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This article uses algebraic notation to describe chess moves. Algebraic chess notation is used to record and describe the moves in a game of Chess.

In 1913, preeminent chess historian H.J.R. Murray wrote in his 900-page magnum opus A History of Chess that, "The game possesses a literature which in contents probably exceeds that of all other games combined. Chess is a recreational and competitive Game played between two players. History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology Harold James Ruthven Murray ( June 24, 1868 – May 16, 1955) was a prominent Chess historian, and the first to publish the theory that A game is a structured activity, usually undertaken for Enjoyment and sometimes also used as an Educational tool Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter "[1] He estimated that at that time the "total number of books on chess, chess magazines, and newspapers devoting space regularly to the game probably exceeds 5,000. This is a list of chess books that are used as references in articles related to chess. Below is a list of chess periodicals. Publications are included only if they accept contributions from multiple authors and their content focuses primarily on some aspect of Chess "[2] In 1949, B.H. Wood opined that the number had increased to about 20,000. Baruch Harold Wood MSc OBE (more commonly known as BH Wood ( July 13, 1909 – April 4, 1989) was an English Chess [3] David Hooper and Kenneth Whyld wrote in 1992 that, "Since then there has been a steady increase year by year of the number of new chess publications. David Vincent Hooper ( 31 August 1915 - May 1998 born in Reigate, was a British Chess player and writer Kenneth Whyld ( March 6, 1926 - July 11, 2003) was a British Chess author and researcher best known as the co-author (with No one knows how many have been printed. . . "[4] The world's largest chess library, the John G. Chess libraries are Library collections of Books and Periodicals on the game of Chess. White Collection[5] at the Cleveland Public Library, contains over 32,000 chess books and over 6,000 bound volumes of chess periodicals. Cleveland Public Library was founded in 1869 and is located in Cleveland Ohio. [6] Chessplayers today also avail themselves of computer-based sources of information unimagined by Murray. A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions.

As a result, today there is a vast body of theory concerning the opening and endgame phases of the game, and to a lesser extent the middlegame. The word theory has many distinct meanings in different fields of Knowledge, depending on their methodologies and the context of discussion. In Chess the word " opening " has two common meanings both of which are discussed in this article In Chess, the endgame (or end game or ending) refers to the stage of the game when there are few pieces left on the board The middlegame in Chess refers to the portion of the game that happens immediately after the opening (usually the first move after the procession of moves that Those who write about chess theory, who are often but not necessarily also eminent players, are referred to as "theorists" or "theoreticians. "

Contents

Opening theory

Early printed work on chess theory by Luis Ramirez de Lucena c. 1497
Early printed work on chess theory by Luis Ramirez de Lucena c. Luis Ramirez de Lucena (c 1465 &ndash c1530 was a leading Spanish Chess player 1497

The earliest printed work on chess theory whose date can be established with some exactitude is Repeticion de Amoresy Arte de Ajedrez by the Spaniard Luis Ramirez de Lucena, published c. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Luis Ramirez de Lucena (c 1465 &ndash c1530 was a leading Spanish Chess player 1497, which included among other things analysis of eleven chess openings. Some of them are known today as the Giuoco Piano, Ruy Lopez, Petroff's Defense, Bishop's Opening, Damiano's Defense, and Scandinavian Defense, though Lucena did not use those terms. The Giuoco Piano is a Chess opening characterized by the moves 1 The Ruy Lopez, called the Spanish Opening or Spanish Game outside English speaking countries, is a Chess opening characterised by the moves Petrov's Defence, sometimes called Petroff's Defense or the Russian Game, is a Chess opening characterized by the following moves 1 The Bishop's Opening is a Chess opening that begins with the moves 1 The Damiano Defense is a Chess opening characterized by the opening moves e4 e5 Nf3 f6? Black's 2 The Scandinavian Defense or Center Counter Defense, is a Chess opening characterized by the moves 1 [7]

The authorship and date of the Göttingen manuscript are not established,[8][9], and its publication date is estimated as being somewhere between 1471 and 1505. The Göttingen manuscript is the earliest known work devoted entirely to modern Chess. [10] It is not known whether it or Lucena's book was published first. [11] The manuscript included examples of games with the openings now known as Damiano's Defence, Philidor's Defense, the Giuoco Piano, Petroff's Defense, the Bishop's Opening, the Ruy Lopez, the Ponziani Opening, the Queen's Gambit Accepted, 1. The Philidor Defence is a Chess opening characterised by the moves 1 The Ponziani Opening is a Chess opening that begins with the moves 1 The Queen's Gambit Accepted, commonly abbreviated to QGA, is a Chess opening characterized by the opening moves 1 d4 d5 2. Bf4 Bf5 (a form of the London System), Bird's Opening, and the English Opening. The London System is a complex of related Chess openings that begin with 1 Bird's Opening or the Dutch Attack is a Chess opening characterised by the move 1 In Chess, the English Opening is the opening where White begins 1 [12] Murray observes that it "is no haphazard collection of commencements of games, but is an attempt to deal with the Openings in a systematic way. "[13]

Fifteeen years after Lucena's book, a Portuguese apothecary, Pedro Damiano, published in Rome the book Questo libro e da imparare giocare a scachi et de la partiti (1512). Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Pedro Damiano (in Portuguese, Pedro Damião; Damiano is the Italian form much like the Latin Damianus) was a Portuguese Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 It included analysis of the Queen's Gambit Accepted, showing what happens when Black tries to keep the gambit pawn with . This page explains commonly used terms in Chess in alphabetical order The pawn (♙♟ is the weakest and most numerous piece in the Game of Chess, representing Infantry . . b5. [14] Damiano's book "was, in contemporary terms, the first bestseller of the modern game. "[15] Harry Golombek writes that it "ran through eight editions in the sixteenth century and continued on into the next century with unflagging popularity. Harry Golombek OBE ( March 1[[ 911]]– January 7 1995) was a British Chess International Master and honorary grandmaster "[16] Modern players know Damiano primarily because his name is attached to the weak opening Damiano's Defense (1. The Damiano Defense is a Chess opening characterized by the opening moves e4 e5 Nf3 f6? Black's 2 e4 e5 2. Nf3 f6?), although he condemned rather than endorsed it. [17]

These books and later ones discussed games played with various openings, opening traps, and the best way for both sides to play. Certain sequences of opening moves began to be given names, some of the earliest being Damiano's Defense, the King's Gambit (1. The King's Gambit is a Chess opening that begins 1 e4 e5 2 f4 White offers a pawn to divert the Black e-pawn e4 e5 2. f4), the Queen's Gambit (1. The Queen's Gambit is a Chess opening that starts with the moves 1 d4 d5 2. c4), and the Sicilian Defense (1. The Sicilian Defence is a Chess opening that begins with the moves 1 e4 c5). [18]

Damiano's book was followed by general treatises on chess play by Ruy López de Segura (1561), Giulio Cesare Polerio (1590), Gioachino Greco (c. Rodrigo ( Ruy) López de Segura (c 1540 &ndash 1580 was a Spanish priest and later Bishop in Segura whose book Libro de Giulio Cesare Polerio (1548 Lanciano - 1612 Rome) was an Italian Chess player Gioachino Greco (1600 &ndash c 1634 was an Italian Chess player and writer 1625), Captain Bertin (1735), and François-André Danican Philidor (1749). François-André Danican Philidor ( September 7, 1726 - August 31, 1795) was a French Chess player and Composer [19][20]

The first author to attempt a comprehensive survey of the openings then known was Aaron Alexandre in his 1837 work Encyclopedie des echecs. Aaron (Albert Alexandre (1765 Bavaria – 16 November 1850, London, England) was a German–French–English Chess player [21] According to David Hooper and Kenneth Whyld, "[Carl] Jaenisch produced the first openings analysis on modern lines in his Analyse nouvelle des ouvertures (1842-43). David Vincent Hooper ( 31 August 1915 - May 1998 born in Reigate, was a British Chess player and writer Kenneth Whyld ( March 6, 1926 - July 11, 2003) was a British Chess author and researcher best known as the co-author (with Carl Friedrich Andreyevich von Jaenisch ( April 11, 1813 &ndash March 7, 1872) was a Finnish and Russian Chess "[22] In 1843, Paul Rudolf von Bilguer published the German Handbuch des Schachspiels, which combined the virtues of Alexandre and Jaenisch's works. Paul Rudolf (or Rudolph von Bilguer ( 21 September 1815 &ndash 16 September 1840) was a German Chess master and chess Handbuch des Schachspiels ( Handbook of Chess, often simply called the Handbuch) is a Chess book first published in 1843 by Tassilo [23] The Handbuch, which went through several editions, last being published in several parts in 1912-16, was one of the most important opening references for many decades. [24] The last edition of the Handbuch was edited by the great Carl Schlechter, who had drawn a match for the World Championship with Emanuel Lasker in 1910. Carl Schlechter ( March 2, 1874 - December 27, 1918) was a leading Austrian Chess master at the turn of the 20th century For other persons named Lasker see Lasker#People with the surname Lasker. International Master William Hartston called it "a superb work, perhaps the last to encase successfully the whole of chess knowledge within a single volume. The title International Master is awarded to outstanding Chess players by the world chess organization FIDE. William Roland Hartston (born London 12 August 1947) is an English Chess player who played competitively from 1962 to 1987 with a highest "[25]

The English master Howard Staunton, one of the world's strongest players in the 1840s and 1850s,[26] included over 300 pages of analysis of the openings in his 1847 treatise The Chess Player's Handbook,[27], which "became the standard reference work in English-speaking countries. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland A chess master is a Chess player of such skill that he/she can usually beat Chess experts who themselves typically can nearly always prevail against most amateurs (1 removed from infobox|worldchampion = 1843-1851 (Unofficial (2 Mark Weeks has material and sources at http//mark_weeks "[28] However, "as time passed a demand arose for more up-to-date works in English[. ]"[29] Wilhelm Steinitz, the first World Champion, widely considered the "father of modern chess,"[30][31][32][33] extensively analyzed various double king-pawn openings (beginning 1. Wilhelm (later William) Steinitz ( May 17, 1836 – August 12, 1900) was an Austrian - American See also Development of the World Chess Championship The World Chess Championship is played to determine the World Champion in the Board game Chess An Open Game (or Double King Pawn game is a Chess opening which begins with the White moves 1 e4 e5) in his book The Modern Chess Instructor, published in 1889 and 1895. [34] Also in 1889, E. Freeborough and the Reverend C. E. Ranken published the first edition of Chess Openings Ancient and Modern; later editions were published in 1893, 1896, and 1910. [35] In 1911, R.C. Griffith and J.H. White published the first edition of Modern Chess Openings. Richard Clewin Griffith ( 22 July 1872, London &ndash 11 December 1955, Hendon, London was a British Chess John Herbert White ( February 22, 1880 - November 18, 1920, London, England) was co-author with Richard Clewin Griffith Modern Chess Openings (usually called MCO) is an important book of Chess openings first published in 1911 by the British players Richard It is now the longest-published opening treatise in history; the fifteenth edition (commonly called MCO-15), by Grandmaster Nick de Firmian, was published in April 2008. The title Grandmaster is awarded to extremely strong Chess masters by the world chess organization FIDE. Nicholas Ernest (Nick de Firmian (born July 26, 1957 in Fresno California) is a Chess grandmaster and three-time U [36]

According to Hooper and Whyld, the various editions of Modern Chess Openings, the last edition of the Handbuch, and the fourth edition of Ludvig Collijn's Larobok (in Swedish) "were the popular reference sources for strong players between the two world wars. Swedish ( is a North Germanic language spoken by more than nine million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the A world war is a War affecting the majority of the world's most powerful and populous nations "[37] In 1937-39 former World Champion Max Euwe published a twelve-volume opening treatise, De theorie der schaakopeningen in Dutch, which was later translated into other languages. Machgielis (Max Euwe (last name is pronounced /øwə/ ( May 20, 1901 – November 26, 1981) was a Dutch Chess Grandmaster Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname [38]

In the late 1930s to early 1950s Reuben Fine, one of the world's strongest players,[39] also become one of its leading theoreticians, publishing important works on the opening, middlegame, and endgame. Reuben Fine ( October 11 1914  &ndash March 26 1993) was one of the best Chess players in the world from the mid 1930s through These began with his revision of Modern Chess Openings, which was published in 1939. [40] In 1943, he published Ideas Behind the Chess Openings, which sought to explain the principles underlying the openings. [41] In 1948, he published his own opening treatise, Practical Chess Openings, a competitor to MCO. [42] In 1964, International Master I.A. Horowitz published the 789-page tome Chess Openings: Theory and Practice, which in addition to opening analysis included a large number of illustrative games. The title International Master is awarded to outstanding Chess players by the world chess organization FIDE. Israel Albert Horowitz (often known as Al Horowitz or I A Horowitz) ( November 15 1907, in Brooklyn New York – January [43]

In 1966, the first volume of Chess Informant was published in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, containing 466 annotated games from the leading chess tournaments and matches of the day. Chess Informant ( Šahovski Informator) is a publishing company that periodically produces a book of the same name as well as the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings, Belgrade (Београд Beograd is the Capital and largest city of Serbia. See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian A tournament (IPA) is a Competition involving a relatively large number of competitors all participating in a Sport or Game. A match is a consumable Tool for lighting a Fire under controlled circumstances on demand [44] The hugely influential Chess Informant series has revolutionized opening theory. Chess Informant ( Šahovski Informator) is a publishing company that periodically produces a book of the same name as well as the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings, Its great innovation was that it expressed games in languageless figurine algebraic notation and annotated them using no words, but rather seventeen symbols, whose meanings were explained at the beginning of the book in six different languages. Algebraic chess notation is used to record and describe the moves in a game of Chess. A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them This enabled readers around the world to read the same games and annotations, thus greatly accelerating the dissemination of chess ideas and the development of opening theory. The editors of Chess Informant later introduced other publications using the same principle, such as the five-volume Encyclopedia of Chess Openings and Encyclopedia of Chess Endings treatises. The Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings ( ECO) is a classification system for the opening moves in a game of chess Chess Informant was originally published twice a year, and since 1991 has been published thrice annually. Volume 100 was published in 2007. [45] It now uses 57 symbols, explained in 10 languages, to annotate games (see punctuation (chess)), and is available in both print and electronic formats. When annotating Chess games commentators frequently use Question marks and Exclamation points to denote a move as bad or good In 2005, former World Champion Garry Kasparov wrote, "We are all Children of the Informant. Garry Kasparov (Га́рри Ки́мович Каспа́ров) (born as Garry Kimovich Weinstein on April 13 1963 in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet "[46]

In the 1990s and thereafter, the development of opening theory has been further accelerated by such innovations as extremely strong chess engines such as Fritz and Rybka, software such as ChessBase, and the sale of multi-million-game databases such as ChessBase's Mega 2008 database, with 3. A chess engine is a Computer program that can play the game of Chess. Fritz is a German chess program developed by Frans Morsch and Mathias Feist and published by ChessBase. Rybka is a computer Chess engine created by International Master Vasik Rajlich. ChessBase is a German company that markets Chess software maintains a chess news site and operates a server for online chess A Computer Database is a structured collection of records or data that is stored in a computer system 8 million games. [47] Today, the most important openings have been analyzed 20-30 moves deep, sometimes well into the endgame,[48] and it is not unusual for leading players to introduce theoretical novelties on move 25 or even later. This page explains commonly used terms in Chess in alphabetical order [49]

Thousands of books have been written on chess openings. These include both comprehensive openings encyclopedias such as the Encyclopedia of Chess Openings and Modern Chess Openings; general treatises on how to play the opening such as Mastering the Chess Openings (in three volumes), by International Master John L. Watson;[50] and myriad books on specific openings, such as Understanding the Grünfeld[51] and Chess Explained: The Classical Sicilian. An encyclopedia (or '''encyclopædia''') is a comprehensive written Compendium that contains Information on either all branches of Knowledge John L Watson is a Chess International Master and author Watson was born in 1951 and grew up in Omaha, Nebraska, and was educated Grünfeld is a surname and may refer to Alfred Grünfeld (1852-1924 Austrian pianist and composer The Sicilian Defence is a Chess opening that begins with the moves 1 [52] "Books and monographs on openings are popular, and as they are thought to become out of date quickly there is a steady supply of new titles. "[53]

Middlegame theory

Aron Nimzowitsch
Aron Nimzowitsch

Middlegame theory is considerably less developed than either opening theory or endgame theory. [54] Watson writes, "Players wishing to study this area of the game have a limited and rather unsatisfactory range of resources from which to choose. "[55]

Leading player and theorist Aron Nimzowitsch's[56] influential books My System (1925);[57] Die Blockade (1925) (in German),[58] and Chess Praxis (1936)[59][60] were, and remain, among the most important works on the middlegame. Aron Nimzowitsch ( Ārons Ņimcovičs; born Aron Niemzowitsch and also known as Nimzovich) (7 November 1886 – 16 March 1935 was a Latvian The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. [61] In 1952, Fine published the 442-page The Middle Game in Chess, perhaps the most comprehensive treatment of the subject up until that time. [62] The mid-20th century also saw the publication of The Middle Game, volumes 1 and 2, by former World Champion Max Euwe and Hans Kramer,[63][64] and a series of books by the Czechoslovak-German grandmaster Luděk Pachman: three volumes of Complete Chess Strategy,[65][66][67] Modern Chess Strategy,[68] Modern Chess Tactics,[69] and Attack and Defense in Modern Chess Tactics. Machgielis (Max Euwe (last name is pronounced /øwə/ ( May 20, 1901 – November 26, 1981) was a Dutch Chess Grandmaster Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Luděk Pachman ( German: Ludek Pachman May 11 1924, Bělá pod Bezdězem, today Czech Republic &ndash March 6 2003 [70]

In 1999, Watson's Secrets of Modern Chess Strategy: Advances Since Nimzowitsch was published, in which Watson discusses the revolution in middlegame theory that has occurred since Nimzowitsch's time. [71]

There are also many books on specific aspects of the middlegame, such as The Art of Attack in Chess by Vladimir Vukovic,[72] The Art of Sacrifice in Chess by Rudolf Spielmann,[73] The Art of the Checkmate by Georges Renaud and Victor Kahn,[74] The Basis of Combination in Chess by J. Vladimir Vuković ( 26 August 1898, Zagreb – 18 November 1975, Zagreb was a Croatian chess writer theoretician player Rudolf Spielmann ( 5 May 1883 - 20 August 1942) was an Austrian - Jewish Chess player of the romantic school du Mont,[75] and The Art of Defense in Chess by Andrew Soltis. Andrew Soltis (born May 28 1947) is a Chess author and columnist as well as a Grandmaster. [76]

Endgame theory

Many significant chess treatises, beginning with the earliest works, have included some analysis of the endgame. Lucena's book (c. 1497) concluded with 150 examples of endgames and chess problems. A chess problem, also called a chess composition, is a puzzle set by somebody using Chess pieces on a Chess board that presents the solver with [77]

Staunton's The Chess-Player's Handbook, originally published in 1847, included almost 100 pages of analysis of endgames. [78]

In 1941 Reuben Fine published his monumental 573-page treatise Basic Chess Endings, the first attempt at a comprehensive treatise on the endgame. [79] A new edition, revised by Pal Benko, was published in 2003. Pal Benko ( Hungarian: Benkő Pál, born July 14, 1928 in Amiens) is a Chess grandmaster, author and [80] Soviet writers published an important series of books on specific endings: Rook Endings by Grigory Levenfish and Vasily Smyslov,[81] Pawn Endings by Yuri Averbakh and I. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Grigory Yakovlevich Levenfish ( March 9, 1889, Piotrków - February 9, 1961, Moscow) was a leading Jewish[http Vasily Vasiliyevich Smyslov (Васи́лий Васильевич Смысло́в (born March 24, 1921, in Moscow) is a Russian Chess Yuri Lvovich Averbakh (born February 8, 1922, in Kaluga, Russia) is a Russian Chess Maizelis,[82] Queen and Pawn Endings by Averbakh,[83] Bishop Endings by Averbakh,[84] Knight Endings by Averbakh and Vitaly Chekhover,[85] Bishop v. Vitaly Chekhover (also spelled Checkover, Tschechower or Czechower, pronounced "chekh a VYAIR" ( Russian: Виталий Чеховер Knight Endings by Yuri Averbakh,[86] Rook v. Minor Piece Endings by Averbakh,[87] and Queen v. Rook/Minor Piece Endings by Averbakh, Chekhover, and V. Henkin. [88] These books by Averbakh and others were collected into the five-volume Comprehensive Chess Endings in English.

In recent years, computer-generated endgame tablebases have revolutionized endgame theory, conclusively showing best play in many complicated endgames that had vexed human analysts for over a century, such as queen and pawn versus queen. An endgame tablebase is a computerized Database of all Chess positions within certain endgames The tablebase reveals the game-theoretical value A two player Game can be " solved " on several levels; Ultra-weak In the weakest sense solving a game means proving whether the first player will win The queen (♕♛ is the most powerful piece in the game of Chess. They have also overturned human theoreticians' verdicts on a number of endgames, such as by proving that the two bishops versus knight ending, which had been thought drawn for over a century, is normally a win for the bishops (see Pawnless chess endgames#Minor pieces only and Chess endgame#Effect of tablebases on endgame theory. A bishop (♗♝ is a piece in the Board game of Chess. Each player begins the game with two bishops The knight (♘ ♞ sometimes referred to by players as a 'horse' is a piece in the Game of Chess, representing a Knight (armoured cavalry Basic checkmates See also Checkmate Checkmate can be forced against a lone king with a king plus (1 a queen, (2 a rook, (3 two In Chess, the endgame (or end game or ending) refers to the stage of the game when there are few pieces left on the board )

Several important works on the endgame have been published in recent years, among them Dvoretsky's Endgame Manual,[89] Fundamental Chess Endings by Karsten Müller and Frank Lamprecht,[90] Basic Endgames: 888 Theoretical Positions by Yuri Balashov and Eduard Prandstetter,[91] Chess Endgame Lessons by Benko,[92] and Secrets of Rook Endings[93] and Secrets of Pawnless Endings by John Nunn. Dr Karsten Müller was born November 23 1970 in Hamburg Germany Frank Lamprecht (born 21 June 1968) is a German Chess international master and chess trainer Yuri Sergeyevich Balashov (Юрий Сергеевич Балашов born March 12, 1949) is a Russian Chess grandmaster. John Denis Martin Nunn (born April 25, 1955 in London) is one of England 's strongest Chess players and once belonged to the world's [94] Some of these have been aided by analysis from endgame tablebases.

See also

References

  1. ^ H.J.R. Murray, A History of Chess, Oxford University Press, 1913, p. In Chess the word " opening " has two common meanings both of which are discussed in this article This is a list of chess openings, organized by the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings (ECO code The middlegame in Chess refers to the portion of the game that happens immediately after the opening (usually the first move after the procession of moves that In Chess, the endgame (or end game or ending) refers to the stage of the game when there are few pieces left on the board Chess endgame literature refers to books and magazines about Chess endgames. Harold James Ruthven Murray ( June 24, 1868 – May 16, 1955) was a prominent Chess historian, and the first to publish the theory that 25. ISBN 0-19-827403-3. This quote is also given in David Hooper and Kenneth Whyld, The Oxford Companion to Chess, Oxford University Press, 2nd ed. David Vincent Hooper ( 31 August 1915 - May 1998 born in Reigate, was a British Chess player and writer Kenneth Whyld ( March 6, 1926 - July 11, 2003) was a British Chess author and researcher best known as the co-author (with The Oxford Companion to Chess is a reference Book on Chess written by David Hooper and Kenneth Whyld. 1992, p. 229 ("literature of chess" entry). ISBN 0-19-866164-9.
  2. ^ Murray, p. 25 n. 1.
  3. ^ Hooper and Whyld, p. 229.
  4. ^ Hooper and Whyld, p. 229.
  5. ^ The World's Greatest Chess Library
  6. ^ Special Chess Records (Susan Polgar)
  7. ^ Harry Golombek, Chess: A History, G. Harry Golombek OBE ( March 1[[ 911]]– January 7 1995) was a British Chess International Master and honorary grandmaster P. Putnam's Sons, 1976, pp. 97-101. ISBN 0-399-11575-7.
  8. ^ Murray, p. 782.
  9. ^ Hooper and Whyld, p. 156 ("Göttingen manuscript" entry).
  10. ^ Hooper and Whyld, p. 156.
  11. ^ Murray, p. 782.
  12. ^ Murray, pp. 782-84.
  13. ^ Murray, p. 784.
  14. ^ Golombek, pp. 101-02.
  15. ^ Richard Eales, Chess: The History of a Game, Facts on File Publications, 1985, p. 81. ISBN 0-8160-1195-8.
  16. ^ Golombek, p. 102.
  17. ^ Hooper and Whyld, p. 101 ("Damiano Defence" entry).
  18. ^ Murray, p. 886.
  19. ^ I. A. Horowitz, Chess Openings: Theory and Practice, Simon and Schuster, 1964.
  20. ^ Hooper and Whyld, pp. 157-58 ("Greco, Gioacchino" entry).
  21. ^ Hooper and Whyld, pp. 10, 280 ("Alexandre, Aaron" and "openings literature" entries).
  22. ^ Hooper and Whyld, p. 280.
  23. ^ Hooper and Whyld, p. 280.
  24. ^ "Bilguer's Handbuch was the dominant reference for some time until it was superseded by a number of international treatises, which, in the English-speaking world, included Modern Chess Openings and Practical Chess Openings. " I. A. Horowitz, Chess Openings: Theory and Practice, Simon and Schuster, 1964, p. VII. Four years after the first edition of the Handbuch was published, Howard Staunton in the preface to The Chess-Player's Handbook, discussed below, called the Handbuch "a production-whether considered in reference to its research, its suggestiveness, or the methodical completeness of its arrangement-which stands unrivalled and alone. (1 removed from infobox|worldchampion = 1843-1851 (Unofficial (2 Mark Weeks has material and sources at http//mark_weeks " Howard Staunton, The Chess-Player's Handbook, George Bell & Sons, 1893 (reprint), p. v.
  25. ^ William Hartston, The Kings of Chess, Harper & Row, 1985, p. 87. ISBN 0-06-015358-X.
  26. ^ Statistician Arpad Elo, developer of the rating system, analyzed the results of all 342 match, tournament, and exhibition games of record among the top nine players in the world in the 1846-62 period. Arpad Emrick Elo (born Élő Árpád Imre, August 25, 1903 in Egyházaskesző, Hungary &ndash November 5, 1992 The Elo rating system is a method for calculating the relative skill levels of players in two-player games such as Chess and Go. Staunton's 0. 591 winning proportion was second only to that of Paul Morphy (0. Disambiguation Morphy redirects here For the fictional character nicknamed Morphy see King Morpheus. 726), and well ahead of Daniel Harrwitz, who was third at 0. Daniel Harrwitz ( 29 April 1823 – 9 January 1884) was a Jewish German Chess master. 542. Arpad E. Elo, The Rating of Chessplayers, Past and Present, Arco Publishing, 1978, p. 55. ISBN 0-668-04721-6.
  27. ^ Staunton, pp. 59-401.
  28. ^ Hooper and Whyld, p. 280 ("Openings literature" entry). Similarly, Murray states that the book "took rank at once as the leading English text-book on chess. " Murray, p. 885.
  29. ^ Hooper and Whyld, p. 280 ("Openings literature" entry).
  30. ^ Garry Kasparov, My Great Predecessors, Part I, Everyman Publishers, 2003, pp. Garry Kasparov (Га́рри Ки́мович Каспа́ров) (born as Garry Kimovich Weinstein on April 13 1963 in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet 45-46. ISBN 1-85744-330-6.
  31. ^ Emanuel Lasker, Lasker's Manual of Chess, Dover Publications, 1960, pp. For other persons named Lasker see Lasker#People with the surname Lasker. 188-229. ISBN 0-486-20640-8.
  32. ^ Richard Réti, Masters of the Chessboard, Dover Publications, 1976, pp. Richard Réti ( 28 May, 1889, Pezinok (now Slovakia) &ndash 6 June, 1929, Prague) was an Austrian 47-49. ISBN 0-486-23384-7.
  33. ^ Anthony Saidy, The Battle of Chess Ideas, RHM Press, 1975, pp. Anthony Saidy (born May 16 1937) is an International Master of Chess. 20-21. ISBN 0-89058-018-9.
  34. ^ Wilhelm Steinitz, The Modern Chess Instructor, Edition Olms AG, Zürich, 1990 (reprint). ISBN 3-283-00111-1.
  35. ^ Review of Chess Openings Ancient & Modern
  36. ^ Nick de Firmian, Modern Chess Openings, 15th Edition, McKay Chess Library, 2008. ISBN 978-0-8129-3682-7.
  37. ^ Hooper and Whyld, p. 280 ("Openings literature" entry).
  38. ^ Hooper and Whyld, p. 281 ("Openings literature" entry).
  39. ^ Fine tied for first with Paul Keres at AVRO 1938, at the time the strongest tournament ever held, ahead of such players as reigning world champion Alexander Alekhine, former world champion José Raúl Capablanca, and future world champion Mikhail Botvinnik. Paul Keres ( January 7, 1916 – June 5, 1975) was an Estonian Chess grandmaster. Alexander Alexandrovich Alekhine (alʲɛkˈsandr̠ alʲɛkˈsandr̠ovʲiʨ aˈlʲɛxin Russian Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Але́хин) (October Mikhail Moiseyevich Botvinnik (mʲixaˈiɫ̺ mʌiˈs̺ʲɛjɛvʲiʧʲ bʌt̺ˈvʲin̺n̻ʲik Михаи́л Моисе́евич Ботви́нник) ( &ndash May After Alekhine's death in 1946, Fine was invited to participate in the match-tournament to select the new champion, but declined in order to pursue his study of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is a body of ideas developed by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and his followers which is devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior "From about 1936 to 1951, when he practically gave up competitive chess, Fine was among the strongest eight players in the world. " David Hooper and Kenneth Whyld, The Oxford Companion to Chess, Oxford University Press, 1984, p. David Vincent Hooper ( 31 August 1915 - May 1998 born in Reigate, was a British Chess player and writer Kenneth Whyld ( March 6, 1926 - July 11, 2003) was a British Chess author and researcher best known as the co-author (with 113. ISBN 0-19-217540-8.
  40. ^ R. C. Griffith, J. H. White, Reuben Fine, and P. W. Sergeant, Modern Chess Openings, David McKay (6th ed. 1939).
  41. ^ Reuben Fine, Ideas Behind the Chess Openings, David McKay, 1943.
  42. ^ Reuben Fine, Practical Chess Openings, David McKay, 1948.
  43. ^ I. A. Horowitz, Chess Openings: Theory and Practice, Simon and Schuster, 1964.
  44. ^ Chess Informant, Volume 1, Beograd, 1966. Belgrade (Београд Beograd is the Capital and largest city of Serbia.
  45. ^ Chess Informant, Volume 100, Sahovski Informator, 2007. ISSN 0351-1375.
  46. ^ The Best of Chess Informant: Garry Kasparov
  47. ^ New: Mega Database 2008 is out!
  48. ^ For instance, GM Andrew Soltis mentions a line in the Dragon Variation of the Sicilian Defense that begins 1. Andrew Soltis (born May 28 1947) is a Chess author and columnist as well as a Grandmaster. The Sicilian Defence is a Chess opening that begins with the moves 1 The Sicilian Defence is a Chess opening that begins with the moves 1 e4 c5 2. Nf3 d6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 g6 6. Be3 Bg7 7. f3 Nc6 8. Qd2 0-0 9. Bc4 Nxd4 10. Qxd4 Qa5 11. 0-0-0 Be6 12. Bb3 b5 13. Kb1 Rfc8 14. Rhe1! Bxb3 15. cxb3 b4 16. Bxf6! bxc3 17. Bxc3 Bxc3 18. bxc3 Qxc3 19. Qxc3 Rxc3 20. Rc1! Rac8 21. Rxc3 Rxc3 22. Rc1! Rxc1+ 23. Kxc1. Soltis writes that since this position began appearing 30 moves ago "it's looked more and more like a forced win for White because he can create an outside passed pawn. In Chess, a passed pawn is a pawn with no opposing pawns to prevent it from advancing to the eighth rank, i A recent analysis in New in Chess concluded that White's win is certain-once you get to move 69. New In Chess ( NIC) ( is a Chess Magazine that appears eight times a year with chief editors International Grandmaster Jan Timman " Andrew Soltis, "Chess to Enjoy" column, "The Neutron Bomb Middlegame," Chess Life, October 2006, p. Chess Life is a monthly Chess magazine published in the United States. 10.
  49. ^ For example, John L. Watson writes of the Marshall Attack in the Ruy Lopez, "When I opened a book on the Marshall Attack . John L Watson is a Chess International Master and author Watson was born in 1951 and grew up in Omaha, Nebraska, and was educated The Ruy Lopez, called the Spanish Opening or Spanish Game outside English speaking countries, is a Chess opening characterised by the moves The Ruy Lopez, called the Spanish Opening or Spanish Game outside English speaking countries, is a Chess opening characterised by the moves . . I learned that for the 'old main line' (which is still extremely popular), 'the real struggle begins around move 30'! And in fact, correspondence chess games sometimes take it a step further, with one side playing a new move as the endgame begins!" John L. Correspondence chess is Chess played by various forms of long-distance correspondence usually through a Correspondence chess server, through email or by Watson, Mastering the Chess Openings, Volume 1, Gambit Publications, 2006, pp. 161-62. ISBN 978-1-904600-60-2, ISBN 1-904600-60-3.
  50. ^ Mastering the Chess Openings, Volume 1, cited above.
  51. ^ Jonathan Rowson, Understanding the Grünfeld, Gambit Publications, 1999. Jonathan Rowson (born 18 April 1977 in Aberdeen) is Scotland's 3rd Chess Grandmaster, after Paul Motwani and ISBN 1-901983-09-9.
  52. ^ Alex Yermolinsky, Chess Explained: The Classical Sicilian, Gambit Publications, 2006. Alex Yermolinsky (born April 11 1958 in Leningrad, Soviet Union) is an American Chess Grandmaster. ISBN 1-904600-42-5.
  53. ^ Hooper and Whyld, p. 230 ("literature of chess" entry).
  54. ^ John Watson, Secrets of Modern Chess Strategy: Advances Since Nimzowitsch, Gambit Publications, 1998, p. 10. ISBN 1-901983-07-2. ISBN 0-486-20290-9.
  55. ^ Secrets of Modern Chess Strategy, p. 10.
  56. ^ GM Raymond Keene writes that Nimzowitsch "was one of the world's leading Grandmasters for a period extending over a quarter of a century, and for some of the that time he was the obvious challenger for the world championship. Raymond Dennis Keene OBE (born 29 January 1948) is a Chess grandmaster, but is better known as a chess organiser columnist and author . . . [He was also] a great and profound chess thinker, second only to Steinitz, and his works--Die Blockade, My System and Chess Praxis--established his reputation as one of the father figures of modern chess. " Keene, Aron Nimzowitsch: A Reappraisal, David McKay, 1974, p. 1. ISBN 0-679-13040-3.
  57. ^ Aron Nimzowitsch, My System (21st Century Edition), Hays Publishing, 1991. ISBN 1-880673-85-1. Aron Nimzovich, My System, David McKay, 1947, ISBN 0-679-14025-5.
  58. ^ Aron Nimzowitsch, Blockade (English translation), Chess Enterprises, 1980. ISBN 0-931462-07-X.
  59. ^ Aron Nimzowitsch, Chess Praxis (21st Century Edition), Hays Publishing, 1993. ISBN 1-880673-91-6.
  60. ^ Aron Nimzovich, Chess Praxis: The Praxis of My System, Dover Publications, 1962. SBN 486-20296-8.
  61. ^ Secrets of Modern Chess Strategy, p. 10.
  62. ^ Reuben Fine, The Middle Game in Chess, David McKay, 1952.
  63. ^ Dr. M. Euwe and H. Kramer, The Middle Game, Book One: Static Features, G. Bell and Sons, 1964. ISBN 0-7135-0431-5.
  64. ^ Dr. M. Euwe and H. Kramer, The Middle Game, Book Two: Dynamic and Subjective Features, G. Bell and Sons, 1965. ISBN 0-7135-0432-3.
  65. ^ Luděk Pachman, Complete Chess Strategy, Volume 1: First Principles of the Middle Game, Cornerstone Library, 1975. ISBN 346-12321-6.
  66. ^ Luděk Pachman, Complete Chess Strategy, Volume 2: Principles of Pawn Play and the Center, Cornerstone Library, 1976. ISBN 346-12343-7.
  67. ^ Luděk Pachman, Complete Chess Strategy: Play on the Wings, David McKay, 1978. ISBN 0-679-13252-X.
  68. ^ Luděk Pachman, Modern Chess Strategy, Dover Publications, 1971. ISBN 0-486-20290-9.
  69. ^ Luděk Pachman, Modern Chess Tactics, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, 1972. ISBN 0-7100-7098-5.
  70. ^ Luděk Pachman, Attack and Defense in Modern Chess Tactics, David McKay, 1973.
  71. ^ Secrets of Modern Chess Strategy, pp. 10-13.
  72. ^ V. Vukovic, The Art of Attack in Chess, Pergamon Press, 1965. ISBN 0-08-011196-3.
  73. ^ Rudolf Spielmann, The Art of the Sacrifice in Chess, David McKay, 1951.
  74. ^ Georges Renaud and Victor Kahn, The Art of the Checkmate, Dover Publications, 1962. ISBN 0-486-20106-6.
  75. ^ J. du Mont, The Basis of Combination in Chess, Dover Publications, 1978. ISBN 0-486-23644-7.
  76. ^ Andrew Soltis, The Art of Defense in Chess, David McKay, 1975. ISBN 0-679-13043-8.
  77. ^ Golombek, p. 101.
  78. ^ Howard Staunton, The Chess-Player's Handbook, George Bell & Sons, 1893, pp. 403-500. Some of Staunton's analysis, such as his analysis of the very rare rook versus three minor pieces endgame, is surprisingly sophisticated. At page 439, Staunton wrote, "Three minor Pieces are much stronger than a Rook, and in cases where two of them are Bishops will usually win without much difficulty, because the player of the Rook is certain to be compelled to lose him for one of his adversary's Pieces. If, however, there are two Knights and one Bishop opposed to a Rook, the latter may generally be exchanged for the Bishop, and as two Knights are insufficient of themselves to force checkmate, the game will be drawn. Modern-day endgame tablebases confirm Staunton's assessments of both endings. An endgame tablebase is a computerized Database of all Chess positions within certain endgames The tablebase reveals the game-theoretical value Karsten Müller and Frank Lamprecht, Fundamental Chess Endings, Gambit Publications, 2001, p. Dr Karsten Müller was born November 23 1970 in Hamburg Germany Frank Lamprecht (born 21 June 1968) is a German Chess international master and chess trainer 403. ISBN 1-901983-53-6. Yet Reuben Fine, 92 years after Staunton, erroneously wrote on page 521 of Basic Chess Endings that both types of rook versus three minor piece endings "are theoretically drawn. " Grandmaster Pal Benko, an authority on the endgame and like Fine a world-class player at his peak, perpetuated Fine's error in his 2003 revision of Basic Chess Endings. Pal Benko ( Hungarian: Benkő Pál, born July 14, 1928 in Amiens) is a Chess grandmaster, author and Reuben Fine and Pal Benko, Basic Chess Endings (Algebraic Edition), McKay Chess Library, 2003, p. 524, ISBN 0-8129-3493-8.
  79. ^ Reuben Fine, Basic Chess Endings, David McKay, 1941.
  80. ^ Reuben Fine and Pal Benko, Basic Chess Endings, Random House, 2003. ISBN 0-8129-3493-8.
  81. ^ Grigory Levenfish and Vasily Smyslov, Rook Endings, Chess Digest, 1971. ISBN 0-7134-0354-3.
  82. ^ Y. Averbakh and I. Maizelis, Pawn Endings, Chess Digest, 1974.
  83. ^ Yuri Averbakh, Queen and Pawn Endings, Chess Digest, 1975, ISBN 0-7134-6041-9.
  84. ^ Yuri Averbakh, Bishop Endings, Batsford, 1977. ISBN 0-7134-0096-X.
  85. ^ Yuri Averbakh and Vitaly Chekhover, Knight Endings, Batsford 1977. ISBN 0-7134-0552-X.
  86. ^ Yuri Averbakh, Bishop v. Knight Endings, Batsford, 1976. ISBN 0-7134-3179-2.
  87. ^ Yuri Averbakh, Rook v. Minor Piece Endings, Batsford, 1978. ISBN 0-7134-0868-5.
  88. ^ Yuri Averbakh, V. Chekhover, and V. Henkin, Queen v. Rook/Minor Piece Endings, Batsford, 1978. ISBN 0-7134-0866-9.
  89. ^ Mark Dvoretsky, Dvoretsky's Endgame Manual (second Edition), Russell Enterprises, 2006. ISBN 1-888690-19-4.
  90. ^ Karsten Muller and Frank Lamprecht, Fundamental Chess Endings, Gambit Publications, 2001. ISBN 1-901983-53-6.
  91. ^ Yuri Balashov and Eduard Prandstetter, Basic Endgames, Prague Chess Agency, 1992. ISBN 80-901056-0-2.
  92. ^ Pal Benko, Chess Endgame Lessons, 1989, Library of Congress Catalogue No. 89-64215.
  93. ^ John Nunn, Secrets of Rook Endings, Henry Holt, 1993. ISBN 0-8050-2640-1.
  94. ^ John Nunn, Secrets of Pawnless Endings, Henry Holt, 1994. ISBN 0-8050-3285-1.
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