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For other uses, see Chinaman (disambiguation).

Chinaman is a term that refers to a Chinese man. The term Chinese people may refer to any of the following A person who resides in and holds citizenship of the People's Republic of China (including Hong It was not defined as offensive by older dictionaries. [1][2] Today, Asian American organizations and others have objected to the use of the term as offensive,[3][4][5][6] and it has been defined as such by current dictionaries. Asian Americans are Americans of Asian ancestry. They include sub-ethnic groups such as Chinese Americans Filipino Americans Indian The term has been used without stated offensive intent,[3][6] and has also been used as a self-referential archetype by authors and artists of Asian descent. [7]

Contents

Historic usage

The term "Chinaman" has been historically used in a variety of platforms, including legal documents, literary works, and speech. Census records in 1800s North America recorded Chinese men by names such as "John Chinaman", "Jake Chinaman", or simply as "Chinaman". [8] In a notable 1852 letter to Governor of California John Bigler which challenges his proposed immigration policy toward the Chinese, restaurant owner Norman Asing, at the time a leader in San Francisco's Chinese community, referred to himself as a "Chinaman". The Governor of California is the highest executive authority in the state government whose responsibilities include making annual "State of the State" addresses John Bigler ( January 8 1805 November 29 1871) was an American lawyer politician and diplomat The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city Addressing the governor, he wrote, "Sir: I am a Chinaman, a republican, and a lover of free institutions. "[9]

Legal documents such as the Geary Act of 1892, which barred the entry of Chinese people to the United States, referred to Chinese people both as "Chinese persons" or "Chinamen". The Geary Act was a United States law passed in 1892 written by California Congressman Thomas J The term Chinese people may refer to any of the following A person who resides in and holds citizenship of the People's Republic of China (including Hong The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [10] In addition to legal documents, the term "Chinaman" was also used in court. Roy Bean, appointed as a judge in the state of Texas in the late 1800s, used the term in one of his rulings. Phantly Roy Bean (c 1825 &ndash March 16, 1903) was an eccentric U Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. Commenting on the case of an Irishman killing a Chinese worker, after browsing through a law book, he said, "Gentlemen, I find the law very explicit on murdering your fellow man, but there's nothing here about killing a Chinaman. The Irish people ( Irish: Muintir na hÉireann, na hÉireannaigh, na Gaeil) are a Western European Ethnic group who originate Case dismissed. "[11]

The term has also been used to refer to Japanese men, despite the fact that they are not Chinese. The are the dominant Ethnic group of Japan. Worldwide approximately 130 million people are of Japanese descent of these approximately 127 million are residents of Japan Civil rights pioneer Takuji Yamashita took a case to the United States Supreme Court in 1922 on the issue of the possibility of allowing Japanese immigrants to own land in the state of Washington. Takuji Yamashita (1874&ndash1959 born in Yawatahama on Ehime, Shikoku, Japan, is considered as an early 20th century civil rights pioneer The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. The Japanese diaspora, and its individual members known as, are Japanese emigrants from Japan and their descendants to other parts of the world Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Washington's attorney general, in his argument, stated that Japanese people could not fit into American society because assimilation was not possible for "the Negro, the Indian and the Chinaman". Negro is a term referring to people of Black African ancestry Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States [12] The Japanese admiral Tōgō Heihachirō, during his training in England in the 1870s, was called "Johnny Chinaman" by his British comrades. The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku Fleet Admiral Marquis (, OM, GCVO, ( 27 January 1848 - 30 May 1934) was a Fleet Admiral in England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland [13]

Literary and musical works have used the term as well. In Disgraceful Persecution of a Boy, an 1870 essay written by Mark Twain about the circumstances of Chinese people in 1800s United States society, the term is used throughout the body of the essay to refer to Chinese people. Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30 1835 – April 21 1910 better known by the Pen name Mark Twain, was an American Humorist, satirist [14] Over a hundred years later, the term remained in use in literary works, for example, it appears in the title of Chinese American writer Frank Chin's first play, The Chickencoop Chinaman, written in 1972,[7] and also the translated English title of Bo Yang's political and cultural criticism, The Ugly Chinaman and the Crisis of Chinese Culture. Chinese Americans ( Chinese: 华裔美国人 are Americans of Chinese descent Frank Chin ( 趙[[wikt 健|健]] 秀; Pinyin: Zhào Jiànxiù (born February 25, 1940) is an American author and playwright Bo Yang ( 7 March 1920 – 29 April 2008) also sometimes called Bai Yang, was a Chinese language writer based in [15] In musical works, the term appears in Mort Shuman's 1967 translation of Jacques Brel's song, Jacky: "Locked up inside my opium den/Surrounded by some Chinamen". Mort Shuman ( November 12 1936 - January 2 1991) was an American Singer, Pianist and Songwriter, best Jacques Romain Georges Brel (ʒak bʀɛl in French (8 April 1929 &ndash 9 October 1978 was a Belgian Singer-songwriter. [16][17] In Brel's original, the French term vieux Chinois, meaning "old Chinese", was translated as "Chinamen" in English. [18] It was also used in the hit 1974 song, Kung Fu Fighting, by Carl Douglas; a line of lyrics from the song reads, "they were funky Chinamen from funky Chinatown. " Kung Fu Fighting " is a song written and performed by Carl Douglas and Vivian Hawke Carl Douglas (born 1942 is a Jamaican-born Singer, most famous for his Song " Kung Fu Fighting " which hit number one on A Chinatown is a section of an urban area with a large number of Chinese outside the majority-Chinese countries of Greater China. "[19]

Controversies

The use of the term Chinaman in public platforms and as names of geographical locations has caused several public controversies in recent times.

On 1998-04-09, television sitcom show Seinfeld aired an episode in which a character referred to opium as "the Chinaman's nightcap". Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Seinfeld is an American Situation comedy, or sitcom that originally aired on NBC from July 5 1989 to May 14 1998 lasting nine seasons Opium is a Narcotic formed from the Latex (ie sap released by lacerating (or "scoring" the immature seed pods of opium poppies ( The episode prompted many Asian American viewers, including author Maxine Hong Kingston, to send letters of protest. Asian Americans are Americans of Asian ancestry. They include sub-ethnic groups such as Chinese Americans Filipino Americans Indian Maxine Hong Kingston (湯婷婷 born October 27 1940) is an American Professor Emeritus at the University of California Berkeley In her letter, Kingston wrote that the term is "equivalent to niggers for blacks and kikes for Jews". Nigger is a Noun in the English language, most notable for its usage in a derogatory context to refer to Black people, and also as an informal The term black people usually refers to a racial group of Humans with dark Skin color, but the term has also been used to categorise a number of diverse For other meanings see Kike (disambiguation. In modern English language the word kike (IPA /ˈkаɪk/ is a Pejorative Ethnic PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Media watchdog Media Action Network for Asian Americans (MANAA) called on NBC, broadcasting network for the show, to issue a public apology. The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC) is an American Television network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's NBC did not issue an apology, but it removed the offending term from the episode in the episode's rerun in May 1998. NBC's executive vice president for broadcast standards and content policy sent MANAA a letter stating that the network never intended to offend. MANAA was pleased with the studio's response despite the lack of an apology, and Kingston, while disappointed there was no apology, was pleased that the term was removed from the episode. [3]

On 1998-07-09, Canada's province of Alberta renamed a peak in the Rocky Mountains from "Chinaman's Peak" to "Ha Ling Peak" due to pressure from the province's large Chinese community. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 455 - Roman military commander Avitus is proclaimed Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The provinces and territories of Canada combine to make up the world's second largest country in total area. Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 Mountain peaks of the Rocky Mountains The Rocky Mountains, often called the Rockies, are a Mountain range in western North America. Ha Ling Peak is a peak of Mount Lawrence Grassi--a mountain located immediately south of the town of Canmore just east of the Spray Lakes road in Alberta 's Canadian The new name was chosen in honour of the railroad labourer who scaled the peak's 2,408 metre-high summit in 1896 to win a $50 bet to commemorate all his fellow Chinese railway labourers. [20][4]

In 2001, the Chicago Sun-Times was chastised by William Yashino, Midwest director of the Japanese American Citizens League, for using the term Chinaman in two of its columns. The Chicago Sun-Times is an American daily Newspaper published in Chicago, Illinois. The Japanese American Citizens League was formed in 1929 to protect the rights of Japanese Americans from the state and federal governments Yashino wrote, in a letter to the editor on 2001-05-16, that the term is derogatory and demeaning to Chinese Americans and Asian Americans, and that it marginalises these communities and inflames public sentiment. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Chinese Americans ( Chinese: 华裔美国人 are Americans of Chinese descent Asian Americans are Americans of Asian ancestry. They include sub-ethnic groups such as Chinese Americans Filipino Americans Indian [5]

In March 2007, media mogul Ted Turner used the term in a public speech before the Bay Area Council of San Francisco, California. Robert Edward "Ted" Turner III (born November 19, 1938) is an American Media proprietor and philanthropist. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Community leaders and officials objected to his use of the term, and immediately called for an apology. In a statement released by his spokesman on 2007-03-13, Turner apologised for having used the term, stating that he was unaware that the term was derogatory. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II. Vincent Pan, director of the organisation Chinese for Affirmative Action, said it was "a bit suspect" for someone involved in domestic and world politics like Turner to be unaware that the term is derogatory. Chinese for Affirmative Action (CAA is a San Francisco -based advocacy organization Yvonne Lee, a former commissioner of the U.S. Civil Rights Commission, said the apology was the first step, but wanted Turner to agree to further "dialogue between different communities". The US Commission on Civil Rights is a bipartisan independent federal commission charged with the responsibility for investigating reporting on and making recommendations concerning [6]

On April 11, 2008, golf announcer Bobby Clampett apologized for referring to golfer Wen-Chong Liang as "the Chinaman" during the Masters golf tournament at Augusta National Golf Club. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Robert Daniel "Bobby" Clampett Jr (born April 22 1960 is a television Golf analyst and former PGA Tour golfer The Masters Tournament, also known as The Masters or The US Masters (outside of the United States is one of four major championships in men's Augusta National Golf Club, located in the American city of Augusta Georgia, is one of the most storied and exclusive golf clubs in the world Clampett, working the Internet broadcast of Amen Corner, made the comment after Liang missed the cut. Augusta National Golf Club, located in the American city of Augusta Georgia, is one of the most storied and exclusive golf clubs in the world According to the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Clampett was taken off the broadcast after the comment. The St Louis Post-Dispatch is the only major city-wide Newspaper in St [21]

See also

References

  1. ^ Chinaman. The figure of speech a "Chinaman's chance" essentially means someone has no chance at all of accomplishing or successfully doing an action Ching chong is an Ethnic slur used to mock people of Chinese ancestry or other Asians who may look Chinese and an Onomatopoeia Chink is an Ethnic slur for any person of Chinese descent It is also commonly used to insult people of general East Asian descent Gweilo (zh-hk [[wikt鬼佬 鬼佬]] Jyutping: gwai2 lou2 Cantonese kwɐ̌ɪ lə̌ʊ sometimes also spelt Gwailo) is a Cantonese The following is a list of ethnic slurs that are or have been used as insinuations or allegations about members of a given Ethnicity or to refer to them in a derogatory (critical ɕina are Romanized Japanese transliterations for the Chinese character compound "支那" which is viewed by most Chinese people as a highly offensive racist term Webster Dictionary, 1913. Retrieved on 2007-03-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden.
  2. ^ Fowler's Dictionary of English Usage, 1956
  3. ^ a b c 'Seinfeld' Edits Out Anti-Asian Joke. AsianWeek (1998-07-09). Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 455 - Roman military commander Avitus is proclaimed Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Retrieved on 2007-03-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem.
  4. ^ a b World News Briefs; Alberta's New Name For Peak in Rockies. The New York Times (1998-07-09). Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 455 - Roman military commander Avitus is proclaimed Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Retrieved on 2007-03-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden.
  5. ^ a b Chicago Sun Times - discrimination in reporting. The Chicago Reporter (June 2001). Retrieved on 2007-03-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden.
  6. ^ a b c Ted Turner apologizes for remarks on Chinese. San Francisco Chronicle (2007-03-14). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. Retrieved on 2007-03-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden.
  7. ^ a b Frank Chin. Houghton Mifflin College Division. Retrieved on 2007-04-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
  8. ^ 1891 Census of Canada. Vancouver Public Library. Retrieved on 2007-04-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
  9. ^ "We Are Not the Degraded Race You Would Make Us": Norman Asing Challenges Chinese Immigration Restrictions. George Mason University. Retrieved on 2007-07-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of
  10. ^ Geary Act of 1892. SanFranciscoChinatown. com. Retrieved on 2007-04-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
  11. ^ Judge Roy Bean. DesertUSA. Retrieved on 2007-04-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
  12. ^ Victim of racism will gain posthumous bar membership. Seattle Post-Intelligencer (2001-02-05). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France. Retrieved on 2007-04-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
  13. ^ Sea Dog. TIME (1936-02-24). Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Retrieved on 2007-07-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of
  14. ^ Disgraceful Persecution of a Boy. Retrieved on 2007-04-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
  15. ^ The Ugly Chinaman. University of Toronto. Retrieved on 2007-04-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I.
  16. ^ Excerpts. therhymesofgoodbye. com. Retrieved on 2008-02-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu.
  17. ^ LYRICS FOR "Jacky (Single Mix)". MTV. Retrieved on 2008-02-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu.
  18. ^ La chanson de Jacky (French). Paroles. net. Retrieved on 2008-02-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu.
  19. ^ Kung Fu Fighting. The Mad Music Archive. Retrieved on 2007-07-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of
  20. ^ Ha Ling Peak (Chinamans Peak) Alberta. Bivouac. com. Retrieved on 2007-04-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans.
  21. ^ Clampett apologizes for description of China's Liang. ESPN. com (2008-04-14). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in Retrieved on 2008-04-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English

Dictionary definitions

External links

Dictionary

chinaman

-noun

  1. (cricket) A left arm unorthodox spin bowler
  2. (cricket) A ball, bowled by a left arm unorthodox spin bowler, with the wrist action of a leg break, but which spins from off to leg for a right handed batsman
  3. (cricket) Or, conversely, such a ball bowled with the action of a googly.

Chinaman

-noun

  1. (archaic) (pejorative) A Chinese person
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