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Family law
Entering into marriage
Prenuptial agreement  · Marriage
Common-law marriage
Same-sex marriage
Legal states similar to marriage
Cohabitation  · Civil union
Domestic partnership
Registered partnership
Putative marriage
Dissolution of marriage
Annulment  · Divorce  · Alimony
Issues affecting children
Paternity  · Legitimacy  · Adoption
Legal guardian  · Ward
Emancipation of minors  · Foster care
Child Protective Services
Parental responsibility
Contact (including Visitation)
Residence in English law
Custody  · Child support
Areas of possible legal concern
Spousal abuse  · Child abuse
Child abduction  · Child marriage
Adultery  · Bigamy  · Incest
Conflict of Laws Issues
Marriage  · Nullity  · Divorce

Child abuse is the physical, psychological or sexual maltreatment of children. Family law is an area of the Law that deals with family-related issues and Domestic relations including but not limited to the nature of A prenuptial agreement, antenuptial agreement, or premarital agreement, commonly abbreviated to prenup or prenupt, is a Contract entered NOTICE TO WOULD-BE ROMEOS ************** Common-law marriage (or Common law marriage) sometimes called de facto marriage, informal marriage or marriage by habit and repute Same-sex marriage (also referred to as gay marriage) is a term for a legally or Socially recognized Marriage between two people of the same Cohabitation is when people live together in an emotionally- and/or physically- Intimate relationship. A civil union is a legally recognized union similar to Marriage. A domestic partnership is a legal or Personal relationship between two individuals who live together and share a common domestic life but are neither joined by a traditional Registered partnership is one of several terms synonymous with a Civil union or Civil partnership similar to Marriage, typically created in order to provide A putative marriage is an apparently valid Marriage, entered into in Good faith on the part of at least one of the partners but that is legally invalid due to Annulment in the Catholic Church See also Annulment (Catholic Church In the Roman Catholic Church, a marriage is considered to be a valid contract Divorce or dissolution of marriage is the termination of a Marriage. Alimony, maintenance or spousal support is an obligation established by Law in many countries that is based on the premise that both spouses have an absolute In law Paternity is the legal acknowledgment of the parental relationship between a man and a child usually based on several factors In Common law, legitimacy is the status of a Child that is born to parents who are legally married to one another or that is born shortly after the Adoption is the act of legally placing a child with a Parent or parents other than those to whom they were born A legal guardian is a person who has the legal authority (and the corresponding duty to care for the personal and Property interests of another person called a ward In Law, a ward is someone placed under the protection of a Legal guardian. Emancipation of minors is a legal mechanism by which a child is freed from control by their parent(s/guardian(s and the parent(s/guardian(s is/are freed from any and all responsibility Foster care is a system by which a certified stand-in "parent(s" cares for minor Children or young peoples who have been removed from their birth parents Child Protective Services (CPS is the name of a Governmental agency in many states of the United States that responds to reports of Child abuse In the states of the European Union and elsewhere parental responsibility refers to the rights and privileges which underpin the relationship between a In Family law, contact (or in the United States, visitation) is one of the general terms which denotes the level of contact a parent or other significant Residence is a term used to refer to not always similar concepts in various parts of English law including taxation immigration and family law Child custody and '''guardianship''' are Legal terms which are sometimes used to describe the legal and practical relationship between a Parent and his In family law and government policy child support or child maintenance is the ongoing obligation for a periodic payment made directly or indirectly by a non-custodial parent Domestic violence (also known as domestic abuse or spousal abuse) occurs when a family member partner or ex-partner attempts to physically or psychologically dominate Child abduction is the abduction or kidnapping of a Child (or Baby) by an older person Child marriage usually refers to two separate social phenomena which are practiced in some societies Adultery is the voluntary Sexual intercourse between a married person and another person who is not his or her Spouse, though in many places it is The term polygamy (a Greek word meaning "the practice of multiple marriage" is used in related ways in Social anthropology, Sociobiology, and Incest refers to any sexual activity between closely related persons (often within the immediate family that is illegal or socially Taboo. Conflict of laws (or private international law) is that branch of International law and intranational interstate law that regulates all Lawsuits involving In Conflict of laws, the issue of Marriage has assumed increasing public policy significance in a world of increasing multi-ethnic multi-cultural Community In Conflict of Laws, the issue of nullity (known as Annulment in the United States) in Family Law inspires a wide response among the laws In modern Society, the role of marriage and its termination through Divorce have become political issues Physical abuse is abuse involving contact intended to cause feelings of intimidation Pain, Injury, or other physical Suffering or Harm. Psychological abuse or emotional abuse is a form of abuse characterized by a person subjecting or exposing another to behavior that is psychologically harmful Child sexual abuse is a form of Child abuse in which a child is abused for the sexual gratification of an adult or older adolescent While most child abuse happens in the child's home, a significant portion also occurs in organizations involving children, such as churches, schools, child care businesses, and residential schools. [1][2]

There are many forms of abuse and neglect and many governments have developed their own legal definition of what constitutes child maltreatment for the purposes of removing a child and/or prosecuting a criminal charge. In the United States, the Federal Government puts out a full definition of child abuse and neglect and creates a summary of each State definition. [3] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines child maltreatment as any act or series of acts or commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child. Examples of acts of commission include physical, sexual, and psychological abuse. Examples of acts of omission include failure to provide (physical, emotional, medical/dental, or educational neglect) or failure to supervise (inadequate supervision, or exposure to violent environments. )[4]

Contents

Prevalence

Neglect represents 54% of confirmed cases of child abuse, physical abuse 22%, sexual abuse 8%, emotional maltreatment 4%, and other forms of maltreatment 12%. [5]

According to a recent UNICEF report on child well-being[6] in the United States and the United Kingdom ranked lowest among first world nations with respect to the well being of their children. The United Nations Children's Fund (or UNICEF) was created by the United Nations General Assembly on December 11, 1946 The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The term " first world " refers to countries that are capitalist, which are technologically advanced and whose This study also found that child neglect and child abuse are far more common in single-parent families than in families where both parents are present. Recently a study conducted by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention found that 1 in 50 infants in the United States are victims of nonfatal neglect or abuse. [7] In the US, neglect is defined as the failure to meet the basic needs of children including housing, clothing, food and access to medical care. Researchers found over 91,000 cases of neglect over the course of one year (from October 2005- September 30, 2006) with their information coming from a database of cases verified by protective services agencies. [8]

Effects

Children with a history of neglect or physical abuse are at risk of developing psychiatric problems,[9][10] including a disorganized attachment style. Psychiatry is a medical specialty which exists to study, prevent, and treat Mental disorders in Humans Psychiatric Attachment in children is a theory of attachment between children and their caregivers specifically addressing the behaviors and emotions that children direct toward familiar adults [11][12][13] Disorganized attachment is associated with a number of developmental problems, including dissociative symptoms,[14] as well as anxiety, depressive, and acting-out symptoms. [15][16] A study by Dante Cicchetti found that 80% of abused and maltreated infants exhibited symptoms of disorganized attachment. Attachment theory, originating in the work of John Bowlby, is a Psychological, evolutionary and ethological theory that provides a descriptive [17][18]

The effects of child abuse vary, depending on its type. A 2006 study found that childhood emotional and sexual abuse were strongly related to adult depressive symptoms, while exposure to verbal abuse and witnessing of domestic violence had a moderately strong association, and physical abuse a moderate one. In the fields of Psychology and Psychiatry, the terms depression or depressed refer to both expected and pathologically chronic or severe For depression, experiencing more than two kinds of abuse exerted synergetically stronger symptoms. Sexual abuse was particularly deleterious in its intrafamilial form, for symptoms of depression, anxiety, dissociation, and limbic irritability. Anxiety is a physiological and psychological state characterized by Cognitive, Somatic, Emotional and Behavioral components Childhood verbal abuse had a stronger association with anger-hostility than any other type of abuse studied, and was second only to emotional abuse in its relationship with dissociative symptoms. [19]

Treatment

There are a number of treatments available to victims of child abuse. [20] Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy, while developed to treat sexually abused children, is now used for victims of any kind of trauma. It targets trauma-related symptoms in children including Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), clinical depression, and anxiety. Post traumatic stress disorder It is a severe and ongoing emotional reaction to Major depressive disorder, also known as major depression, unipolar depression, unipolar disorder, clinical depression, or simply depression Anxiety is a physiological and psychological state characterized by Cognitive, Somatic, Emotional and Behavioral components It also includes a component for non-offending parents. Several studies have found that sexually abused children undergoing TF-CBT improved more than children undergoing certain other therapies. Data on the effects of TF-CBT for children who experienced only non-sexual abuse was not available as of 2006. [20]

Abuse-focused cognitive behavioral therapy was designed for children who have experienced physical abuse. It targets externalizing behaviors and strengthens prosocial behaviors. Offending parents are included in treatment, to improve parenting skills/practices. It is supported by one randomized study. [20]

Child-parent psychotherapy was designed to improve the child-parent relationship following the experience of domestic violence. It targets trauma-related symptoms in infants, toddlers, and preschoolers, including PTSD, aggression, defiance, and anxiety. It is supported by two studies of one sample. [20]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ B. Attachment theory, originating in the work of John Bowlby, is a Psychological, evolutionary and ethological theory that provides a descriptive Aurukun is an Indigenous community situated approximately 100 km south of Weipa in far North Queensland, Australia. Complex post-traumatic stress disorder (C-PTSD is a clinically recognized condition that results from extended exposure to extremes of social and/or interpersonal trauma, including Emotional dysregulation, in contrast to Emotional self-regulation, is a term used in the Mental health community Incest refers to any sexual activity between closely related persons (often within the immediate family that is illegal or socially Taboo. KIDPOWER TEENPOWER FULLPOWER International (also known as KIDPOWER) is a non-profit organization that teaches people of all ages and abilities safety confidence self-protection This article presents a list of films portraying pedophilia or sexual abuse of minors. A subpoena duces tecum ( Latin for "bring with you under penalty of punishment" is specific form of a Subpoena ( Summons, literally A subpoena ad testificandum is a Court summons to appear and give oral testimony for use at a hearing or trial A. Robinson (2001 October 25) Abuse at Canadian Native Residential Schools ReligiousTolerance. org Accessed 2007-09-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September
  2. ^ "Getting Away with Murder—Of children" and "Missed Clues—Lost Lives : TORONTO STAR, 1998"
  3. ^ Definitions of Child Abuse and Neglect: Summary of State Laws, that is part of the 2005 State Statute series by the Child Welfare Information Gateway.
  4. ^ Leeb, RT, Paulozzi, Melanson, C, Simon, T, Arias, I. Child Maltreatment Surveillance: Uniform Definitions for Public Health and Recommended Data Elements, Version 1. 0. Atlanta (GA) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; 2008.
  5. ^ National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse, "Child Abuse and Neglect Statistics," April 1998
  6. ^ Child Poverty in Respective: An Overview of Child Wellbeing in Rich Countries, UNICEF: Innocenti Research Center, Report Card 7
  7. ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nonfatal Maltreatment of Infants – United States, October, 2005--September 2006. MMWR 2008;57:[336-339].
  8. ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nonfatal Maltreatment of Infants – United States, October, 2005--September 2006. MMWR 2008;57:[336-339].
  9. ^ Gauthier, L. , Stollak, G. , Messe, L. , & Arnoff, J. (1996). "Recall of childhood neglect and physical abuse as differential predictors of current psychological functioning," Child Abuse and Neglect, 20, 549-559
  10. ^ Malinosky-Rummell, R. & Hansen, D. J. (1993). "Long term consequences of childhood physical abuse," Psychological Bulletin, 114, 68-69
  11. ^ Lyons-Ruth K. & Jacobvitz, D. (1999). "Attachment disorganization: unresolved loss, relational violence and lapses in behavioral and attentional strategies. " In J. Cassidy & P. Shaver (Eds. ) Handbook of Attachment. (pp. 520-554). NY: Guilford Press
  12. ^ Solomon, J. & George, C. (Eds. ) (1999). Attachment Disorganization. NY: Guilford Press
  13. ^ Main, M. & Hesse, E. (1990) Parents’ Unresolved Traumatic Experiences are related to infant disorganized attachment status. In M. T. Greenberg, D. Ciccehetti, & E. M. Cummings (Eds), Attachment in the Preschool Years: Theory, Research, and Intervention (pp161-184). Chicago: University of Chicago Press
  14. ^ Carlson, E. A. (1988). "A prospective longitudinal study of disorganized/disoriented attachment," Child Development, 69, 1107-1128
  15. ^ Lyons-Ruth, K. (1996). "Attachment relationships among children with aggressive behavior problems: The role of disorganized early attachment patterns," Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 64-73
  16. ^ Lyons-Ruth, K. , Alpern, L. , & Repacholi, B. (1993). "Disorganized infant attachment classification and maternal psychosocial problems as predictors of hostile-aggressive behavior in the preschool classroom," Child Development, 64, 572-585
  17. ^ Carlson, V. , Cicchetti, D. , Barnett, D. , & Braunwald, K. (1995). "Finding order in disorganization: Lessons from research on maltreated infants’ attachments to their caregivers. " In D. Cicchetti& V. Carlson (Eds), Child Maltreatment: Theory and research on the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect (pp. 135-157). NY: Cambridge University Press.
  18. ^ Cicchetti, D. , Cummings, E. M. , Greenberg, M. T. , & Marvin, R. S. (1990). An organizational perspective on attachment beyond infancy. In M. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & M. Cummings (Eds), Attachment in the Preschool Years (pp. 3-50). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  19. ^ Teicher, M. H. , Samson, J. A. , Polcari, A, & McGreenery, C. E. (2006). "Sticks, stones, and hurtful words: Relative effects of various forms of childhood maltreatment," American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 993-1000.
  20. ^ a b c d Cohen, J. A. ; Mannarino, A. P. ; Murray, L. K. ; Igelman, R. (2006). "Psychosocial Interventions for Maltreated and Violence-Exposed Children". Journal of Social Issues 62 (4): 737–766. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2006.00485.x. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  

External links

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Dictionary

child abuse

-noun

  1. the physical, sexual or emotional mistreatment of a child
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