Part of the series on History of Chile

Early History

Monte Verde

Mapuche

Colonial times

Spanish Empire

Kingdom of Chile

Arauco War

Building a nation

Patria Vieja

War of Independence

1829 Revolution

War of the Confederation

Republican period

Conservative Republic

Liberal Republic

War of the Pacific

Chilean Civil War

Parliamentary period

Parliamentary Republic

1924 coup d'état

Presidential period

1925 coup d'état

Presidential Republic

Chile under Allende

Military regime

1973 coup d'état

Chile under Pinochet

Present day Chile

Transition to democracy

Politics of Chile

Chile-related topics

Topical

Economic history

Chilean coup d'état

Political scandals

This box: view • talk • edit

Salvador Allende was the president of Chile from 1970 until 1973, and head of the Popular Unity government; he was the first Marxist ever to be elected to the national presidency of a democracy. This is the history of Chile. See also the History of South America and the History of present-day nations and states. Monte Verde is an Archaeological site in south-central Chile, which has been dated to 14500 years before present The Mapuche are the indigenous inhabitants of Central and Southern Chile and Southern Argentina. The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries The Arauco War was a long conflict between colonial Spaniards and the Mapuche people of the region of Araucanía, of modern Chile. Patria Vieja (Spanish Old Fatherland) refers to a time period in the History of Chile occurring between the First Junta of the Government ( September Chilean War of Independence, was an armed conflict between the people of Chile and Spanish colonial authorities which started on September 10, 1810 The War of the Confederation (also known in Peru as the Chilean-Confederation war) ( 1836 - 1839) was a conflict between the Peru-Bolivian Confederation The War of the Pacific, sometimes called the Saltpeter War in reference to its original cause was fought between Chile and the joint forces of Bolivia The Chilean Civil War of 1891 was an armed conflict between forces supporting Congress and forces supporting the sitting President, José Manuel Balmaceda The Parliamentary Era in Chile began in 1891, at the end of the Civil War, and spanned until 1925 and the establishment of the 1925 Constitution. The Chilean coup d'état of 1925 took place on January 23, 1925, when the Chilean military overthrew the September Junta. The Chilean coup d'état of 1973 is a landmark in the History of Chile and the Russo-American Cold War. General Augusto Pinochet, one of the most controversial figures in recent Chilean history was head of the military junta that ruled Chile from The Chilean transition to democracy (colloquially known in Chile as the Transición) began on September 11, 1980, when a Constitution establishing The Politics of Chile takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic Republic, whereby the President This is a list of topics related to Chile. Those interested in the subject can monitor changes to the pages by clicking on Related changes in the sidebar Colonial era to 1690 In colonial times the segmentation of Chile into Latifundios left only small parcels for native American and Mestizo villagers This is a list of major Political scandals in Chile: "Scorpion" scandal ( 1809) - A smuggling scandal that Salvador Isabelino Allende Gossens (June 26 1908 – September 11 1973 was President of Chile from November 1970 until his death during the coup d'état of Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Unidad Popular ( UP) ( English: "People's Unity" was a coalition of Political parties in Chile that stood behind the successful candidacy Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system ^[1] His presidency was ended before he could complete a full term in office. During his tenure, Chilean politics ascended to a state of civil unrest amid strikes, lockouts, U.S. economic sanctions, an attempted coup in June 1973, the Resolution of August 22, 1973 in which the majority of Chile's Chamber of Deputies called for the military to restore order, and finally a successful coup on September 11, 1973, during which Allende committed suicide. Strike action, often simply called a strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal by Employees to perform work. The United States intervention in Chilean's politics started during the War of Chilean Independence. El Tanquetazo or El Tancazo (Both Spanish for tank putsch) ( June 29, 1973) are the names used to refer to the The Chamber of Deputies of the Republic of Chile (Cámara de Diputados is the lower house of Chile 's bicameral Congress. The Chilean coup d'état of 1973 is a landmark in the History of Chile and the Russo-American Cold War. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Salvador Allende, President of Chile, committed suicide during the Chilean coup of 1973. The military removed the Allende government and established a military dictatorship under General Augusto Pinochet, terminating the period of Chilean history known as "Presidential Republic" (1925-1973). A military dictatorship is a Form of government wherein the political power resides with the Military; it is similar but not identical to a Stratocracy, Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (November This is the history of Chile. See also the History of South America and the History of present-day nations and states.

Allende becomes president

Main article: Chilean presidential election, 1970

Chileans marching in support of Allende

In the 1970 election, Allende, running with the Unidad Popular (UP or Popular Unity) coalition, received a plurality with 36. A presidential election was held in Chile on 4 September 1970. 3% of the vote. Christian Democrat Radomiro Tomic won 27. Radomiro Tomić Romero ( 7 May 1914 – 3 January 1992) was a Chilean politician 9% with a very similar platform to Allende's. Both Allende and Tomic promised to further nationalize the mineral industry and redistribute land and income among other new policies.

Conservative former president Jorge Alessandri received slightly under 35. Jorge Alessandri Rodríguez ( May 19, 1896 &ndash August 31, 1986) was President of Chile from 1958 to 1964 and was the 8% of the vote.

According to the constitution, Congress had to decide between the two candidates who had received the most votes. The National Congress (Congreso Nacional is the legislative branch of the government of the Republic of Chile. The precedent set on the three previous occasions this situation had arisen since 1932 was for Congress simply to choose the candidate with the largest number of votes; indeed, former president Alessandri had been elected in 1958 with 31. Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 6% of the popular vote.

In this case, however, there was an active campaign against Allende's confirmation by Congress, including clandestine efforts to prevent him taking office, and his presidency was ratified only after he signed a "Statute of Constitutional Guarantees". This statute was suggested as a means to convince the majority of Christian Democrat senators that favoured Allessandri, as they doubted Allende's allegiance to democracy, or at least the UP's. After signing the statute, members of the Christian Democrat party in the Senate gave their vote in favor of Allende. The Senate of the Republic of Chile is the upper house of Chile 's bicameral National Congress, as established in the current Constitution of Chile It has been argued than given that less than the majority of the voters voted for him, Allende did not have a clear "mandate" to embark in the policies put forward on his program. But the legality of the election itself is not in dispute.

"The Chilean Way to Socialism"

Main article: Chilean nationalization of copper

In office, Allende pursued a policy he called "La vía chilena al socialismo" ("The Chilean Way to Socialism"). The nationalization of the Chilean copper industry commonly described as the ''Chilenización del cobre'' or Chileanisation of copper was the progressive process by which the This included nationalization of certain large-scale industries (notably copper), of the health care system, continuation of his predecessor Eduardo Frei Montalva's policies regarding the educational system, a program of free milk for children, and land redistribution. Nationalization, also spelled nationalisation, is the act of taking an industry or assets into the Public ownership of a national government Eduardo Nicanor Frei Montalva (1911&ndash1982 was a Chilean political figure and President of Chile from 1964 to 1970 Agrarian reform can refer either narrowly to government-initiated or government-backed redistribution of Agricultural land (see Land reform) or can refer more broadly The previous government of Eduardo Frei had already partly nationalised copper by acquiring a 51 percent share in foreign owned mines. Allende expropriated the remaining percentage without compensating the U. S. companies that owned the mines.

Chilean presidents were allowed a maximum of 6 years, which may explain Allende's haste to restructure the economy. Not only did he have a significant restructuring program organised, it had to be a success if a successor to Allende was going to be elected.

At the beginning there was broad support in Congress to expand the government's already large part of the economy, as the Popular Unity and Christian Democrats together had a clear majority. But the government's efforts to pursue these policies led to strong opposition by landowners, some middle-class sectors, the rightist National Party, financiers, and the Roman Catholic Church (which in 1973 was displeased with the direction of the educational policy^{[2] [1]}). Eventually the Christian Democrats united with the National Party in Congress.

The land-redistribution that Allende highlighted as one of the central policies of his government had already begun under his predecessor Eduardo Frei Montalva, who had expropriated between one-fifth and one-quarter of all properties liable to takeover [Collier & Sater, 1996]. The Allende government's intention was to seize all holdings of more than eighty basic irrigated hectares [Faundez, 1988]. Allende also intended to improve the socio-economic welfare of Chile's poorest citizens; a key element was to provide employment, either in the new nationalised enterprises or on public works projects.

Towards the end of 1971, Fidel Castro toured Chile extensively during a four-week visit. Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13 1926 is a Cuban revolutionary leader who was prime minister of Cuba from December 1959 to December 1976 and then president until ^[3] This gave credence to the belief of those on the right that "The Chilean Way to Socialism" was an effort to put Chile on the same path as Cuba.

Economics

Main article: Vuskovic plan

In the first year of Allende's term, the short-term economic results of Minister of the Economics Pedro Vuskovic's expansive monetary policy were unambiguously favorable: 12% industrial growth and an 8. The Vuskovic Plan was the basis for the Economic policy of the Popular Unity (UP government of Chilean President Salvador Allende Pedro Vuskovic Bravo ( February 25, 1924 – May 10, 1993) was a Chilean economist Political figure, minister and author 6% increase in GDP, accompanied by major declines in inflation (down from 34. In economics inflation or price inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services over a period of time 9% to 22. 1%) and unemployment (down to 3. 8%). However, these results were not sustained and in 1972 the Chilean escudo had runaway inflation of 140%. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In economics inflation or price inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services over a period of time From December 1972 to December 1973, the inflation rate was a catastrophic 508% - an example of hyperinflation [Flores, 1997]. Certain figures in this article use Scientific notation for readability The average Real GDP contracted between 1971 and 1973 at an annual rate of 5. Real GDP is a macroeconomic measure of the size of an economy adjusted for price changes and inflation 6% ("negative growth"), and the government's fiscal deficit soared while foreign reserves declined [Flores, 1997]. The combination of inflation led to the rise of black markets in rice, beans, sugar, and flour, and a "disappearance" of such basic commodities from supermarket shelves^[4].

In addition to the earlier-discussed provision of employment, Allende also raised wages on a number of occasions throughout 1970 and 1971. These rises in wages were negated by continuing increases in prices for food. Although price rises had also been high under Frei (27% a year between 1967 and 1970), a basic basket of consumer goods rose by 120% from 190 to 421 escudos in one month alone, August 1972. In the period 1970-72, while Allende was in government, exports fell 24% and imports rose 26%, with imports of food rising an estimated 149% [figures are from Nove, 1986, pp. 4-12, tables 1. 1 & 1. 7]. Although nominal wages were rising, there was not a commensurate increase in the standard of living for the Chilean population.

The falls in exports were mostly due to a fall in the price of copper. Chile was at the mercy of international fluctuations in the value of its single most important export. As with almost half of developing countries, more than 50 per cent of Chile's export receipts were from a single primary commodity [Hoogvelt, 1997]. Adverse fluctuation in the international price of copper negatively affected the Chilean economy throughout 1971-2. The price of copper fell from a peak of $66 per ton in 1970 to only $48-9 in 1971 and 1972 [Nove, 1986]. In addition to the hyperinflation, the fall in the value of copper and lack of economic aid would further depress the economy.

Despite declining economic indicators, Allende's Popular Unity coalition actually increased its vote to 43 percent in the parliamentary elections early in 1973. However, by this point what had started as an informal alliance with the Christian Democrats ^[5] was anything but that. The Christian Democrats now leagued with the right-wing National Party to oppose Allende's government, the two parties calling themselves the Confederación Democrática (CODE). The conflict between the executive and legislature paralyzed initiatives from either side. ^[6]

Soviet Union promotion of Allende

According to the Mitrokhin Archives of KGB files, Allende had been codenamed "LEADER" as a KGB contact, had been supplying the Soviet Union with information since the 1950s, and had received $30,000 from the Soviets for "solidifying trusted relations" and providing "valuable information". The Mitrokhin Archive, by Vasili Mitrokhin, details the USSR's intelligence operations in the world KGB ( Transliteration of "КГБ" is the Russian abbreviation of Committee for State Security ( Komityet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosty The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 KGB archives record that Svyatoslav Kuznetsov, its case officer in Chile, was instructed by headquarters to "exert a favourable influence on Chilean government policy," and that Allende "was made to understand the necessity of reorganising Chile's army and intelligence services, and of setting up a relationship between Chile’s and the USSR’s intelligence services. "

"Kuznetsov arranged his regular meetings with Allende through the President’s personal secretary, Miria Contreras Bell, known as La Payita and codenamed Marta by the KGB. La Payita was Allende’s favourite mistress during his presidency. Kuznetsov reported that Allende was spending 'a great deal of time' in her company. 'His relationship with his wife has more than once been harmed as a result. ' Despite Allende’s affairs, however, his wife, Hortensia, remained intensely loyal to him. Kuznetsov did his best to cultivate her as well as her husband. " (The Times extract from the Mitrokhin Archive volume II, by Mitrokhin and historian Christopher Andrew)^[7]. The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. The Mitrokhin Archive, by Vasili Mitrokhin, details the USSR's intelligence operations in the world Christopher Maurice Andrew (born 23 July 1941is a Cambridge Historian with a special interest in international relations and in particular the history of intelligence services

United States opposition to Allende

Main article: U.S. intervention in Chile

The U. The United States intervention in Chilean's politics started during the War of Chilean Independence. S. administration of U.S. President Richard Nixon, then embroiled in the Vietnam War and Cold War with the Soviet Union, was openly hostile to the possibility of a second Marxist regime (after Cuba) in the Western Hemisphere. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la The Western Hemisphere, also Western hemisphere or western hemisphere, is a geographical term for the half of the Earth that lies West There were clandestine efforts by the U. S. government to prevent Allende from taking office after election: On October 16, 1970, a formal instruction was issued to the CIA base in Chile, saying in part, "It is firm and continuing policy that Allende be overthrown by a coup. It would be much preferable to have this transpire prior to 24 October, but efforts in this regard will continue vigorously beyond this date. We are to continue to generate maximum pressure toward this end, utilizing every appropriate resource. It is imperative that these actions be implemented clandestinely and securely so that the USG and American hand be well hidden. . . "^[8]

Regarding the botched attempted-kidnapping and manslaughter of Chilean Army Commander René Schneider on October 22, 1970 (Schneider was a constitutionalist opposed to the idea of a coup preventing Allende from taking office or removing him after the fact), the Church Committee observed: "The CIA attempted, directly, to foment a military coup in Chile. In Criminal law, kidnapping is the taking away or Asportation of a person against the person's will usually to hold the person in False imprisonment Manslaughter is a legal term for the killing of a human being in a manner considered by law as less culpable than Murder. Commander is a Military rank which is also sometimes used as a military title depending on the individual customs of a given military service General René Schneider Chereau ( December 31, 1913 - October 25, 1970) was the Commander-in-chief of the Chilean Army For the revolt in Brazil, see Constitutionalist Revolution. The term Constitutionalism is a word with a variety of meanings The Church Committee is the common term referring to the United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, a It passed three weapons to a group of Chilean officers who plotted a coup. Beginning with the kidnaping of Chilean Army Commander-in-Chief Rene Schneider. However, those guns were returned. The group which staged the abortive kidnap of Schneider, which resulted in his death, apparently was not the same as the group which received CIA weapons. "^[9] However, the group which killed Schneider had previously been in contact with the CIA. The agency later paid that group $35,000, according to the Hinchey report, "in an effort to keep the prior contact secret, maintain the good will of the group, and for humanitarian reasons. "^[10] CIA documents indicate that while the CIA had sought his kidnapping, his killing was never intended. ^[11] Public outrage over the killing of Schneider cooled sentiments for a coup,^{[12] [1] [11]} and neither the U. S. nor Chilean military attempted other removal actions in the early years of the Allende administration. On October 26, President Eduardo Frei (Salvador Allende was inaugurated November 3) named General Carlos Prats as commander in chief of the army in replacement of René Schneider. Eduardo Nicanor Frei Montalva (1911&ndash1982 was a Chilean political figure and President of Chile from 1964 to 1970 General Carlos Prats González ( February 24, 1915 - September 30, 1974) was a Chilean Army officer a Political figure Carlos Prats was also a constitutionalist. ^[13]

With Allende in office, the U. S. reduced economic aid to the Chilean government.

In 1973, the CIA was notified by contacts of the impending Pinochet coup two days in advance, but contends it "played no direct role in" the coup. After Pinochet assumed power, U. S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger told Nixon that the U. Secretary of State is a commonly used title for a Government Official. Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923) is a German -born American bureaucrat diplomat and 1973 S. "didn't do it" (referring to the coup itself) but had "created the conditions as great [sic] as possible. " ^[14]

Crisis

In October 1972, Chile saw the first of what were to be a wave of confrontational strikes led by some of the historically well-off sectors of Chilean society; these received the open support of United States President Richard Nixon. Strike action, often simply called a strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal by Employees to perform work. A strike by truck-owners, which the CIA supported by funding them with US$2 million within the frame of the "September Plan," began on October 9, 1972 ^[15][9]. The strike was declared by the Confederación Nacional del Transporte, then presided by León Vilarín, one of the leader of the far-right paramilitary group Patria y Libertad ^[15]. The Fatherland and Liberty Nationalist Front ( Spanish Frente Nacionalista Patria y Libertad or simply Patria y Libertad, PyL The Confederation, which gathered 165 truck-owners trade-unions, with 40 000 members and 56 000 vehicles, decreeted an indefinite strike, paralyzing the country.

It was soon joined by the small businessmen, some (mostly professional) unions, and some student groups. Its leaders (Vilarín, Jaime Guzmán, Rafael Cumsille, Guillermo Elton and Eduardo Arriagada) expected to topple the government through the strike. Jaime Jorge Guzmán Errázuriz ( June 28, 1946 - April 1, 1991) was a Chilean lawyer and senator member and ideological founder of Other than the inevitable damage to the economy, the chief effect of the 24-day strike was to bring the head of the army, general Carlos Prats, into the government as Interior Minister, as a sign of appeasement ^[16]. General Carlos Prats González ( February 24, 1915 - September 30, 1974) was a Chilean Army officer a Political figure Carlos Prats had succeeded General René Schneider after his assassination on October 24, 1970 by two groups, General Roberto Viaux and General Camilo Valenzuela, whom had benefitted from logistical and financial support from the CIA. General René Schneider Chereau ( December 31, 1913 - October 25, 1970) was the Commander-in-chief of the Chilean Army General Roberto Viaux Marambio ( 1917 - September 5, 2005) was a Chilean Army General and the primary planner in two failed Coup d'état Camilo Valenzuela was a Chilean General and chief of the garrison in Santiago de Chile. Prats was a supporter of the legalist Schneider doctrine and refused to involve the military in a coup against Allende. Schneider Doctrine was a political doctrine originally espoused by Chilean General René Schneider, which allowed the election of Salvador Allende as

Tanquetazo

Main article: Tanquetazo

On June 29, 1973, a tank regiment under the command of Colonel Roberto Souper surrounded the presidential palace (la Moneda) in a violent but unsuccessful coup attempt^[17] that was defused by Army Commander-in-chief, General Carlos Prats. El Tanquetazo or El Tancazo (Both Spanish for tank putsch) ( June 29, 1973) are the names used to refer to the Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Lt Colonel Roberto Federico Souper Onfray was a Chilean Military officer who launched an unsuccessful Coup d'état against the regime of Salvador General Carlos Prats González ( February 24, 1915 - September 30, 1974) was a Chilean Army officer a Political figure This attempted coup has come to be known as the Tanquetazo or Tancazo.

That failed coup was followed by a further strike at the end of July, joined this time by the copper miners of El Teniente as well.

In July 1973, the far-right paramilitary group Fatherland and Liberty (Patria y Libertad) received a plan from the Marines, who opposed the legalist Schneider Doctrine, to sabotage the country's infrastructures. The Fatherland and Liberty Nationalist Front ( Spanish Frente Nacionalista Patria y Libertad or simply Patria y Libertad, PyL The Chilean Navy (Armada de Chile is the naval force of Chile. Schneider Doctrine was a political doctrine originally espoused by Chilean General René Schneider, which allowed the election of Salvador Allende as Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening an enemy oppressor or employer through subversion obstruction disruption and/or destruction The collaboration between Fatherland and Liberty with the Chilean Armed Forces increased after the failed October 1972 strike which had aimed at overthrowing the Allende administration. Chile 's Armed forces are subject to civilian control exercised by the president through the Minister of Defense In agreement with the anti-Constitutionalist sectors of the military, the group assassinated on 26 July 1973 Allende's naval aide, Arturo Araya ^[18]. The first sabotage was committed this same day. Others include creating a power outage while Allende was being broadcasted ^[19]. A power outage (also known as power cut, power failure, power loss, or blackout) is the loss of the Electricity supply to an

On August 9, General Prats, a supporter of the Schneider Doctrine opposing military intervention in politics, was made Minister of Defense. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus General Carlos Prats González ( February 24, 1915 - September 30, 1974) was a Chilean Army officer a Political figure Because of discontent from anti-Constitutionalist sectors of the military, he was forced to resign on August 22 of all of his functions, and replaced as Commander-in-Chief of the Army by General Augusto Pinochet. Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (November ^[6]

Parliamentary resolutions

In August 1973, a constitutional crisis was clearly in the offing: the Supreme Court publicly complained about the government's inability to enforce the law of the land and on August 22, the Chamber of Deputies of Chile (with the Christian Democrats now firmly uniting with the National Party) accused Allende's government of unconstitutional acts, and called on the military ministers to "put an immediate end" to what they described as "breach[es of] the Constitution. The Supreme Court of Chile is the highest Court in Chile. It also administrates the lower courts in the nation Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. The Chamber of Deputies of the Republic of Chile (Cámara de Diputados is the lower house of Chile 's bicameral Congress. . . with the goal of redirecting government activity toward the path of Law and ensuring the constitutional order of our Nation and the essential underpinnings of democratic coexistence among Chileans. " They accused Allende's government of a "breakdown of the Rule of Law by means of the creation and development of government-protected armed groups which. . . are headed towards a confrontation with the Armed Forces. "^[20] For some months now, the government had been afraid to call upon the national police known as the carabineros, for fear of their lack of loyalty. Allende's efforts to re-organize the military and police (which he clearly had reason to fear in their then-current forms) were characterized as "notorious attempts to use the Armed and Police Forces for partisan ends, destroy their institutional hierarchy, and politically infiltrate their ranks. "^[6] (See Chamber of Deputies' Resolution. The Chilean coup d'état of 1973 is a landmark in the History of Chile and the Russo-American Cold War. ) Two days later (August 24, 1973), Allende responded (See 1973 coup in Chile; full text of the response is at [3] in Spanish), responding point-by point to their accusations and, in turn, accusing Congress of "facilit[ing] the seditious intention of certain sectors" and promoting a coup or a civil war by "invoking the intervention of the Armed Forces and of Order against a democratically elected government". Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. The Chilean coup d'état of 1973 is a landmark in the History of Chile and the Russo-American Cold War. He pointed out that the declaration had failed to obtain the required two-thirds majority constitutionally required to bring an accusation against the president and argued that the legislature was trying to usurp the executive role.

"Chilean democracy," he wrote, "is a conquest by all of the people. It is neither the work nor the gift of the exploiting classes, and it will be defended by those who, with sacrifices accumulated over generations, have imposed it… With a tranquil conscience… I sustain that never before has Chile had a more democratic government than that over which I have the honor to preside. " He concluded by calling upon "the workers, all democrats and patriots" to join him in defense of the constitution and of the "revolutionary process. "

Final coup

Main article: Chilean coup of 1973

In early September 1973, Allende floated the idea of resolving the crisis with a plebiscite. The Chilean coup d'état of 1973 is a landmark in the History of Chile and the Russo-American Cold War. A referendum (plural referendums or referenda) ballot question, or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita However, the Chilean military seized the initiative of the Chamber of Deputies' August 22 Resolution (which had implored Allende's military removal) to oust Allende on September 11, 1973. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. As the Presidential Palace was surrounded and bombed, Allende committed suicide. The Coin House ( Spanish for "Mint Palace" or simply La Moneda, is the seat of the President of the Republic of Chile. Salvador Allende, President of Chile, committed suicide during the Chilean coup of 1973.

Additional information

See also

Footnotes

References

• Simon Collier & William F. La Nación is a Chilean Newspaper created in 1917 by Eliodoro Yáñez and presided until 1927 by Carlos Dávila. José Piñera (born October 6, 1948, in Santiago Chile) is the architect of Chile's private Pension system based on personal retirement accounts Sater (1996). A History of Chile: 1808-1994. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Julio Faundez (1988). Marxism and democracy in Chile: From 1932 to the fall of Allende, New Haven: Yale University Press.
• Anke Hoogvelt (1997). Globalisation and the postcolonial world, London: Macmillan.
• Henry Kissinger (1970). Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923) is a German -born American bureaucrat diplomat and 1973 National Security Decision 93: Policy Towards Chile, Washington: National Security Council.
• Alec Nove (1986). Alexander Nove FRSE, FBA ( 24 November 1915, Saint Petersburg - 15 May 1994, Glasgow) was a Professor Socialism, Economics and Development, London: Allen & Unwin.
• Don Mabry (2003). Chile: Allende's Rise and Fall.

External links

• An extensive Spanish-language site providing a day-by-day chronology of the Allende era. This is clearly a partisan, pro-Allende source, but the research and detail are enormous.
• The August 22, 1973 document under which the Chamber of Deputies called on the military to overthrow the Allende regime. This is a solid translation of the document, although the introductory note is clearly that of an apologist for the coup.
• (Spanish) Allende's August 24, 1973 response
• National Security Archive's Chile Documentation Project which provides documents obtained from FOIA requests regarding U. S. involvement in Chile, beginning with attempts to promote a coup in 1970 and continuing through U. S. support for Pinochet
• Allende first speech to Chilean parliament following the 1970 election