Chiang Kai-shek 蔣介石 蔣中正  GCB
Chairman of the National Government of China
In office 10 October 1928 – 15 December 1931
Premier	Tan Yankai Soong Tse-ven
Preceded by	Gu Weijun (Acting)
Succeeded by	Lin Sen
In office 01 August 1943 – 20 May 1948 Acting until 10 October 1943
Premier	Soong Tse-ven
Preceded by	Lin Sen
Succeeded by	Himself (as President of the Republic of China)
President of the Republic of China
In office 20 May 1948 – 21 January 1949
Premier	Chang Chun Wong Wen-hao Sun Fo
Vice President	Li Zongren
Preceded by	Himself (as Chairman of the National Government of China)
Succeeded by	Li Zongren (Acting)
In office 01 March 1950 – 05 April 1975
Premier	Yen Hsi-shan Chen Cheng Yu Hung-Chun Chen Cheng Yen Chia-kan Chiang Ching-kuo
Vice President	Li Zongren Chen Cheng Yen Chia-kan
Preceded by	Li Zongren (Acting)
Succeeded by	Yen Chia-kan
Premier of the Republic of China
In office 04 December 1930 – 15 December 1931
Preceded by	Soong Tse-ven
Succeeded by	Chen Mingshu
In office 07 December 1935 – 01 January 1938
President	Lin Sen
Preceded by	Wang Jingwei
Succeeded by	Hsiang-hsi Kung
In office 20 November 1939 – 31 May 1945
President	Lin Sen
Preceded by	Hsiang-hsi Kung
Succeeded by	Soong Tse-ven
In office 01 March 1947 – 18 Apr 1947
Preceded by	Soong Tse-ven
Succeeded by	Chang Chun
Director-General of the Kuomintang
In office 29 March 1938 – 05 April 1975
Preceded by	Hu Hanmin
Succeeded by	Chiang Ching-kuo (as Chairman of the Kuomintang)
Born	31 October 1887(1887-10-31) Fenghua, China
Died	5 April 1975 (aged 87) Taipei, Taiwan
Political party	Kuomintang
Spouse	Soong May-ling
Children	Chiang Ching-kuo Chiang Wei-kuo
Alma mater	Imperial Japanese Army Academy
Occupation	Soldier (Generalissimo) Politician
Religion	Methodist[1]

Chiang Kai-shek, GCB (October 31, 1887 – April 5, 1975) served as Generalissimo of the national government of the Republic of China (ROC) from 1928 until his death in 1975. The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly The Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath) is a British Order of chivalry founded by George The President of the Republic of China ( is the Head of state of the Republic of China (ROC (commonly known as Taiwan since the 1970s Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Tan Yankai (譚延闓 Wade-Giles: T'an Yen-k'ai (1876-1930 was a Chinese politician from Hunan. Tse-ven Soong, or Soong Tzu-wen ( 1894 – 1971 was a prominent businessman and politician in the early 20th century Republic of China. Vi Kyuin "Wellington" Koo ( Traditional Chinese: 顧維鈞 Simplified Chinese: 顾维钧 Pinyin: Gù Wéijūn Wade-Giles: Ku Lin Sen ( Chinese: 林森 Pinyin: Lín Sēn (1868 – August 1, 1943) Courtesy name Zichao (子超 sobriquet Changren (長仁 Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Tse-ven Soong, or Soong Tzu-wen ( 1894 – 1971 was a prominent businessman and politician in the early 20th century Republic of China. Lin Sen ( Chinese: 林森 Pinyin: Lín Sēn (1868 – August 1, 1943) Courtesy name Zichao (子超 sobriquet Changren (長仁 The President of the Republic of China ( is the Head of state of the Republic of China (ROC (commonly known as Taiwan since the 1970s The President of the Republic of China ( is the Head of state of the Republic of China (ROC (commonly known as Taiwan since the 1970s Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Chang Ch'ün (張群 aka Chang Chun Chang Yueh-chun Pinyin: Zhāng Qún (1889-1990 was Premier of the Republic of China from 1947-1948 Weng Wenhao ( Simplified Chinese:翁文灏 Traditional Chinese:翁文灝 Pinyin:Wēng Wénhào (1889 - 27th Jan Sun Fo or Sun Ke ( Chinese: 孫科 Pinyin: Sūn Kē October 21, 1891 &ndash September 13, 1973) was a high-ranking Li Zongren or Li Tsung-jen ( POJ: Lí Chong-jîn ( 13 August 1890 - 13 January 1969) Courtesy name Delin The President of the Republic of China ( is the Head of state of the Republic of China (ROC (commonly known as Taiwan since the 1970s Li Zongren or Li Tsung-jen ( POJ: Lí Chong-jîn ( 13 August 1890 - 13 January 1969) Courtesy name Delin Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Yen Hsi-shan, ( ( 8 October, 1883 &ndash 22 July, 1960) was a Chinese Warlord who served in the government of the Chen Cheng ( Traditional Chinese: 陳誠 Simplified Chinese: 陈诚 Hanyu Pinyin: Chén Chéng ( January 4, 1897 - March 5 Yu Hung-Chun (俞鴻鈞 Pinyin: Yú Hóngjūn (1897 - 1960 was a Chinese political figure who served as Premier of the Republic of China on Taiwan between Chen Cheng ( Traditional Chinese: 陳誠 Simplified Chinese: 陈诚 Hanyu Pinyin: Chén Chéng ( January 4, 1897 - March 5 Yen Chia-kan ( POJ: Giâm Ka-kàm or Yen Chia-jin ( October 23, 1905 December 24, 1993) better known as C Chiang Ching-kuo ( POJ: ChiúⁿKeng-kok ( April 27 1, 1910 – January 13, 1988) Kuomintang (KMT Politician Li Zongren or Li Tsung-jen ( POJ: Lí Chong-jîn ( 13 August 1890 - 13 January 1969) Courtesy name Delin Chen Cheng ( Traditional Chinese: 陳誠 Simplified Chinese: 陈诚 Hanyu Pinyin: Chén Chéng ( January 4, 1897 - March 5 Yen Chia-kan ( POJ: Giâm Ka-kàm or Yen Chia-jin ( October 23, 1905 December 24, 1993) better known as C Li Zongren or Li Tsung-jen ( POJ: Lí Chong-jîn ( 13 August 1890 - 13 January 1969) Courtesy name Delin Yen Chia-kan ( POJ: Giâm Ka-kàm or Yen Chia-jin ( October 23, 1905 December 24, 1993) better known as C The President of the Executive Yuan ( commonly known in English as the Premier of Taiwan ( is the head of the Executive Yuan, the Executive "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Tse-ven Soong, or Soong Tzu-wen ( 1894 – 1971 was a prominent businessman and politician in the early 20th century Republic of China. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Lin Sen ( Chinese: 林森 Pinyin: Lín Sēn (1868 – August 1, 1943) Courtesy name Zichao (子超 sobriquet Changren (長仁 Wang Jingwei ( Traditional Chinese: 汪精衛 Simplified Chinese: 汪精卫 Pinyin: Wāng Jīngwèi Wade-Giles: Wang Ching-wei ( K'ung Hsiang-hsi ( ( September 11 1881 - August 16 1967) often known as H Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs, Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Lin Sen ( Chinese: 林森 Pinyin: Lín Sēn (1868 – August 1, 1943) Courtesy name Zichao (子超 sobriquet Changren (長仁 K'ung Hsiang-hsi ( ( September 11 1881 - August 16 1967) often known as H Tse-ven Soong, or Soong Tzu-wen ( 1894 – 1971 was a prominent businessman and politician in the early 20th century Republic of China. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Tse-ven Soong, or Soong Tzu-wen ( 1894 – 1971 was a prominent businessman and politician in the early 20th century Republic of China. Chang Ch'ün (張群 aka Chang Chun Chang Yueh-chun Pinyin: Zhāng Qún (1889-1990 was Premier of the Republic of China from 1947-1948 Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Hu Hanmin ( Traditional:胡漢民 Simplified: 胡汉民 born in Panyu, Guangdong, China, December 9, 1879; Chiang Ching-kuo ( POJ: ChiúⁿKeng-kok ( April 27 1, 1910 – January 13, 1988) Kuomintang (KMT Politician Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Year 1887 ( MDCCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Fenghua (奉化 Pinyin: Fènghuà is a County-level city in the north of Zhejiang province China. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Taipei ( Taiwanese Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-pak-chhī Jhuyin Fuhao: ㄊㄞˊ ㄅㄟˇ ㄕˋ Hakka: Thòi-pet-sṳ has been the capital of Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. Soong May-ling or Soong Mei-ling, also known as Madame Chiang Kai-shek ( ca 1897 She was the third of six children she was born in Shanghai Chiang Ching-kuo ( POJ: ChiúⁿKeng-kok ( April 27 1, 1910 – January 13, 1988) Kuomintang (KMT Politician Chiang Wei-kuo ( Hanyu Pinyin: Jiǎng Wěiguó or Wego Chiang ( October 6, 1916 &ndash September 22, 1997) was an Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval The was the principal officer's training school for the Imperial Japanese Army. A soldier is a general English term that refers to a member of a land component of National Armed forces. Generalissimo or Generalissimus is a military rank of the highest degree superior to a Field Marshal or Grand Admiral. A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person Methodism is a movement within Protestant Christianity represented by a number of denominations and organizations The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly The Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath) is a British Order of chivalry founded by George Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Year 1887 ( MDCCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Generalissimo or Generalissimus is a military rank of the highest degree superior to a Field Marshal or Grand Admiral. REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES When Sun Yat-sen died in 1925, Kai-shek took control of the Kuomintang (KMT). Sun Yat-sen ( November 12, 1866 &ndash March 12, 1925) was a Chinese Revolutionary and political leader often To end the Warlord era and unify China, Chiang led nationalist troops in the Northern Expedition. The Warlord era is the period in the History of the Republic of China, from 1916 to the late-1930s when the country was divided among military cliques, a division China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Northern Expedition ( was a military campaign led by the Kuomintang (KMT from 1926 to 1928. He became the overall leader of the ROC in 1928. ^[2] Chiang led China in the Second Sino-Japanese War, during which Chiang's stature within China weakened because of his constant attempts to eliminate the communist party, but his international prominence grew. The Second Sino-Japanese War ( July 7, 1937 to September 9, 1945) was a major war fought between the Republic of China and the During the civil war (1927-1949), he attempted to eradicate the Chinese Communists but ultimately failed, forcing his KMT government to escape to Taiwan, where he continued serving as the President of the Republic of China and Director-General of the KMT until his death. The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. The President of the Republic of China ( is the Head of state of the Republic of China (ROC (commonly known as Taiwan since the 1970s

Early life

Chiang Kai-shek was born in Xikou, a town that is approximately 20. The town of Xikou or Hsikou (溪口鎮 is located in the County-level city of Fenghua, inside the Prefecture-level city of Ningbo, 5 miles (33. 0 km) southwest of downtown Ningbo, in Fenghua County, Ningbo Prefecture, Zhejiang Province. Ningbo ( literally "Tranquil Waves" is a Seaport with sub-provincial administrative status. Fenghua (奉化 Pinyin: Fènghuà is a County-level city in the north of Zhejiang province China. A county-level city ( is a county-level administrative division of Mainland China. A prefecture-level city ( or prefecture-level municipality is an administrative division of the People's Republic of China, ranking below a province and Zhejiang ( is an eastern coastal province of the People's Republic of China. A province, in the context of China, is a translation of sheng ( which is an administrative division However, his ancestral home, a concept important in Chinese society, was the town of Heqiao (和橋鎮) in Yixing County, Wuxi Prefecture, Jiangsu Province (approximately 38 km or 24 miles southwest of downtown Wuxi, and 10 km (6 miles) from the shores of the famous Lake Tai). The Ancestral Home ( Dom Ojczysty) is a Political party in Poland, founded after the elections For the 8th century monk inventor and astronomer see Yi Xing. Administration The Prefecture-level city of Wuxi administers 9 county-level divisions, including 7 districts and 2 county-level ( Postal map spelling: Kiangsu) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located along the east coast of the country Lake Tai ( literally "Grand Lake") is a large Lake in the Yangtze Delta plain on the border of the Jiangsu and Zhejiang

His father, Chiang Zhaocong, and mother, Wang Caiyu, were members of an upper to upper-middle-class family of salt merchants. His father died when Kai-shek was only eight years of age, and he wrote of his mother as the "embodiment of Confucian virtues. " In an arranged marriage, Chiang was married to a fellow villager by the name of Mao Fumei. Arranged marriage (also called prearranged marriage) is a Marriage arranged by someone other than the persons getting married curtailing or avoiding the process Mao Fumei 毛福梅 (1882-1939 was the first wife of Chiang Kai-shek, and the mother of Chiang Ching-Kuo. ^[3] Chiang and Mao had a son Ching-Kuo and a daughter Chien-hua. Chiang Ching-kuo ( POJ: ChiúⁿKeng-kok ( April 27 1, 1910 – January 13, 1988) Kuomintang (KMT Politician

Chiang grew up in an era in which military defeats and civil wars among warlords had left China destabilized and in debt, and he decided to pursue a military career to save China. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National He began his military education at the Pao-ting Military Academy (Baoding Military Academy), in 1906. Baoding Military Academy (保定軍校 is a military academy in the early years of the Republic of China. He left for a preparatory school for Chinese students to enter Rikugun Shikan Gakko in Japan in 1907. The was the principal officer's training school for the Imperial Japanese Army. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. There he was influenced by his compatriots to support the revolutionary movement to overthrow the Qing Dynasty and to set up a Chinese Republic. Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China He befriended fellow Zhejiang native Chen Qimei, and, in 1908, Chen brought Chiang into the Tongmenghui, a precursor organization of the Kuomintang. Chen Qimei ( (1878-1916 was born on January 17 1878 in Wuxing, Zhejiang, China, Chinese revolutionary activist uncle of Chen Guofu and The Tongmenghui (中國同盟會 Pinyin: Tóngménghuì Wade-Giles: T'ung-meng Hui lit Chiang served in the Imperial Japanese Army from 1909 to 1911. The Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA) ( Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國陸軍 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国陸軍 Romaji: Dai-Nippon Teikoku

Chiang returned to China in 1911 after learning of the outbreak of the Wuchang Uprising, intending to fight as an artillery officer. The Wuchang Uprising of October 10 1911 started the Xinhai Revolution, which led to the collapse of the Qing Dynasty and the establishment He served in the revolutionary forces, leading a regiment in Shanghai under his friend and mentor Chen Qimei. Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million Chen Qimei ( (1878-1916 was born on January 17 1878 in Wuxing, Zhejiang, China, Chinese revolutionary activist uncle of Chen Guofu and The revolution which aimed at the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty ultimately succeeded. The Xinhai Revolution or Shinhai Revolution ( also known as the 1911 Revolution or the Chinese Revolution, began with the Wuchang Uprising Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China Chiang became a founding member of the Kuomintang.

After the takeover of the Republican government by Yuan Shikai and the failed Second Revolution, Chiang, like his Kuomintang comrades, divided his time between exile in Japan and havens in Shanghai's foreign concession areas. Yuan Shikai ( Courtesy Weiting 慰亭 Pseudonym: Rong'an 容庵 ( September 16, 1859 &ndash June 6, This article discusses history of the state which currently governs Taiwan Area. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million In Shanghai, Chiang also cultivated ties with the criminal underworld dominated by the notorious Green Gang and its leader Du Yuesheng. The Green Gang ( was a criminal organization that operated in Shanghai in the early 20th century Du Yuesheng, commonly known as "Big-Eared Du" (1887-1951 was a Gangster who spent most of his life in Shanghai, China. Chiang had numerous brushes with the law during this period and the International Concession police records show an arrest warrant for him for armed robbery.

On February 15, 1912 Chiang shot and killed Tao Chengzhang, the leader of the Restoration Society, at point-blank range as Tao lay sick in a Shanghai French Concession hospital, thus ridding Chen Qimei of his chief rival. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting Guāngfùhuì (光復會 "Revive the Light Society" or the Restoration Society, was an anti- Qing Empire organization established by Cai Yuanpei On May 18, 1916 agents of Yuan Shikai assassinated Chen Qimei. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Chiang succeeded Chen as leader of the Chinese Revolutionary Party in Shanghai. The Chinese Revolutionary Party ( Traditional Chinese: 中華革命黨 Pinyin: Zhōnghúa Gémìngdǎng was the short lived renaming of the Kuomintang This was during a low point in Sun Yat-sen's career, with most of his old Revolutionary Alliance comrades refusing to join him in the exiled Chinese Revolutionary Party, and Chen Qimei having been Sun's chief lieutenant in the party.

Chiang Kai-shek was appointed by Sun Yat-sen as Commandant of the Whampoa Military Academy. Sun Yat-sen ( November 12, 1866 &ndash March 12, 1925) was a Chinese Revolutionary and political leader often The Nationalist Party of China Army Officer Academy ( commonly known as the Whampoa Military Academy ( was a Military academy in the Republic of China

In 1917, Sun Yat-sen moved his base of operations to Guangzhou and Chiang joined him in 1918. Guangzhou ( Jyutping: Gwong²zau¹; Yale: Gwóngjàu) is the Capital and a Sub-provincial city Sun, at the time was largely sidelined, and, without arms or money, was soon expelled from Guangzhou, in 1918, and exiled again to Shanghai, but restored again with mercenary help in 1920. However, a rift had developed between Sun, who sought to militarily unify China under the KMT, and Guangdong Governor Chen Jiongming, who wanted to implement a federalist system with Guangdong as a model province. Chen Jiongming (1878-1933 was a revolutionary figure in the early periods of the Republic of China. The term " federalist " describes several political beliefs around the world On June 16, 1923 Chen attempted to assassinate Sun from Guangzhou and had his residence shelled. Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Sun and his wife Soong Ching-ling narrowly escaped under heavy machine gun fire and were rescued by gunboats under Chiang's direction. Soong Ch'ing-ling ( (27 January 1893 &ndash 29 May 1981 also known as Madame Sun Yat-sen, was one of the three Soong sisters &mdashwho along with their husbands The incident earned Chiang Sun Yat-sen's trust.

Sun regained control in Guangzhou in early 1924 with the help of mercenaries from Yunnan, and accepted aid from the Comintern. The Comintern ( Com munist Intern ational also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organisation founded in Moscow He then undertook a reform of the Kuomintang and established a revolutionary government aimed at unifying China under the KMT. That same year, Sun sent Chiang Kai-shek to spend three months in Moscow studying the Soviet political and military system. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Chiang's eldest son, Ching-kuo, remained in Russia until 1937. Chiang Kai-shek returned to Guangzhou and in 1924 was made Commandant of the Whampoa Military Academy. Commandant (pronounced /'cɒmʊndɑnt/ or /'cɒmʊndænt/ COM-un-dahnt, -dant is a military or police title or rank The Nationalist Party of China Army Officer Academy ( commonly known as the Whampoa Military Academy ( was a Military academy in the Republic of China The early years at Whampoa allowed Chiang to cultivate a cadre of young officers loyal to him and, by 1925, Chiang's proto-army was scoring victories against local rivals in Guangdong province. Guangdong ( EFEO: Kouangtong; Pinyin Guǎngdōng; Postal map spelling: Kwangtung) is a province on the Here he also first met and worked with a young Zhou Enlai, who was selected to be Whampoa's Political Commissar. Zhou Enlai ( (5 March 1898 – 8 January 1976 was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China, serving from 1949 until his death in January 1976 However, Chiang was deeply critical of the Kuomintang-Communist Party United Front, realizing that the Communists plan to take over the KMT from within.

Throughout his rise to power, Chiang Kai-Shek also benefited from membership of the nationalist Tiandihui fraternity, to which Sun Yat-Sen also belonged, and which remained a source of support during his leadership of China and later Taiwan. The Tiandihui ( Yale Cantonese: tin1 dei6 wui2 Vietnamese: Thiên Địa Hội literally "Heaven and Earth Society" is a Fraternal

Succession of Sun Yat-sen

Sun Yat-sen died on March 12, 1925,^[4] creating a power vacuum in the KMT. Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving A power struggle ensued between Chiang, who leaned towards the right wing of the KMT, and Sun Yat-sen's close comrade-in-arms Wang Jingwei, who leaned towards the left wing of the party. Wang Jingwei ( Traditional Chinese: 汪精衛 Simplified Chinese: 汪精卫 Pinyin: Wāng Jīngwèi Wade-Giles: Wang Ching-wei ( Though Chiang ranked relatively low in the party's internal hierarchy, and Wang had succeeded Sun to power as Chairman of the National Government, Chiang's military power and political maneuvering following the Zhongshan Warship Incident led him to emerge victorious. The Zhongshan Warship Incident, or March 20th Incident on March 20, 1926, involved a suspected plot by Captain Li Zhilong of the warship Zhongshan Chiang, who became Commander-in-Chief of the National Revolutionary Army in 1925, launched the Northern Expedition on July 27, 1926, a military campaign to defeat the warlords controlling northern China and unify the country under the KMT. A commander-in-chief is the Commander of a nation's Military forces or significant element of those forces The National Revolutionary Army ( NRA) ( sometimes shortened to 國軍 or National Army) was the National Army The Northern Expedition ( was a military campaign led by the Kuomintang (KMT from 1926 to 1928.

Chiang Kai-shek in 1926, during the Northern Expedition. The Northern Expedition ( was a military campaign led by the Kuomintang (KMT from 1926 to 1928.

The National Revolutionary Army branched into three divisions—to the west, Wang Jingwei led a column to take Wuhan; to the east, Bai Chongxi led another column to take Shanghai; while Chiang led in the middle to take Nanking—before they were to press ahead to take Beijing. ( is the capital of Hubei province and is the most populous city in central People's Republic of China. Bai Chongxi ( ( 18 March 1893 &ndash 1 December 1966) also spelled Pai Chung-hsi, was a Chinese Muslim General Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million ( Chinese: 南京 Romanizations Nánjīng ( Pinyin) Nan-ching ( Wade-Giles However, in January 1927, allied with the Chinese Communists and Soviet Agent Mikhail Borodin, Wang Jingwei and his KMT leftist allies having taken the city of Wuhan amid much popular mobilization and fanfare, declared the National Government to have moved to Wuhan. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Mikhail Markovich Borodin (Михаи́л Mapkóвич Бороди́н ( July 9 1884, Yanovich, modern Belarus &mdash May 29 Wang Jingwei ( Traditional Chinese: 汪精衛 Simplified Chinese: 汪精卫 Pinyin: Wāng Jīngwèi Wade-Giles: Wang Ching-wei ( After taking Nanking in March (and with Shanghai under the control of his close ally General Bai), Chiang was forced to halt his campaign and decided to first clean house and break with the leftists.

On April 12, Chiang began a swift attack on thousands of suspected Communists. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. He then established National Government in Nanking, supported by conservative allies including Hu Hanmin. ( Chinese: 南京 Romanizations Nánjīng ( Pinyin) Nan-ching ( Wade-Giles Hu Hanmin ( Traditional:胡漢民 Simplified: 胡汉民 born in Panyu, Guangdong, China, December 9, 1879; The communists were purged from the KMT and the Soviet advisers were expelled, which led to the beginning of the Chinese Civil War. Wang Jingwei's National Government was unpopular with the masses, and was weak militarily and was soon overtaken Chiang with a local warlord (Lee Zhong-Ren of Guangxi) eventually Wang and his leftist party surrendered to Chiang and join him in Nanking. Finally, the warlord capital of Beijing was taken in June 1928 and in December, the Manchurian warlord Zhang Xueliang pledged allegiance to Chiang's government. Zhang Xueliang or Chang Hsüeh-liang ( English occasionally Peter Hsueh Liang Chang) ( 3 June 1901 (according to other accounts in

Chiang made gestures to cement himself as the successor of Sun Yat-sen. In a pairing of much political significance, Chiang married, on December 1, 1927, Soong May-ling, the younger sister of Soong Ching-ling, Sun Yat-sen's widow, whom he had proposed to beforehand but by whom he had been swiftly rejected, in Japan and thus positioned himself as Sun Yat-sen's brother-in-law. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 1927 ( MCMXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Soong May-ling or Soong Mei-ling, also known as Madame Chiang Kai-shek ( ca 1897 She was the third of six children she was born in Shanghai Soong Ch'ing-ling ( (27 January 1893 &ndash 29 May 1981 also known as Madame Sun Yat-sen, was one of the three Soong sisters &mdashwho along with their husbands (To please Soong's parents, Chiang had to first divorce his first wife and concubines and promise eventually to convert to Christianity. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings He was baptized in the Methodist church in 1929. Methodism is a movement within Protestant Christianity represented by a number of denominations and organizations ) Upon reaching Beijing, Chiang paid homage to Sun Yat-sen and had his body moved to the capital Nanking to be enshrined in a grand mausoleum. The Mausoleum of Dr Sun Yat-sen (中山陵 is situated at the foot of the second peak of Mount Zijin ( Purple Mountain) in Nanjing

Tutelage over China

Chiang Kai-shek gained control of China, and his party enjoyed popular support; however, there were still "surrendered" warlords that were autonomous within its own regions. In 1928, Chiang was named Generalissimo of all Chinese forces and Chairman of the National Government, a post he held until 1932. Generalissimo or Generalissimus is a military rank of the highest degree superior to a Field Marshal or Grand Admiral. According to Sun Yat-sen's plans, the Kuomintang was to rebuild China in three steps: military rule, political tutelage, and constitutional rule. The ultimate goal of the Kuomintang revolution was democratic rule, which was not feasible in China's fragmented state. Since the Kuomintang had completed the first step of the revolution through its seizure of power in 1928, Chiang's rule thus began the period of political tutelage under the guidance of the Kuomintang, to prepare China for the final transition to constitutional democracy. During this period, many features of a modern, functional Chinese state emerged and developed.

(Left to right) Feng Yuxiang, Chiang Kai-shek and Yan Xishan during a Kuomintang conference before the outbreak of the Central Plains War. Feng Yuxiang ( (1882&ndash1948 was a Warlord during Republican China. Yen Hsi-shan, ( ( 8 October, 1883 &ndash 22 July, 1960) was a Chinese Warlord who served in the government of the Central Plains War ( was a Civil war within the factionalised Kuomintang (KMT that broke out in 1930

The decade of 1928 to 1937 was one of consolidation and accomplishment for Chiang's government. Some of the harsh aspects of foreign concessions and privileges in China were moderated through diplomacy. The government acted energetically to modernize the legal and penal systems, stabilize prices, amortize debts, reform the banking and currency systems, build railroads and highways, improve public health facilities, legislate against traffic in narcotics, and augment industrial and agricultural production. A banker or bank is a Financial institution whose primary activity is to act as a payment agent for customers and to borrow and lend money A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Before adding any more images to this * * page please do carefully consider * * whether they would be mere decoration * * or actually improve The term narcotic (ναρκωτικός is believed to have been coined by the Greek physician Galen to refer to agents that benumb or deaden causing loss Great strides also were made in education and, in an effort to help unify Chinese society, the New Life Movement was launched to stress Confucian moral values and personal discipline. The New Life Movement (新生活運動 was set up by Chiang Kai-shek and his wife Soong May-ling in February 1934. Confucianism ( is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of the fifth century B Standard Mandarin, then known as Guoyu, was promoted as a standard tongue. Standard Mandarin, also known as Standard Spoken Chinese, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used in mainland China and Taiwan An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory The widespread establishment of communications facilities further encouraged a sense of unity and pride among the people.

These successes, however, were met with constant upheavals with need of further political and military consolidation. Though much of the urban areas were now under the control of his party, the countryside still lay under the influence of severely-weakened yet undefeated warlords and communists. The warlords' unwillingness to drop their arms forced Chiang to resolve the issue through military, with one northern rebellion — against the warlords Yen Hsi-shan and Feng Yuxiang — in 1930 during the Central Plains War. Yen Hsi-shan, ( ( 8 October, 1883 &ndash 22 July, 1960) was a Chinese Warlord who served in the government of the Feng Yuxiang ( (1882&ndash1948 was a Warlord during Republican China. Central Plains War ( was a Civil war within the factionalised Kuomintang (KMT that broke out in 1930 The war almost bankrupted the government and cost almost 250,000 casualties on both sides. When Hu Han-min established a rival government in Guangzhou in 1931 Chiang was forced to fight another battle (political). Hu Hanmin ( Traditional:胡漢民 Simplified: 胡汉民 born in Panyu, Guangdong, China, December 9, 1879; A complete eradication of the Communist Party of China eluded Chiang. The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the The Communists regrouped in Jiangxi and established the Chinese Soviet Republic. ( Postal map spelling: Kiangsi is a southern province of the People's Republic of China, spanning from the banks of the Yangtze River The Chinese Soviet Republic ( it is also translated as the Soviet Republic of China or the China Soviet Republic, though it is generally referred to in Chiang's anti-communist stance and the help of foreign military advisers allowed Chiang's fifth campaign to defeat the Communists in 1934. He surrounded the Red Army and allowed the Communists to escape through the epic Long March to Yan'an. The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya The Long March ( was a massive Military retreat undertaken by the Red Armies of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP the forerunner of the People's Liberation Yan'an ( is a city in the Shanbei region of Shaanxi province in China. Many said it was Chiang's plan to let the communists run through the warlord-controlled regions so that Chiang could have the warlords fight against the communists to try to "kill two birds with one stone," but the plan did not work, as warlords refused to fight with the communists and just let them run through their land.

Wartime leader of China

After Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931, Chiang resigned as Chairman of the National Government. Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast He returned shortly, adopting a slogan "first internal pacification, then external resistance," which meant that the government would first attempt to defeat the Communists before engaging the Japanese directly. But Japan's advance on Shanghai and bombardment of Nanjing in 1932 disrupted Chiang Kai-shek's offensives against Communists. The January 28 Incident ( January 28 – March 3 1932) was a short war between the armies of the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan Even though on the surface Chiang seemed more preoccupied with eradicating the communists first, Chiang was preparing to fight an eventual showdown with Japan. During the period from 1931 to the beginning of full-scale war in 1937, the central government under Chiang worked assiduously to expand and modernize its armed forces, build fortifications and communication lines around the country, and develop a viable military industry capable of supporting the war effort. All these war preparations required temporary peace with Japan, which was precisely what Chiang sought in his policy. Any premature act of war before the country was ready would likely spell disaster for China. However, this policy of avoiding a frontal war was widely unpopular.

In December 1936, Chiang flew to Xi'an to coordinate a major assault on Red Army forces holed up in Yan'an. UserEl_C --> Xi'an ( Postal map spelling: Sian is the Capital of the Shaanxi province in the The People's Liberation Army ( PLA) ( is the unified Military organization of all land sea and air forces of the People's Republic of China. Yan'an ( is a city in the Shanbei region of Shaanxi province in China. However, Chiang's allied commander Chang Hsueh-liang, whose forces were to be used in his attack and whose homeland of Manchuria had been invaded by the Japanese, had other plans. Zhang Xueliang or Chang Hsüeh-liang ( English occasionally Peter Hsueh Liang Chang) ( 3 June 1901 (according to other accounts in On December 12, Chang Hsueh-liang and several other previously surrendered warlords (now Nationalist generals) kidnapped Chiang Kai-shek for two weeks in what is known as the Xi'an Incident. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian The Xi'an Incident of December 1936 ( is an important episode of Chinese modern history, taking place in the city of Xi'an during the Chinese Civil War They forced Chiang into making a "Second United Front" with the Communists against Japan. The rising tide of Chinese nationalism and the cessation of warfare against the communists propelled Chiang Kai-shek in the pinnacle of his political career. Chinese nationalism ( sometimes synonymous with Chinese Patriotism ( lit He was the only leader with both the popular support and international recognition to be capable of leading the nation into a war against Japan.

Generalissimo and Madame Chiang with General Stilwell in Burma (1942). Soong May-ling or Soong Mei-ling, also known as Madame Chiang Kai-shek ( ca 1897 She was the third of six children she was born in Shanghai General Joseph Warren Stilwell ( March 19, 1883 – October 12, 1946) was a United States Army four-star General

The Second Sino-Japanese War broke out in July 1937. The Second Sino-Japanese War ( July 7, 1937 to September 9, 1945) was a major war fought between the Republic of China and the In August of the same year, Chiang sent 600,000 of his best-trained and -equipped soldiers to defend Shanghai. The Battle of Shanghai was the first of the twenty-two major engagements fought between the National Revolutionary Army, Republic of China and the Imperial With over 200,000 Chinese casualties, Chiang lost his political base of Whampoa-trained officers. The Nationalist Party of China Army Officer Academy ( commonly known as the Whampoa Military Academy ( was a Military academy in the Republic of China Although Chiang lost militarily, the battle dispelled Japanese claims that it could conquer China in three months and demonstrated to the Western powers (which occupied parts of the city and invested heavily in it) that the Chinese would not surrender under intense Japanese fire. This was skillful diplomatic maneuvering on the part of Chiang, who knew the city would eventually fall, but wanted to make a strong gesture in order to secure Western military aid for China. By December, the capital city of Nanjing had fallen to the Japanese, and Chiang moved the government inland first to Wuhan and later to Chongqing. Chongqing ( Postal map spelling: Chungking; Wade-Giles: Ch'ung-ch'ing) is the largest and most populous of the People's Republic of China Devoid of economic and industrial resources, Chiang masterfully used the tactic of "using space to trade for time" to prolong the war as long as possible; his strategy succeeded in stretching Japanese supply lines and bogging down Japanese soldiers in the vast Chinese interior, who would otherwise have been sent to conquer southeast Asia and the Pacific islands. Communist guerrilla bases behind the Japanese front lines also drew plenty of Japanese troops.

With the Attack on Pearl Harbor and the opening of the Pacific War, China became one of the Allied Powers. The attack on Pearl Harbor (or Hawaii Operation, as it was called by the Imperial General Headquarters) was a surprise Military strike conducted by The Pacific War was the part of World War II —and preceding conflicts—that took place in the Pacific Ocean, its islands and in East Asia, between The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. During and after World War II, Chiang and his American-educated wife Soong May-ling, commonly referred to as "Madame Chiang Kai-shek," held the unwavering support of the United States China Lobby which saw in them the hope of a Christian and democratic China. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Soong May-ling or Soong Mei-ling, also known as Madame Chiang Kai-shek ( ca 1897 She was the third of six children she was born in Shanghai The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In United States Politics, the China lobby refers to any Special interest group acting on behalf of a Chinese government to influence Sino-American Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system Chiang was even named the Supreme Commander of allied forces of China Warzone (which includes Indo-China and India).

Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill met at the Cairo Conference in 1943 during World War II. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 The Cairo Conference (codenamed "SEXTANT" of November 22 - 26 November 1943 held in Cairo, Egypt, addressed the Allied

Losing Mainland China

In 1945 when Japan surrendered Chiang's Chongqing government was ill-equipped and damaged from fighting the Japanese, which made it difficult to reassert its authority in eastern China. The Japanese Instrument of Surrender was the written agreement that established the Armistice ending the Pacific War and with it World War II. Sometimes it gained cities that were of former Japanese troops, which was a deeply unpopular course of action. With American help, it was able to reclaim the coastal cities, but the Communists tricked the US into helping them airlift political leaders out to different parts of China to plant seeds of rebellion.

Following the war, the United States had encouraged peace talks between Chiang and Communist leader Mao Zedong in Chongqing. Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led Due to concerns about widespread corruption in Chiang's government, the U. S. suspended aid to Chiang Kai-shek for much of the period of 1946 to 1948, in the midst of fighting against the People's Liberation Army led by Mao Zedong. The People's Liberation Army ( PLA) ( is the unified Military organization of all land sea and air forces of the People's Republic of China. Later, during the period of anti-communist hysteria and recrimination commonly referred to as "McCarthyism" of the late 1940s and 1950s, it was alleged that the withholding of funds by the US to Chiang during the Civil War was the result of treacherous Communist influence carried out by IMF founder and alleged Soviet spy Harry Dexter White and others, causing China to be "lost". Harry Dexter White ( October 9, 1892 &ndash August 16, 1948) was an American economist and senior U ^[5].

Though Chiang had achieved status abroad as a world leader, his government was deteriorating with corruption and inflation. In his diary on June 1948, Chiang wrote that the Kuomintang had failed, not because of external enemies but because of disintegration and rot from within; and it was this, more than any alleged foreign intrigue, that contributed to his defeat. ^[6] The war had severely weakened the Nationalists both in terms of resources and popularity, while the Communists were strengthened by aid from Stalin, and guerrilla organizations extending throughout rural areas. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party The Nationalists initially had superiority in arms and men; but their lack of popularity, heavy inflitration of communist agents in the nationalist government, and apparent disorganization soon allowed the Communists to gain the upper hand.

Meanwhile a new Constitution was promulgated in 1947, and Chiang Kai-shek was formally elected by the National Assembly to be the first term President of the Republic of China on May 20, 1948. The Constitution of the Republic of China ( Tongyong Pinyin: JhongHuá MínGuó SiànFǎ is the basic governing document for the Republic of China (ROC with jurisdiction The National Assembly of the Republic of China ( refers to several Parliamentary bodies that existed in the History of the Republic of China. The President of the Republic of China ( is the Head of state of the Republic of China (ROC (commonly known as Taiwan since the 1970s Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Meanwhile, a new Constitution promulgated in 1947, and Chiang was elected by the National Assembly to be President. The Constitution of the Republic of China ( Tongyong Pinyin: JhongHuá MínGuó SiànFǎ is the basic governing document for the Republic of China (ROC with jurisdiction The National Assembly of the Republic of China ( refers to several Parliamentary bodies that existed in the History of the Republic of China. This marked the beginning of the 'democratic constitutional government' period in KMT political orthodoxy, but the Communists refused to recognise the new Constitution and its government as legitimate.

Chiang resigned as President on January 21, 1949, as KMT forces suffered massive losses against the communists. Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Vice-President Li Tsung-jen took over as Acting President, but his relationship with Chiang soon deteriorated, as Chiang still acted as if he were in power, and Li hid into exile in the United States under a medical excuse and taking with him millions of government money (US currency), and Li was later formally impeached by the Control Yuan. Li Zongren or Li Tsung-jen ( POJ: Lí Chong-jîn ( 13 August 1890 - 13 January 1969) Courtesy name Delin The Control Yuan (監察院 Pinyin: Jiānchá Yùan one of five branches of the Republic of China government in Taipei, is a watchdog agency that monitors In the early morning of December 10, 1949, Communist troops laid siege to Chengdu, the last KMT occupied city in mainland China, where Chiang Kai-shek and his son Chiang Ching-kuo directed the defense at the Chengdu Central Military Academy. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ( located in southwest People's Republic of China, is the capital of Sichuan province and a Sub-provincial city. Mainland China, Continental China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term synonymous with the area that is under the jurisdiction Chiang Ching-kuo ( POJ: ChiúⁿKeng-kok ( April 27 1, 1910 – January 13, 1988) Kuomintang (KMT Politician The aircraft May-ling evacuated them to Taiwan on the same day, forever removing them from the Chinese mainland.

Presidency in Taiwan

Statue of Generalissimo Chiang.

Chiang moved the government to Taipei, Taiwan, where he formally resumed his duties as president on March 1, 1950. Taipei ( Taiwanese Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-pak-chhī Jhuyin Fuhao: ㄊㄞˊ ㄅㄟˇ ㄕˋ Hakka: Thòi-pet-sṳ has been the capital of Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Chiang was reelected by the National Assembly to be the President of the ROC on May 20, 1954 and again in 1960, 1966, and 1972. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) He continued, as the President of the Republic of China, to claim sovereignty over all of China. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National In the context of the Cold War, most of the Western world recognized this position and the ROC represented China as a whole in the United Nations and other international organizations until the 1970s. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings China's seat in the United Nations and membership of the United Nations Security Council has been occupied by the People's Republic of China (PRC since October International Organization is a peer-reviewed Academic journal that covers the entire field of International affairs.

Despite the democratic constitution, the government under Chiang was a single-party state, consisting almost completely of non-Taiwanese mainlanders; the "Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion" greatly enhanced executive powers and the goal of "retaking the mainland" allowed the KMT to maintain its monopoly on power and to outlaw opposition parties. A single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a type of Party system Government in which a single Political party Mainlanders (also called Inlanders) are people who live in a region considered a "mainland" The government's official line for these martial law provisions stemmed from the claim that emergency provisions were necessary, since the Communists and KMT were still technically under a state of war, without any cease-fire signed, after Chiang retreated to Taiwan. His government sought to impose Chinese nationalism and, to some extent, repressed local culture, such as forbidding the use of Taiwanese (Min Nan) in mass media broadcasts or in schools. Chinese nationalism ( sometimes synonymous with Chinese Patriotism ( lit The Southern Min language or Min Nan ( POJ: Bân-lâm-gú or "Southern Fujian" language refers to a family of Chinese languages Dialects

The government offered limited civil, economic freedom, property rights (personal and intellectual), among other liberties which permitted free debate within the confines of the legislature, but jailed dissidents who were labelled as supporters of either Chinese communism or Taiwan independence. thumb| |Broken Liberty Istanbul Archaeology Museum Civil liberties are freedoms that protect the Individual from the Government. Economic freedom is freedom to produce trade and consume any goods and services acquired without the use of force fraud or theft Property is any physical or virtual entity that is owned by an individual Personal rights are the rights that a person has over their own body Intellectual rights (from the French " droits intellectuels " is a term sometimes used to refer to the legal protection afforded to owners of Intellectual The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the Taiwan independence ( Pe̍h-oē-jī: Tâi-oân To̍k-li̍p ūn-tōng abbreviated to 台獨 Táidú Tâi-to̍k is a His son, Chiang Ching-kuo, and Chiang Ching-kuo's successor, Lee Teng-hui, would, in the 1980s and 1990s, increase native Taiwanese representation in the government and loosen the many authoritarian controls of the early ROC-on-Taiwan era. Chiang Ching-kuo ( POJ: ChiúⁿKeng-kok ( April 27 1, 1910 – January 13, 1988) Kuomintang (KMT Politician Lee Teng-hui ( POJ: Lí Teng-hui born 15 January 1923 is a Politician of Taiwan.

Since new elections could not be held in Communist-occupied constituencies, the National Assembly, Legislative Yuan, and Control Yuan members held their posts indefinitely. The Legislative Yuan ( is the Legislative body of the Republic of China (ROC which administers Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and The Control Yuan (監察院 Pinyin: Jiānchá Yùan one of five branches of the Republic of China government in Taipei, is a watchdog agency that monitors It was also under the Temporary Provisions that Chiang was able to bypass term limits to remain as president. He was reelected by the National Assembly as president four times—in 1954, 1960, 1966, and 1972.

After losing the mainland to the Communists, Chiang attempted to purge crookedness by dismissing members of the KMT previously accused of corruption; major figures in the previous mainland government such as H.H. Kung and T.V. Soong exiled themselves to the United States. In History and Political science, to purge is to remove people considered by the group in power to be "undesirable" from a Government, Political K'ung Hsiang-hsi ( ( September 11 1881 - August 16 1967) often known as H Tse-ven Soong, or Soong Tzu-wen ( 1894 – 1971 was a prominent businessman and politician in the early 20th century Republic of China. Though the government was, to some extent, politically authoritarian and controlled government-owned industries, it encouraged economic development, especially in the export sector. A popular sweeping Land Reform Act, as well as American foreign aid during the 1950s, laid the foundation for Taiwan's economic success, becoming one of the East Asian Tigers. Aid (from the french word aide, also known as international aid, overseas aid, or foreign aid, especially in the United States) is The term Four Asian Tigers or East Asian Tigers refers to the Economies of South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore

Death and legacy

Chiang's body was not buried in the traditional Chinese manner but entombed in his former residence in Cihhu in respect for his wish to be buried in his native Fenghua. The Tzuhu Presidential Mausoleum (慈湖陵寢 also spelled Cihu or Cihhu, is the temporary resting place of President Chiang Kai-shek Fenghua (奉化 Pinyin: Fènghuà is a County-level city in the north of Zhejiang province China.

In 1975, 26 years after Chiang fled to Taiwan, he died in Taipei at the age of 87. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. Taipei ( Taiwanese Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-pak-chhī Jhuyin Fuhao: ㄊㄞˊ ㄅㄟˇ ㄕˋ Hakka: Thòi-pet-sṳ has been the capital of He had suffered a major heart attack and pneumonia in the months before and died from renal failure aggravated with advanced cardiac malfunction at 23:50 on April 5. Myocardial infarction ( MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction) also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply Pneumonia is an inflammatory illness of the Lung. Frequently it is described as lung Parenchyma / alveolar inflammation and abnormal Renal failure or kidney Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop

A month of mourning was declared, during which the Taiwanese people were asked to put on black armbands. On the mainland, however, Chiang's death was met with little apparent mourning and Communist state-run newspapers gave the brief headline "Chiang Kai-shek Has Died. " Chiang's corpse was put in a copper coffin and temporarily interred at his favorite residence in Tzuhu (Cihu), Tahsi (Daxi), Taoyuan County. The Tzuhu Presidential Mausoleum (慈湖陵寢 also spelled Cihu or Cihhu, is the temporary resting place of President Chiang Kai-shek This page is about Dasi of Taoyuan County For the borough of the same name in Yilan County see Dasi Station Dasi ( also seen as "Tahsi" Taoyuan County ( Taiwanese POJ: Thô-hn̂g-kōan Jhuyin Fuhao: ㄊㄠˊ ㄩㄢˊ ㄒㄧㄢˋ is a county of Taiwan, located in the northwestern part When his son Chiang Ching-kuo died in 1988, he was also entombed in a separate mausoleum in nearby Touliao (頭寮). Chiang Ching-kuo ( POJ: ChiúⁿKeng-kok ( April 27 1, 1910 – January 13, 1988) Kuomintang (KMT Politician A mausoleum ( plural: mausolea is an external free-standing building constructed as a monument enclosing the interment space or burial chamber of a deceased person or persons The hope was to have both buried at their birthplace in Fenghua if and when the mainland was recovered. In 2004, Chiang Fang-liang, the widow of Chiang Ching-kuo, asked that both father and son be buried at Wuchih Mountain Military Cemetery in Hsichih, Taipei County. Faina Chiang Fang-liang ( ( 15 May 1916 &ndash 15 December 2004) was the wife of President Chiang Ching-kuo and served The Wuchih Mountain Military Cemetery ( Chinese: 五指山國軍示範公墓 literally Wuchih Mountain National Military Model Public Cemetery) is Taiwan Hsichih City or Sijhih or Xizhi ( literally "the end of tides" is a City in Taipei County, Taiwan. Taipei County ( is located in northern Taiwan and encircles Taipei City. His ultimate funeral ceremony became a political battle issue.

The main vault of the National Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall contains a statue of Chiang Kai-shek. The National Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall ( is a monument erected in memory of President Chiang Kai-shek, former President of the Republic of China in

Chiang was succeeded as President by Vice President Yen Chia-kan and as KMT party leader by his son Chiang Ching-kuo, who retired Chiang Kai-shek's title of Director-General and instead assumed the position of Chairman. Yen Chia-kan ( POJ: Giâm Ka-kàm or Yen Chia-jin ( October 23, 1905 December 24, 1993) better known as C Chiang Ching-kuo ( POJ: ChiúⁿKeng-kok ( April 27 1, 1910 – January 13, 1988) Kuomintang (KMT Politician Yen Chia-kan's presidency was interim; Chiang Ching-kuo, who was the prime minister became President after Yen's term ended three years later.

Chiang's legacy has been target of heated debates among Taiwanese people because of the different views among traditional-conservative voters and liberals. For some, Chiang was a champion of anti-communism, as he was a key figure during the formative years of the World Anti-Communist League. Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and The World League for Freedom and Democracy (formerly the World Anti-Communist League) is an international Right-wing political organization founded in 1966 in During the Cold War, he was also seen as the leader who led "Free China," and the bulwark against a possible communist invasion. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the However, Chiang has also been accused of abusing his political power through his party's dominance over the media and public sector. The public sector is the part of economic and administrative life that deals with the delivery of goods and services by and for the Government, whether national Regional His opponents thought Chiang efforts in reconstructing Taiwan was mostly to make the island a strong base to return to mainland.

Today, Chiang Kai-shek's popularity in Taiwan is divided among political lines, enjoying greater support among KMT voters, and the mainlander population. Mainlanders (also called Inlanders) are people who live in a region considered a "mainland" He is largely unpopular among DPP voters and supporters. The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP ( Taiwanese: Bîn-chú-chìn-pō͘-tóng Traditional Chinese: zh-Hant 民主進步黨 Simplified Chinese: zh-Hans In sharp contrast to his son, Chiang Ching-kuo, and to Dr. Sun Yat-sen, his memory is rarely invoked by current political parties, including the Kuomintang. Sun Yat-sen ( November 12, 1866 &ndash March 12, 1925) was a Chinese Revolutionary and political leader often Lately, the DPP President Chen Shui-bian renamed a number of former Chiang places to further dilute his image.

The Chiang Kai-shek Cultural Center (中正文化中心) is located in Kaohsuing, had the largest statue of Chiang Kai-shek removed from its premises following large protests by the opposition Kuomintang.

Names

Pres. Chiang Kai-shek's portrait adorns the Republic of China's NT$200 bill. The New Taiwan dollar ( ( Currency code TWD and common abbreviation NT$) or simply Taiwan dollar, is the official Currency of the His image appeared on previous series of NT$500 and NT$1000 notes; the NT$1, $5, and $10 coins still bear his portrait on the obverse.

Like many other Chinese historical figures, Chiang Kai-shek used several names throughout his life. That inscribed in the genealogical records of his family is Jiang Zhoutai (蔣周泰). This so-called "register name" (譜名) is the one under which his extended relatives knew him, and the one he used in formal occasions, such as when he got married. In deference to tradition, family members did not use the register name in conversation with people outside of the family. In fact, the concept of real or original name is not as clear-cut in China as it is in the Western world.

In honor of tradition, Chinese families waited a number of years before officially naming their offspring. In the meantime, they used a "milk name" (乳名), given to the infant shortly after his birth and known only to the close family. Thus, the actual name that Chiang Kai-shek received at birth was Jiang Ruiyuan (蔣瑞元).

In 1903, the 16-year-old Chiang Kai-shek went to Ningbo to be a student, and he chose a "school name" (學名). Ningbo ( literally "Tranquil Waves" is a Seaport with sub-provincial administrative status. This was actually the formal name of a person, used by older people to address him, and the one he would use the most in the first decades of his life (as the person grew older, younger generations would have to use one of the courtesy names instead). A Chinese style name, sometimes also known as a courtesy name ( zì) is a given name to be used later in life (Colloquially, the school name is called "big name" (大名), whereas the "milk name" is known as the "small name" (小名). ) The school name that Chiang Kai-shek chose for himself was Zhiqing (志清 - meaning "purity of intentions"). For the next fifteen years or so, Chiang Kai-shek was known as Jiang Zhiqing. This is the name under which Sun Yat-sen knew him when Chiang joined the republicans in Guangzhou in the 1910s. Sun Yat-sen ( November 12, 1866 &ndash March 12, 1925) was a Chinese Revolutionary and political leader often Guangzhou ( Jyutping: Gwong²zau¹; Yale: Gwóngjàu) is the Capital and a Sub-provincial city

In 1912, when Chiang Kai-shek was in Japan, he started to use Jiang Jieshi (help·info) (蔣介石) as a pen name for the articles that he published in a Chinese magazine he founded (Voice of the Army - 軍聲). For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. (Jieshi is the pinyin romanization of the name, based on Mandarin, but the common romanized rendering is Kai-shek which is in Cantonese romanization. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Standard Mandarin, also known as Standard Spoken Chinese, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used in mainland China and Taiwan Standard Cantonese is the standard variant of the Cantonese (Yuet language As the republicans were based in Guangzhou (a Cantonese speaking area), Chiang Kai-shek became known by Westerners under the Cantonese romanization of his courtesy name, while the family name as known in English seems to be the Mandarin pronunciation of his Chinese family name, transliterated in Wade-Giles). Wade-Giles (ˌweɪdˈʤaɪlz) sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system (phonetic notation and Transcription) for the Mandarin In mainland China, Jiang Jieshi is the name under which he is commonly known today.

Jieshi soon became his courtesy name (字). A Chinese style name, sometimes also known as a courtesy name ( zì) is a given name to be used later in life Some think the name was chosen from the classic Chinese book the Book of Changes; other note that the first character of his courtesy name is also the first character of the courtesy name of his brother and other male relatives on the same generation line, while the second character of his courtesy name shi (石 - meaning "stone") suggests the second character of his "register name" tai (泰 - the famous Mount Tai of China). The I Ching ( Wade-Giles) or “Yì Jīng” ( Pinyin) also called “Classic of Changes” or “Book of Changes” is one of the oldest of the Mount Tai ( is a mountain of historical and cultural significance located north of the city of Tai'an, in Shandong Province, China. Courtesy names in China often bore a connection with the personal name of the person. As the courtesy name is the name used by people of the same generation to address the person, Chiang Kai-shek soon became known under this new name.

The entrance to Chiang's tombsite at Tzuhu (Cihu) uses the official posthumous rendering of Chiang Kai-shek (from right to left): The President (space) Lord Chiang Mausoleum. The Tzuhu Presidential Mausoleum (慈湖陵寢 also spelled Cihu or Cihhu, is the temporary resting place of President Chiang Kai-shek Many East Asian scripts can be written horizontally or vertically.

Sometime in 1917 or 1918, as Chiang became close to Sun Yat-sen, he changed his name from Jiang Zhiqing to Jiang Zhongzheng (蔣中正 Chiang Chung-cheng). Sun Yat-sen ( November 12, 1866 &ndash March 12, 1925) was a Chinese Revolutionary and political leader often By adopting the name Chung-cheng ("central uprightness"), he was choosing a name very similar to the name of Sun Yat-sen, who was (and still is) known among Chinese as Zhongshan (中山 - meaning "central mountain"), thus establishing a link between the two. The meaning of uprightness, rectitude, or orthodoxy, implied by his name, also positioned him as the legitimate heir of Sun Yat-sen and his ideas. Not surprisingly, the Chinese Communists always rejected the use of this name and it is not well known in mainland China. Mainland China, Continental China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term synonymous with the area that is under the jurisdiction However, it was readily accepted by members of the Nationalist Party and is the name under which Chiang Kai-shek is still commonly known in Taiwan. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. Often the name is shortened to Chung-cheng only (Chung-cheng in Wade-Giles). Wade-Giles (ˌweɪdˈʤaɪlz) sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system (phonetic notation and Transcription) for the Mandarin For many years passengers arriving at the Chiang Kai-shek International Airport (now called Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport) were greeted by signs in Chinese welcoming them to the "Chung Cheng International Airport. Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport (; Tongyong Pinyin: Táiwan Táoyuán Gúojì Jichǎng Hanyu pinyin: Táiwān Táoyuán Gúojì Jīchǎng formerly " Similarly, the monument erected to Chiang's memory in Taipei known in English as Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall was literally named "Chung Cheng Memorial Hall" in Chinese. Taipei ( Taiwanese Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-pak-chhī Jhuyin Fuhao: ㄊㄞˊ ㄅㄟˇ ㄕˋ Hakka: Thòi-pet-sṳ has been the capital of The National Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall ( is a monument erected in memory of President Chiang Kai-shek, former President of the Republic of China in

His name is also written in Taiwan as "The Late President Lord Chiang" (先總統　蔣公), where the one-character-wide space known as nuo tai shows respect; this practice has lost some popularity. Tai tou ( literally "shift head") can be divided into two forms Nuo tai and Ping tai. However, he is still known as Lord Chiang (蔣公) (without the title or space), along with the similarly positive-sounding name Chiang Chung-cheng, in Taiwan.

Chiang was also nicknamed "the Gimo" (short for "Generalissimo") by some English-speaking foreigners, especially by Americans during World War II. Generalissimo or Generalissimus is a military rank of the highest degree superior to a Field Marshal or Grand Admiral. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

See also

This article contains Chinese text. Personal Names in Chinese culture follow a number of conventions different from those of personal names in Western cultures. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Wade-Giles (ˌweɪdˈʤaɪlz) sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system (phonetic notation and Transcription) for the Mandarin Standard Cantonese is the standard variant of the Cantonese (Yuet language The Southern Min language or Min Nan ( POJ: Bân-lâm-gú or "Southern Fujian" language refers to a family of Chinese languages Dialects REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Wade-Giles (ˌweɪdˈʤaɪlz) sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system (phonetic notation and Transcription) for the Mandarin The Southern Min language or Min Nan ( POJ: Bân-lâm-gú or "Southern Fujian" language refers to a family of Chinese languages Dialects Standard Cantonese is the standard variant of the Cantonese (Yuet language Jiang can be a Pinyin transliteration of one of several Chinese surnames, Jiāng ( traditional) or 蒋 ( simplified) Jiǎng A Chinese style name, sometimes also known as a courtesy name ( zì) is a given name to be used later in life Standard Cantonese is the standard variant of the Cantonese (Yuet language Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters. Mojibake is the happenstance of incorrect unreadable characters (garbage characters shown when Computer software fails to render a text correctly according to its associated A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese (

• National Revolutionary Army
• Whampoa Military Academy
• Central Plains War
• Xi'an Incident
• Chiang Kai-shek statues
• Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Song
• History of the Republic of China
• Military of the Republic of China
• Politics of the Republic of China
• Sino-German cooperation (1911–1941)
• Madame Chiang Kai-shek
• Chiang Ching-kuo
• Kuomintang
• Claire Lee Chennault
• Flying Tigers
• Chinese nationalism
• Mao Zedong

Notes

Wives

Mao Fumei (毛福梅, 1882-1939) Died in the Second Sino-Japanese War during a bombardment. Mao Fumei 毛福梅 (1882-1939 was the first wife of Chiang Kai-shek, and the mother of Chiang Ching-Kuo. The Second Sino-Japanese War ( July 7, 1937 to September 9, 1945) was a major war fought between the Republic of China and the

Yao Yecheng (姚冶誠, 1889-1972) Fled to Taiwan and died in Taipei. Chiang Kai-shek ( POJ: Chiúⁿ Kài-se̍k Jyutping: zoeng2gaai3sek6 GCB ( October 31, 1887 &ndash Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. Taipei ( Taiwanese Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-pak-chhī Jhuyin Fuhao: ㄊㄞˊ ㄅㄟˇ ㄕˋ Hakka: Thòi-pet-sṳ has been the capital of

Chen Jieru (陳潔如, 1906-1971) Lived in Shanghai. Chen Jieru ( Chinese: 陳潔如 Pinyin: Chén Jiérú 1906-1971 was the second wife of Chiang Kai-shek. Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million Moved to Hong Kong later and died there. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders

Soong Meiling (宋美齡, 1897-2003) Moved to the United States after Chiang Kai-shek's death. Soong May-ling or Soong Mei-ling, also known as Madame Chiang Kai-shek ( ca 1897 She was the third of six children she was born in Shanghai The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

Further reading

• Crozier, Brian. The Man Who Lost China (1976) ISBN 0-684-14686-X
• John King Fairbank and Denis Twitchett, eds. The Cambridge History of China: Volume 12, Republican China, 1912-1949, Part 1 (1983) 1120 pages
• Fenby, Jonathan. Generalissimo Chiang Kai-Shek and the China he lost: 2003, The Free Press, ISBN 0-7432-3144-9
• Laura Tyson Li. Madame Chiang Kai-shek: China's Eternal First Lady (2006)
• May, Ernest R. "1947-48: When Marshall Kept the U. S. out of War in China. " Journal of Military History 2002 66(4): 1001-1010. Issn: 0899-3718 Fulltext: in Swetswise and Jstor
• Romanus, Charles F. and Riley Sunderland, Time Runs Out in CBI (Washington, 1959), official U. S. Army history online edition
• Sainsbury, Keith. The Turning Point: Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill, and Chiang-Kai-Shek, 1943. The Moscow, Cairo, and Teheran Conferences. Oxford U. Press, 1985.
• Seagrave, Sterling. The Soong Dynasty: 1996, Corgi Books, ISBN 0-552-14108-9
• Stueck, William. The Wedemeyer Mission: American Politics and Foreign Policy during the Cold War. U. of Georgia Press, 1984. 177 pp.
• Tang Tsou. America's Failure in China, 1941-50 (1963)
• Barbara W. Tuchman. Stillwell and the American Experience in China, 1911-45 (1971)

External links

• Obituary, NY Times, April 6, 1975, The Life of Chiang Kai-shek: A Leader Who Was Thrust Aside by Revolution
• ROC Government Biography
• Time magazine's "Man and Wife of the Year," 1937
• The National Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall Official Site
• The Chungcheng Cultural and Educational Foundation
• Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek Association Hong Kong
• Order of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek supplementing the Act of Surrender - by Japan on September 9, 1945
• Family tree of his descendants (in Simplified Chinese)
• 1966 GIO Biographical video
• "The Memorial Song of Late President Chiang Kai-shek" (Ministry of National Defence of ROC)
• Chiang Kai-shek Biography - From Spartacus Educational
• The Collected Wartime Messages Of Generalissimo Chiang Kai Shek at archive.org
• The National Chiang Kai-shek Cultural Center Official Site