞ is a health-care program implemented by a Physician or other medical practitioner in the form of instructions that govern the plan of care for an individual The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Chloral hydrate is soluble in both water and alcohol, readily forming concentrated solutions. A solution of chloral hydrate in alcohol called "knockout drops" was used to prepare a Mickey Finn. A Mickey Finn (or simply Mickey) is a Slang term for a Drink laced with a drug (especially Chloral hydrate) given to someone

It is, together with chloroform, a minor side-product of the chlorination of water, if organic residues are present in the water, concentrations rarely exceeding 5 micrograms per litre (µg/l). Chloroform, also known as trichloromethane and methyl trichloride, is a Chemical compound with formula C[[Hydrogen H]] Cl Chlorination is the process of adding the element Chlorine to Water as a method of Water purification to make it fit for human consumption as Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. In the Metric system, a microgram is 1/1000000 of a Gram (1 × 10-6 or 1/1000 of a milligram is one of the smallest units of weight/mass commonly used The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of Volume.

Contents

Production

Chloral hydrate is produced from chlorine and ethanol in acidic solution. Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and In basic conditions the haloform reaction takes place and chloroform is produced. The haloform reaction is a chemical reaction where a haloform (CHX3 where X is a Halogen) is produced by the exhaustive Halogenation of a methyl Ketone Chloroform, also known as trichloromethane and methyl trichloride, is a Chemical compound with formula C[[Hydrogen H]] Cl

4 Cl2 + C2H5OH + H2O → Cl3CCH(OH)2 + 5 HCl

Uses

Synthesis

Chloral hydrate is a cheaply available building block chemical. It is the starting material for the production of chloral, which is produced by the distillation of a mixture of chloral hydrate and sulfuric acid, which serves as the desiccant. Chloral, also known as trichloroacetaldehyde is the Organic compound with the formula Cl3CCHO Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. A Desiccant is a Hygroscopic substance that induces or sustains a state of dryness ( Desiccation) in its local vicinity in a moderately-well sealed container

Notably, it is used to synthesize isatin. Isatin or 1H-indole-23-dione is an Indole derivative The compound was first obtained by Erdman and Laurent in 1841 as a product from the Oxidation In this synthesis, chloral hydrate reacts with aniline and hydroxylamine to give a condensation product which cyclicizes in sulfuric acid to give the target compound:[4]

Sedative

Chloral hydrate is used for the short-term treatment of insomnia and as a sedative before minor medical or dental treatment. Aniline, phenylamine or aminobenzene is an Organic compound with the formula C6H7N Hydroxylamine is a reactive chemical with formula NH2OH It can be considered a hybrid of Ammonia and Water due to parallels it shares Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Insomnia is a symptom of a sleeping disorder characterized by persistent difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep despite the opportunity It was largely displaced in the mid-20th century by barbiturates[5] and subsequently by benzodiazepines. Barbiturates are drugs that act as central nervous system Depressants and by virtue of this they produce a wide spectrum of effects from mild Sedation The benzodiazepines (pronounced, often abbreviated to "benzos") are a class of Psychoactive drugs with varying Hypnotic It was also formerly used in veterinary medicine as a general anesthetic. A general anaesthetic (or anesthetic, see Spelling differences) drug is an anaesthetic drug that brings about a reversible loss of Consciousness. Today, it is commonly used as an ingredient in the veterinary anesthetic Equithesin. Equithesin is the proprietary name for a commercial mixture of chloral hydrate magnesium sulfate and pentobarbital sodium that was used as a general anesthetic in horses

In therapeutic doses for insomnia chloral hydrate is effective within sixty minutes, it is metabolized within 4 minutes into trichloroethanol by erythrocytes and plasma esterases and many hours later into trichloroacetic acid. A minute is a Unit of measurement of Time or of Angle. The minute is a unit of Time equal to 1/60th of an Hour or 60 Metabolism is the set of Chemical reactions that occur in living Organisms in order to maintain Life. 222-Trichloroethanol is an Organic compound related to Ethanol, except the hydrogen atoms at position 2 are replaced with chlorine atoms Trichloroacetic acid (also known as trichloroethanoic acid) is an analogue of Acetic acid in which the three Hydrogen atoms of the Methyl Higher doses can depress respiration and blood pressure. In Animal physiology, respiration is the transport of Oxygen from the outside air to the cells within tissues and the transport of Carbon dioxide Blood pressure is also the title of a short story by Damon Runyan in Guys and Dolls and Other Stories An overdose is marked by confusion, convulsions, nausea and vomiting, severe drowsiness, slow and irregular breathing, cardiac arrhythmia and weakness. The term drug overdose (or simply overdose or OD) describes the Ingestion or application of a Drug or other substance in quantities An epileptic seizure is caused by excessive and/or hypersynchronous electrical Neuronal activity and is usually self-limiting Nausea ( Latin: Nausea, Greek:, " Sea-sickness " also called wamble) is the sensation of unease and discomfort Vomiting (also called throwing up, emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of one's Stomach through the Mouth and sometimes the Dysrhythmia redirects here For the American band see Dysrhythmia (band. It may also cause liver damage and is moderately addictive, as chronic use is known to cause dependency and withdrawal symptoms. The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals The term " addiction " is used in many contexts to describe an obsession compulsion or excessive Physical dependence or psychological dependence such as In Medicine, a chronic disease is a Disease that is long-lasting or recurrent Physical dependence (or drug dependence) refers to a state resulting from habitual use of a drug where negative physical Withdrawal symptoms result from abrupt discontinuation Withdrawal, also known as withdrawal/abstinence syndrome, refers to the characteristic signs and symptoms that appear when a drug that causes Physical dependence is The chemical can potentiate various anticoagulants and is weakly mutagenic in vitro and in vivo. An anticoagulant is a substance that prevents coagulation; that is it stops Blood from clotting In Biology, a mutagen ( Latin, literally origin of change) is a physical or chemical agent that changes the genetic information (usually DNA) In vitro ( Latin: within the glass refers to the technique of performing a given experiment in a controlled environment outside of a living Organism In vivo ( Latin: within the living means that which takes place inside an organism.

Chloral hydrate is now illegal in the United States without a prescription. Chloral hydrate is a schedule IV controlled substance in the United States. The Controlled Substances Act ( CSA) was enacted into law by the Congress of the United States as Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control A controlled substance is generally a drug or chemical whose manufacture possession and use are regulated by a government The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Its properties have sometimes led to its use as a date rape drug. Date rape drug refers to any drug that can be used to assist in the commission of a Sexual assault ( Date rape)

See also

Chloral hydrate in fiction and film

References

  1. ^ Justus Liebig (1832). "Ueber die Zersetzung des Alkohols durch Chlor". Annalen der Pharmacie 1 (1): 31-32. doi:10.1002/jlac.18320010109. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  2. ^ Justus Liebig (1832). "Ueber die Verbindungen, welche durch die Einwirkung des Chlors auf Alkohol, Aether, ölbildendes Gas und Essiggeist entstehen". Annalen der Pharmacie 1 (2): 182-230. doi:10.1002/jlac.18320010203. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  3. ^ Liebreich, Oskar (1869). Das Chloralhydrat : ein neues Hypnoticum und Anaestheticum und dessen Anwendung in der Medicin ; eine Arzneimittel-Untersuchung. Müller.  
  4. ^ C. S. Marvel and G. S. Hiers (1941). "Isatin". Org. Synth.; Coll. Organic Syntheses is a Scientific journal that since 1921 has provided the Chemistry community with annual collections of detailed and checked procedures Vol. 1: 327.  
  5. ^ Tariq, Syed H. and Shailaja Pulisetty; “Pharmacotherapy for Insomnia”, Clinics in Geriatric Medicine (24), 2008 p. 93-105 PMID: 18035234
  6. ^ Anna Nicole Smith Autopsy Report. XI. Manner of death. A. The Exclusion of Homicide The Smoking Gun
  7. ^ Anna Nicole Smith Autopsy Released. Coroner: Ex-Playmate died from accidental sedative overdose The Smoking Gun
  8. ^ Marily Monroe. Theories Crime Library
  9. ^ Hank Williams summary Book Rags
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