No authentic images of Pontiac are known to exist. ^[1] This artistic interpretation was painted by John Mix Stanley. John Mix Stanley ( January 17, 1814 &ndash April 10, 1872) was an American painter of landscapes portraits and Native American

Pontiac or Obwandiyag (c. 1720–April 20, 1769), was an Ottawa leader who became famous for his role in Pontiac's Rebellion (1763–1766), an American Indian struggle against the British military occupation of the Great Lakes region following the British victory in the French and Indian War. Year 1720 ( MDCCXX) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII. Year 1769 ( MDCCLXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Pontiac's Rebellion was a war launched in 1763 by North American Indians who were dissatisfied with British policies in the Great Lakes region after For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a State in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1800 The Great Lakes region includes much of the Canadian province of Ontario and portions of eight U The French and Indian War (1754&ndash1763 was the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War. Historians disagree about Pontiac's importance in the war that bears his name. Nineteenth century accounts portrayed him as the mastermind and leader of the revolt, while some subsequent interpretations have depicted him as a local leader with limited overall influence.

The war began in May 1763 when Pontiac and 300 followers attempted to take Fort Detroit by surprise. Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit or Fort Détroit was a Fort established by the French officer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac in 1701 His plan foiled, Pontiac laid siege to the fort, and was eventually joined by more than 900 warriors from a half-dozen tribes. For the action in the War of 1812 see the Siege of Detroit The Siege of Fort Detroit was an ultimately unsuccessful attempt by North Meanwhile, messengers spread the word of Pontiac's actions, and the war expanded far beyond Detroit. In July 1763, Pontiac defeated a British detachment at the Battle of Bloody Run, but he was unable to capture the fort. The Battle of Bloody Run was fought during Pontiac's Rebellion on July 31, 1763. In October he lifted the siege and withdrew to the Illinois country. The Illinois Country ( Pays des Illinois) was the name used in the 17th century and afterwards to refer to an undefined region centered around present day southwest

Although Pontiac's influence had declined around Detroit because of the unsuccessful siege, he gained stature in the Illinois and Wabash country as he continued to encourage resistance to the British. The Wabash River is a long River in the eastern United States that flows southwest from northwest Ohio near St Seeking to end the war, British officials made Pontiac the focus of their diplomatic efforts. In July 1766, Pontiac made peace with British Superintendent of Indian Affairs Sir William Johnson. Sir William Johnson 1st Baronet (1715 &ndash 11 July 1774) founder of Johnstown, New York, was an Irish pioneer and army The attention which the British paid to Pontiac created resentment among other Indian leaders, particularly because Pontiac claimed far greater authority than he actually possessed. Increasingly ostracized, in 1769 he was assassinated by a Peoria Indian. The Peoria tribe was one of the Native American Tribes that formed the Illiniwek tribal group in what is now the Midwest of the United

Early years

There is little reliable information about Pontiac before the war of 1763. He was probably born between 1712 and 1725, perhaps at an Ottawa village on the Detroit or Maumee Rivers. The Detroit River is a river in the Great Lakes system about 32 miles (51 km long and 0 The Maumee River is a River in northwestern Ohio and northeastern Indiana in the United States. ^[2] The tribal affiliation of his parents is uncertain. According to an 18th century Ottawa tradition, Pontiac's father was an Ottawa and his mother an Ojibwa, although other traditions maintained that one of his parents was a Miami. The Ojibwa or Chippewa (also Ojibwe, Ojibway, Chippeway) is the largest group of Native Americans - First Nations The Miami are a Native American tribe originally found in Indiana, southwest Michigan and Ohio, and now living also in Oklahoma Pontiac was always identified as an Ottawa by his contemporaries. ^[3]

Pontiac was an Ottawa war leader by 1747, when he allied himself with New France against a resistance movement led by Nicholas Orontony, a Huron leader. The Viceroyalty of New France (Nouvelle-France was the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the Nicholas Orontony (c 1695&ndash1750 was an 18th century Wyandot leader who in the years before the French and Indian War, tried to escape the domination of ^[4] Pontiac continued to support the French during the French and Indian War (1754–1763). The French and Indian War (1754&ndash1763 was the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War. Although there is no direct evidence, he possibly took part in the famous French and Indian victory over the Braddock expedition on 9 July 1755. The Braddock expedition (also called "Braddock's campaign" was a failed British attempt to capture the French Fort Duquesne in the summer of Events 455 - Roman military commander Avitus is proclaimed Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1755 ( MDCCLV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or ^[5]

In one of the earliest accounts of Pontiac, the famous British frontier soldier Robert Rogers claimed to have met with Pontiac in 1760; historians now consider Rogers's story to be unreliable. Robert Rogers ( 7 November, 1731 &ndash 18 May, 1795) was an American colonial Frontiersman. ^[6] Rogers wrote a play about Pontiac in 1765 called Ponteach: or the Savages of America, which helped to make Pontiac famous and began the process of mythologizing the Ottawa leader. ^[7]

Siege of Detroit

Main articles: Pontiac's Rebellion and Siege of Fort Detroit

Pontiac's council

After the French and Indian War, Native American allies of the defeated French found themselves increasingly dissatisfied with the trading practices of the victorious British. Pontiac's Rebellion was a war launched in 1763 by North American Indians who were dissatisfied with British policies in the Great Lakes region after For the action in the War of 1812 see the Siege of Detroit The Siege of Fort Detroit was an ultimately unsuccessful attempt by North The architect of British Indian policy, General Jeffrey Amherst, decided to cut back on the provisions customarily distributed to the Indians from the various forts, which he considered to be bribes. Field Marshal Jeffery Amherst 1st Baron Amherst of Montreal KB (sometimes spelled Geoffrey, or Jeffrey, he himself spelled his name as Additionally, the French had made gunpowder and ammunition readily available, which were needed by the Indians to hunt food for their families and skins for trade. Gunpowder is a an explosive mixture of Sulfur, Charcoal and Potassium nitrate (also known as saltpetre/saltpeter that burns rapidly producing volumes However, Amherst did not trust his former Indian adversaries, and restricted the distribution of gunpowder and ammunition.

Pontiac, like other Indian leaders, was unhappy with the new British policies. Taking advantage of this dissatisfaction, as well as a religious revival inspired by a Delaware (Lenape) prophet named Neolin, Pontiac planned a resistance. The shannon (later named Delaware Indians by Europeans were in the 17th century organized bands of Native American peoples with shared cultural and linguistic Neolin (the Delaware Prophet) was a Prophet of the Lenni Lenape, who was derided by the British as "The Imposter He hoped to drive British soldiers and settlers away, and to revive the valued French and Indian alliance. On April 27, 1763, he held a large council about 10 miles below Fort Detroit (present-day Council Point Park in Lincoln Park, Michigan). Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Year 1763 ( MDCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit or Fort Détroit was a Fort established by the French officer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac in 1701 Lincoln Park is a city in Wayne County in the US state of Michigan. Pontiac urged the listeners to join him in a surprise attack on Fort Detroit. On May 1, Pontiac visited the fort with 50 Ottawas in order to assess the strength of the garrison. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. ^[8] According to a French chronicler, in a second council Pontiac proclaimed:

It is important for us, my brothers, that we exterminate from our lands this nation which seeks only to destroy us. You see as well as I that we can no longer supply our needs, as we have done from our brothers, the French. . . . Therefore, my brothers, we must all swear their destruction and wait no longer. Nothing prevents us; they are few in numbers, and we can accomplish it. ^[9]

Widespread attacks against British forts and Anglo-American (but not French) settlements in the Ohio Country soon followed. The Ohio Country (sometimes called the Ohio Territory) was the name used in the 18th century for the regions of North America west of the Appalachian Mountains The degree to which Pontiac personally influenced events beyond the Detroit region has been variously interpreted. Older accounts of the war portrayed Pontiac as a savage but brilliant mastermind behind a massive "conspiracy" which was planned in advance. Historians today generally agree that Pontiac's actions at Detroit were the spark that instigated the widespread uprising, and that he helped to spread the resistance by sending emissaries urging others to join the resistance, but Pontiac did not command the uprising as a whole. Native leaders around Fort Pitt and Fort Niagara, for example, had long been calling for resistance to the British and were not led by Pontiac. Fort Pitt was a Fort in what is now the city of Pittsburgh, Allegheny County Pennsylvania. Fort Niagara is a fortification originally built to protect the interests of New France in North America. According to historian John Sugden, Pontiac "was neither the originator nor the strategist of the rebellion, but he kindled it by daring to act, and his early successes, ambition, and determination won him a temporary prominence not enjoyed by any of the other Indian leaders. "^[10]

Later years

After the failure to capture Fort Detroit in 1763, Pontiac withdrew to the Illinois Country, where he continued to encourage militant resistance to British occupation. The Illinois Country ( Pays des Illinois) was the name used in the 17th century and afterwards to refer to an undefined region centered around present day southwest Although the British had successfully pacified the uprising in the Ohio Country, British military dominance was tenuous, and they decided to negotiate with the troublesome Ottawa leader. Pontiac met with the British superintendent of Indian affairs Sir William Johnson on 25 July 1766, at Oswego, New York, and formally ended hostilities. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler Year 1766 ( MDCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Oswego is a City in Oswego County, New York, United States. The population was 18096 at the 2000 census.

This attention paid to Pontiac by the British Crown encouraged him to assert more power among the Indians of the region than he actually possessed. Local rivalries flared up, and in 1768 he was forced to leave his Ottawa village on the Maumee River. Returning to the Illinois Country, Pontiac was murdered on April 20, 1769, at the French village of Cahokia (nearly opposite St. Louis, Missouri) by a Peoria Indian, perhaps in retaliation for an earlier attack by Pontiac. Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII. Year 1769 ( MDCCLXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Cahokia is a Village in St Clair County, Illinois, United States. The Peoria tribe was one of the Native American Tribes that formed the Illiniwek tribal group in what is now the Midwest of the United According to a story recorded by historian Francis Parkman in The Conspiracy of Pontiac (1851), a terrible war of retaliation against the Peorias resulted from Pontiac's murder. Francis Parkman ( September 16, 1823 &ndash November 8, 1893) was an American historian best known as author of The Oregon Trail Although this legend is still sometimes repeated, there is no evidence that there were any reprisals for Pontiac's murder. ^[11]

The city of Pontiac, Michigan was named for him, as well as cities in Illinois and Quebec. Pontiac is a city in the US state of Michigan named after the Ottawa Chief Pontiac. Pontiac is a city in Livingston County, Illinois, United States. Pontiac is a Municipality in western Quebec, Canada, in Les Collines-de-l'Outaouais Regional County Municipality on the Rivière des Outaouais Pontiac is also the name of a popular General Motors automobile brand. Pontiac is a Brand of Automobiles produced by General Motors that has been sold in the United States, Canada and Mexico General Motors Corporation ( GM) ( is a multinational automobile manufacturer founded in 1908 and headquartered in the United States.

His great-nephew was Shabbona {Chief}. Shabbona (or Sha-bon-na) also known as Shabonee, (~1775–1859 was an Ottawa tribe member who became a chief within the Potawatomi tribe in

Notes

References

• Chevrette, Louis. "Pontiac". Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online. The Dictionary of Canadian Biography (DCB is a Dictionary of biographical entries for individuals who have contributed to the History of Canada.
• Dixon, David. Never Come to Peace Again: Pontiac's Uprising and the Fate of the British Empire in North America. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2005. ISBN 0-8061-3656-1.
• Dowd, Gregory Evans. War under Heaven: Pontiac, the Indian Nations, & the British Empire. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-8018-7079-8, ISBN 0-8018-7892-6 (paperback).
• Parkman, Francis. Francis Parkman ( September 16, 1823 &ndash November 8, 1893) was an American historian best known as author of The Oregon Trail The Conspiracy of Pontiac, 2 volumes. Boston, 1851.
• Peckham, Howard H. Pontiac and the Indian Uprising. University of Chicago Press, 1947. ISBN 0-8143-2469-X.
• Sugden, John. "Pontiac". American National Biography. 17:659–61. Ed. John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-19-512796-X.
• White, Richard. Richard White (born May 28, 1947) is an American Historian, a past President of the Organization of American Historians, and the author The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815. Cambridge University Press, 1991. ISBN 0-521-42460-7.
• White, Richard. "Pontiac". Encyclopedia of North American Indians, 496–97. Ed. Frederick E. Hoxie. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1996. ISBN 0-395-66921-9.

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