| Cheyenne Tsisinstsistots |
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|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | United States | |
| Region: | Montana and Oklahoma | |
| Total speakers: | ~1700 | |
| Language family: | Algic Algonquian Plains Algonquian Cheyenne |
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| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | chy | |
| ISO 639-3: | chy | |
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| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Montana ( is a state in the Western United States. One-third of the state in the western part contains numerous mountain ranges (approximately 77 named of the northern Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Algic (also Algonquian-Wiyot-Yurok or Algonquian-Ritwan languages are an indigenous Language family of North America. The Algonquian (also Algonkian, and pronounced both and) languages are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic The Plains Algonquian languages are commonly grouped together as a subgroup of the larger Algonquian family, itself a member of the Algic family. ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's | ||
The Cheyenne language (Tsėhesenėstsestotse or, in easier spelling, Tsisinstsistots) is a Native American language spoken in present-day Montana and Oklahoma, USA. Cheyenne are a Native American nation of the Great Plains. The Cheyenne Nation is composed of two united tribes, the Só'taa'e (more commonly Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States Montana ( is a state in the Western United States. One-third of the state in the western part contains numerous mountain ranges (approximately 77 named of the northern Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. It is part of the Algonquian language family. Like all Algonquian languages, it has complex agglutinative morphology. In Linguistics, agglutination is the morphological process ofadding Affixes to the base of a Word.
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Classification
Cheyenne is one of the Algonquian languages, which is a subphylum of the Algic languages. The Algonquian (also Algonkian, and pronounced both and) languages are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic The Algic (also Algonquian-Wiyot-Yurok or Algonquian-Ritwan languages are an indigenous Language family of North America. Specifically, it is a Plains Algonquian language. The Plains Algonquian languages are commonly grouped together as a subgroup of the larger Algonquian family, itself a member of the Algic family. However, Plains Algonquian, which also includes Arapaho and Blackfoot, is an areal rather than genetic subgrouping. The Arapaho language (also Arapahoe is a Plains Algonquian language (an areal rather than genetic grouping spoken almost entirely by elders in Wyoming Blackfoot (also known as Siksika 639-3 Pikanii Blackfeet is the name of any of the Algonquian languages spoken by the Blackfoot tribe of Native Americans
Geographic distribution
Cheyenne is spoken on the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation in Montana and in Oklahoma. The Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation is an Indian reservation that is home to the Northern Cheyenne tribe of Native Americans It is located around Montana ( is a state in the Western United States. One-third of the state in the western part contains numerous mountain ranges (approximately 77 named of the northern Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. It is spoken by about 1,700 people, mostly adults.
Phonology
Cheyenne phonology is not exceptionally complex. While there are only three basic vowels, they can be pronounced in three ways: high pitch (e. In Phonetics, a vowel is a Sound in spoken Language, such as English ah! or oh!, pronounced with an open Vocal tract g. á), low pitch (e. g. a), and voiceless (e. g. ė)[1]. The high and low pitches are phonemic, while vowel devoicing is governed by environmental rules, making voiceless vowels allophones of the voiced vowels. The digraph ‘ts’ represents assibilated /t/; a phonological rule of Cheyenne is that underlying /t/ becomes affricated before an /e/ (t > ʦ / __e). In Morphophonology, the underlying representation (UR or underlying form (UF of a Morpheme is the abstract form the morpheme is postulated to have before Therefore, ‘ts’ is not a separate phoneme, but an allophone of /t/. The sound [x] is not a phoneme, but derives from other phonemes, including /ʃ/ (when /ʃ/ precedes or follows a non-front vowel, /a/ or /o/), and the far-past tense morpheme /h/ which is pronounced as [x] when it precedes a morpheme which starts with /h/.
The Cheyenne orthography of 14 letters is neither a pure phonemic system nor a phonetic transcription; it is, in the words of linguist Wayne Leman, a "pronunciation orthography. " In other words, it is a practical spelling system designed to facilitate proper pronunciation. Some allophonic variants, such as voiceless vowels, are shown. <e> represents not the phoneme /e/, but is usually pronounced as a phonetic [ɪ] and sometimes varies to [ɛ]. <š> represents /ʃ/.
| Bilabial | Dental | Postalveolar | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | p | t | k | ʔ | |
| Fricative | v | s | ʃ | (x) | h |
| Nasal | m | n |
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Non-low | e | o | |
| Low | a |
Grammar
Cheyenne represents the participants of an expression not as separate pronoun words but as affixes on the verb. In Phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a Consonant articulated with both Lips The bilabial consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet In Linguistics, a dental consonant or dental is a Consonant that is articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth such as /t/ /d/ /n/ and Postalveolar consonants are Consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the Alveolar ridge, placing them a bit further back in the Glottal consonants are Consonants articulated with the Glottis. A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the A front vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a front vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far forward A central vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a central vowel is that the tongue is positioned halfway between A back vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a back vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far back as In Phonetics, a vowel is a Sound in spoken Language, such as English ah! or oh!, pronounced with an open Vocal tract In Phonetics, a vowel is a Sound in spoken Language, such as English ah! or oh!, pronounced with an open Vocal tract Its pronominal system uses typical Algonquian distinctions: three persons (1st, 2nd, 3rd) plus obviated 3rd (3'), two numbers (singular, plural), animacy (animate and inanimate) and inclusivity and exclusivity on the first person plural. The 3' (obviative) person is an elaboration of the third; it's an "out of focus" third person. When there are two or more third persons in an expression, one of them will become obviated. If the obviated entity is an animate noun, it will be marked with an obviative suffix, typically -o or -óho. Verbs register the presence of obviated participants whether or not they are present as nouns.
Pronominal affixes
There are three basic pronominal prefixes in Cheyenne:
ná- First person
né- Second person
é- Third person
These three basic prefixes can be combined with various suffixes to express all of Cheyenne's pronominal distinctions. For example, the prefix ná- can be combined on a verb with the suffix -me to express the first person plural exclusive ("we, not including you"), as with nátahpetame, "we. EXCL are big. "
Historical development
Like all the Algonquian languages, Cheyenne developed from a reconstructed ancestor referred to as Proto-Algonquian (often abbreviated "PA"). Proto-Algonquian (commonly abbreviated PA) is the name given to the posited Proto-language of the languages of the Algonquian family. The sound changes on the road from PA to modern Cheyenne are complex, as exhibited by the development of the PA word *erenyiwa "man" into Cheyenne hetane:
- First, the PA suffix -wa drops (*erenyi)
- The geminate vowel sequence -yi- simplifies to /i/ (semivowels were phonemically vowels in PA; when PA */i/ or */o/ appeared before another vowel, it became non-syllabic) (*ereni)
- PA */r/ changes to /t/ (*eteni)
- /h/ is added before word-initial vowels (*heteni)
- Due to a vowel chain-shift, the vowels in the word wind up as /e/, /a/ and /e/ (PA */e/ sometimes corresponds to Cheyenne /e/ and sometimes to Cheyenne /a/; PA */i/ almost always corresponds to Cheyenne /e/, however) (hetane). In Phonetics, gemination happens when a spoken Consonant is pronounced for an audibly longer period of time than a short Consonant. Semivowels — also known as glides or non-syllabic vowels —are Vowels that form Diphthongs with full syllabic vowels
Notes
- ^ There are also two other variants of the phonemic pitches: the mid (e. g. ā) and raised-high pitches (e. g. ô). These are often not represented in writing, although there are standard diacritics to indicate all of them. Linguist Wayne Leman included one more variant in his International Journal of American Linguistics[1] (1981) article on Cheyenne pitch rules, a lowered-high pitch (e. g. à), but has since recognized that this posited pitch is the same as a low pitch.
Lexicon
Some Cheyenne words (with the Proto-Algonquian reconstructions where known):
- ame (PA *pemyi, "grease")
- he'e (PA *weθkweni, "his liver")
- hē'e (PA **eθkwe·wa, "woman")
- hetane (PA *erenyiwa, "man")
- ma'heo'o ("sacred spirit, God")
- matana (PA *meθenyi, "milk")
References
- Marianne Mithun. 1999. The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Links
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