ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ Cherokee
Flag of the Cherokee Nation Flag of the United Keetoowah Band. Flag of the Eastern Band Cherokee
Total population
320,000+
Regions with significant populations
Federally Enrolled members: Cherokee Nation (f):    270,000+ United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians, Oklahoma (f):    10,000 Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, North Carolina (f):    10,000+ (f) = federally recognized
Languages
English, Cherokee
Religions
Christianity (Southern Baptist and Methodist), Traditional Ah-ni-yv-wi-ya, other small Christian groups. The United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma are a federally recognized Band of Indians headquartered in Tahlequah, Oklahoma. The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians are a Federally recognized Native American tribe in the United States of America English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Cherokee (ᏣᎳᎩ Tsalagi) is an Iroquoian language spoken by the Cherokee people which uses a unique syllabary writing system Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings The Southern Baptist Convention ( SBC) is a United States -based mostly conservative Christian denomination Methodism is a movement within Protestant Christianity represented by a number of denominations and organizations Ah-ni-ku-ta-ni or Ah-ni-gu-ta-ni (pronounced Ah-nee-koo-tah-nee/Ah-nee-goo-tah-nee were the ancient priesthood of the Cherokee or Ah-ni-yv-wi-ya people A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth
Related ethnic groups
American Natives, Five Civilized Tribes, Tuscarora, other Iroquoians, Native Americans, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. The Five Civilized Tribes is the term applied to five Native American nations the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and The Tuscarora ("hemp gatherers" are an American Indian tribe with members in New York, Canada, and North Carolina. The Iroquois Confederacy (also known as the "League of Peace and Power" the "Five Nations" the "Six Nations" or the "People of the Longhouse Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States The Chickasaw' are Native American people originally from the Southeastern United States (Mississippi Alabama Tennessee The Choctaw are a Native American people originally from the Southeastern United States ( Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana) The Seminole are a Native American people originally of Florida and now residing in Florida and Oklahoma.

The Cherokee (ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ, ah-ni-yv-wi-ya, in the Cherokee language) are a people native to North America, who, at the time of European contact in the sixteenth century, inhabited what is now the Eastern and Southeastern United States. Cherokee (ᏣᎳᎩ Tsalagi) is an Iroquoian language spoken by the Cherokee people which uses a unique syllabary writing system The US Southeast is the eastern portion of the Southern United States, but the Census Bureau does not provide a standard definition of a "Southeast" region Most were forcibly moved westward to the Ozark Plateau in the 1830s. They are one of the tribes referred to as the Five Civilized Tribes. A tribe, viewed historically or developmentally consists of a Social group existing before the development of or outside of States Many anthropologists use The Five Civilized Tribes is the term applied to five Native American nations the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and According to the 2000 U. S. Census, they are the largest of the 563 federally recognized Native American tribes in the United States. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States ^[1]

The Cherokee refer to themselves as Tsa-la-gi (pronounced "chaw-la-gee") or A-ni-yv-wi-ya (pronounced "ah knee yuh wee yaw", literal translation: "Principle People"). In 1654, the Powhatan were referring to this people as the Rickahockan. The word "Cherokee" may have originally been derived from the Choctaw trade language word "Cha-la-kee" which means "those who live in the mountains" – or (also Choctaw) "Chi-luk-ik-bi" meaning "those who live in the cave country". The Choctaw are a Native American people originally from the Southeastern United States ( Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana) A pidgin is a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common in situations such as Trade ^[2] The Cherokee were called "Alligewi" by the Delawares. The shannon (later named Delaware Indians by Europeans were in the 17th century organized bands of Native American peoples with shared cultural and linguistic (Heckewelder) Iroquois called them Oyata’ge'ronoñ', "inhabitants of the cave country" (Hewitt). The Gnadenhutten massacre, also known as the Moravian massacre, was the killing on March 8, 1782, of ninety-six Christian American The Iroquois Confederacy (also known as the "League of Peace and Power" the "Five Nations" the "Six Nations" or the "People of the Longhouse

The characteristics of the Cherokee people were described in the writings of William Bartram in his journey through the Cherokee lands in 1776;

"The Cherokee…are tall, erect and moderately robust; their limbs well shaped, so as generally to form a perfect human figure; their features regular, and countenance open, dignified, and placid, yet the forehead and brow are so formed as to strike you instantly with heroism and bravery; the eye, though rather small, yet active and full of fire, the iris always black, and the nose commonly inclining to the aquiline. William Bartram ( April 20, 1739 — July 22, 1823) was an American naturalist, the son of John Bartram. Year 1776 ( MDCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Their countenance and actions exhibit an air of magnanimity, superiority, and independence. Their complexion is a reddish brown or copper colour; their hair, long, lank, coarse, and black as a raven, and reflecting the like lustre at different exposures to the light. The women of the Cherokees are tall, slender, erect and of a delicate frame; their features formed with perfect symmetry; the countenance cheerful and friendly; and they move with a becoming grace and dignity" (R. C. Pritchard, Researches into the Physical History of Mankind (Volume V, 1847), p. 403-4)

The Cherokee Nation and United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians have headquarters in Tahlequah, Oklahoma. The United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma are a federally recognized Band of Indians headquartered in Tahlequah, Oklahoma. Tahlequah (Pronounced " Tal a Kwa " is a city in Cherokee County, Oklahoma, United States located at the foot hills of the Ozark Mountains Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians is located at Cherokee, North Carolina. The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians are a Federally recognized Native American tribe in the United States of America Cherokee is a town in Swain County, North Carolina, USA. It is the Headquarters for the Eastern Band of the Cherokee Indians All three are federally recognized.

Contents 1 History 1.1 Prehistoric and protohistoric periods 1.2 17th Century 1.3 18th century 1.4 Historians 1.5 19th century 1.5.1 Trail of Tears 1.5.2 Ridge opposition 1.5.3 Separation 1.6 20th century 1.6.1 The 1997 Cherokee Constitutional Crisis 1.7 The United Keetoowah Band 2 Customs and Ceremonies 2.1 Marriage 3 Language and writing system 3.1 Language drift 4 Treaties, Government and Tribal Recognition 5 Modern Cherokee Nation 5.1 Environment 5.2 Cherokee Freedmen 5.3 Relationship with the Eastern Band 5.4 Marriage Law controversy 6 Famous Cherokees 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links 10.1 Organizations

History

Prehistoric and protohistoric periods

In describing the history of Indians living in the interior of the American southeast, scholars use the term prehistory for the time before the mid-sixteenth century, when several Spanish expeditions journeyed through the southeast. Stone Age Paleolithic See also Paleolithic, Recent African Origin, Early Homo sapiens, Early human migrations "Paleolithic" After these expeditions the European historic record is silent until about 1700. The term protohistory is used for this period. Protohistory refers to a period between Prehistory and History, during which a Culture or Civilization has not yet developed Writing The time after about 1700 is called the historic era. History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology

Since historic documentation is generally lacking, Cherokee prehistory and protohistory has been studied via oral tradition, linguistic analysis, and archeology. Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos

Unlike most other Indians in the American southeast at the start of the historic era, the Cherokee spoke an Iroquoian language. The Iroquoian languages are a Native American Language family. Since the Great Lakes region was the core of Iroquoian languages, it is theorized that the Cherokee migrated south from the Great Lakes region. The Laurentian Great Lakes are a chain of freshwater lakes located in eastern North America, on the Canada–United States border. Linguistic analysis shows a relatively large difference between Cherokee and the northern Iroquoian languages, suggesting a split in the distant past. ^[3] Glottochronology studies suggest the split occurred between about 1,500 and 1,800 B. Glottochronology refers to methods in Historical linguistics used to estimate the time at which languages diverged based on the assumption that the basic (core vocabulary of C. ^[4]

The ancient settlement of Keetoowah or giduwa (Cherokee:), on the Tuckasegee River near present-day Bryson City, North Carolina, is frequently cited as the original Cherokee City. The ancient settlement of Keetoowah (Kituwah or giduwa (CherokeeᎩᏚᏩ on the Tuckasegee River near present-day Bryson City North Carolina, The Tuckasegee River (also frequently spelled Tuckaseegee) flows in western North Carolina, USA Bryson City is a town in Swain County, North Carolina in the United States. ^[3]

During the early historic era, Europeans wrote of several Cherokee town groups, usually using the terms Lower, Middle, and Overhill towns. The term Overhill Cherokee refers to the former Cherokee settlements located in what is now Tennessee in the southeastern United States The Lower towns were situated on the headwater streams of the Savannah River, mainly in present-day western South Carolina and northeastern Georgia. For the Department of Energy facility see Savannah River Site The Savannah River is a major river in the southeastern United States South Carolina ( is a state in the southern region ( Deep South) of the United States of America. The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule Keowee was one of the chief towns. Keowee was a Cherokee town in the north of present-day South Carolina. The Middle towns were located in present western North Carolina, on the headwater streams of the Tennessee River, such as the Little Tennessee River, Hiwassee River, and French Broad River. North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States The Tennessee River is the largest tributary of the Ohio River. The Little Tennessee River is a tributary of the Tennessee River, approximately 135 miles (217 km long in the Appalachian Mountains in the southeastern The Hiwassee River has its headwaters on the north slope of Rocky Mountain in Towns County in northern Georgia (as the Hiawassee River) and flows The French Broad River flows from near Rosman in Transylvania County, North Carolina, into Tennessee. Among several chief towns was Nikwasi. Nikwasi (also spelled Nequassee Nucassee Noucassih etc was an important and ancient Cherokee town located on the Little Tennessee River at the site of present-day The Overhill towns were located across the higher mountains in present eastern Tennessee and northwestern Georgia. Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. Principal towns included Chota and Great Tellico. Chota (also spelled Chote, Echota, Itsati, and other similar variations is a historic Overhill Cherokee site in Monroe County Tennessee Great Tellico was a Cherokee town at the site of present-day Tellico Plains Tennessee, where the Tellico River emerges from the Appalachian Mountains These terms were created and used by Europeans to describe their changing geopolitical relationship with the Cherokee. ^[3]

17th Century

According to James Mooney, the English first had contact with the Cherokee in 1654. One of the earliest European-American accounts comes from the expedition of James Needham and Gabriel Arthur, sent in 1673 by fur-trader Abraham Wood of Virginia to the Overhill Cherokee country. Abraham Wood (1614-1682 sometimes referred to as "General" or "Colonel" Wood was an English Fur trader (specifically the Deerskin trade) and The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state Wood hoped to forge a direct trading connection with the Cherokee in order to bypass the Occaneechi Indians who were serving as middlemen on the Trading Path. The Occaneechi or Occoneechee were Native Americans related to the Saponi or Sappony, Tutelo or Totaro, Eno and other eastern The Trading Path (aka The Path to the Catawba the Catawba Road etc The two Virginians did make contact with the Cherokee, although Needham was killed on the return journey and Arthur was almost killed. By the late seventeenth century, traders from both Virginia and South Carolina were making regular journeys to Cherokee lands, but few wrote about their experiences. Much of the early trading contact period has only been pieced together by colonial laws and lawsuits involving traders. The trade was mainly deerskins, raw material for the booming European leather industry, in exchange for European technology "trade goods" such as iron and steel tools (kettles, knives, etc), firearms, gunpowder, and ammunition. The deerskin trade between Colonial America and the Native Americans was one of the most important trading relationships between Europeans and Native Americans especially In 1705 these traders complained that their business had been lost and replaced by Indian slave trade instigated by Governor Moore of South Carolina. Moore had commissioned people to "set upon, assault, kill, destroy, and take captive as many Indians as possible". These captives would be sold and the profits split with the Governor. ^[5]

Although selling alcohol to Indians was made illegal by colonial governments at an early date, rum, and later whiskey, were a common item of trade. ^[6]

18th century

Of the southeastern Indian confederacies of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries (Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw, etc), the Cherokee were one of the most populous and powerful, and were relatively isolated by their hilly and mountainous homeland. A relatively small-scale trading system was established with Virginia in the late seventeenth century. A much stronger and important trade relationship with the colony of South Carolina, based in Charles Town, began in the 1690s and overshadowed the Virginia relationship by the 1700s. Charleston is a city in Charleston county in the US state of South Carolina. ^[7]

Although there was some trading contact, the Cherokee remained relatively unaffected by the presence of European colonies in America until the Tuscarora War and its aftermath. The Tuscarora War was fought in North Carolina during the autumn of 1711 until 11 February, 1715 between the British, Dutch, and In 1711 the Tuscarora began attacking colonists in North Carolina after diplomatic attempts to address various grievances failed. The Tuscarora ("hemp gatherers" are an American Indian tribe with members in New York, Canada, and North Carolina. The governor of North Carolina asked South Carolina for military aid. Before the war was over several years later, South Carolina had mustered and sent two armies against the Tuscarora. The ranks of both armies were made up mostly of Indians, with Yamasee troops especially. The Yamasee were a Native American tribe that lived in coastal region of present-day northern Florida and southern Georgia near the Savannah River The first army, under the command of John Barnwell, campaigned in North Carolina in 1712. By the end of the year a fragile peace had been established, and the army dispersed. No Cherokee were involved in the first army. Hostilities between the Tuscarora and North Carolina broke out soon after, and in late 1712 to early 1713 a second army from South Carolina fought the Tuscarora. This army consisted of about 100 British and over 700 Indian soldiers. As with the first army, the second depended heavily on the Yamasee and Catawba. This time, however, hundreds of Cherokee joined the army. The army's campaign ended after a major Tuscarora defeat at Hancock's Fort. All told, over 1,000 Tuscarora and allied Indians were killed or captured. Those captured were mainly sold into the Indian slave trade. Indian Slavery was the practice of using Indigenous peoples of the Americas as Slaves. Although the second army from South Carolina disbanded soon after the battle, the Tuscarora War continued for several years. Some previously neutral Tuscarora turned hostile, and the Iroquois confederacy entered the dispute. The Iroquois Confederacy (also known as the "League of Peace and Power" the "Five Nations" the "Six Nations" or the "People of the Longhouse In the end a large number of Tuscarora moved north to live among the Iroquois.

The Tuscarora War altered the geopolitical context of colonial America in several ways, including a general Iroquois interest in the south. For the many southeastern Indians involved, it was the first time so many had collaborated in a military campaign and seen how different the various English colonies were. As a result the war helped to bind the Indians of the entire region together, enhancing Indian networks of communication and trade. The Cherokee became much more closely integrated with the region's various Indians and Europeans. The Tuscarora War marked the beginning of an English-Cherokee relationship that, despite breaking down on occasion, remained strong for much of the 18th century. The Tuscarora War also marks the rise of Cherokee military power, demonstrated in the 1714 attack and destruction of the Yuchi town of Chestowee (in today's southeastern Tennessee). The Yuchi, also spelled Euchee and Uchee, are a Native American Indian Tribe previously living in the eastern The English traders Alexander Long and Eleazer Wiggan instigated the attack through various deceptions and promises, although there was a pre-existing conflict between the Cherokee and Yuchi. The traders' plot was based in the Cherokee town of Euphase (Great Hiwassee), and mainly involved Cherokee from that town. Great Hiwassee, also known as "Ayuhwasi Egwaha" was an important Overhill Cherokee town In May 1714 the Cherokee destroyed the Yuchi town of Chestowee. Inhabitants not killed or captured fled to the Creek or the Savannah River Yuchi. Long and Wiggan had told the Cherokee that the South Carolina government wished for and approved this attack, which was not true. The governor of South Carolina, having heard of the plot, sent a messenger to tell the Cherokee not to continue and attack the Savannah River Yuchi. The Cherokee attack on the Yuchi ended with Chestowee, but it was enough to catch the attention of every Indian tribe attack Chestowee. The messenger arrived too late to save Chestowee but played a role in the and European colony in the region. Thus around 1715, after the Tuscarora War and the attack on Chestowee, the Cherokee emerged as a major power. ^[7]

In 1715, just as the Tuscarora War was winding down, the Yamasee War broke out. The Yamasee War (also spelled Yemassee War) ( 1715 - 1717) was a conflict between colonial South Carolina and various Native American Indian Numerous Indian tribes launched attacks on South Carolina. The Province of Carolina from 1663 to 1712, was a North American British proprietary Colony, controlled by eight English noblemen The Cherokee participated in some of the attacks, but were divided on what course to take. After South Carolina's militia succeeded in driving off the Yamasee and Catawba the Cherokee's position became strategically pivotal. Both South Carolina and the Lower Creek tried to gain Cherokee support. Some Cherokee favored an alliance with South Carolina and war on the Creek, while others favored the opposite. The impasse was resolved in January 1716, when a delegation of Creek leaders was murdered at the Cherokee town of Tugaloo. Tugaloo was a Cherokee town on the Tugaloo River, at the mouth of Toccoa Creek near present-day Toccoa Georgia and very near the historic tavern called Subsequently, the Cherokee launched attacks against the Creek, but in 1717 peace treaties between South Carolina and the Creek were finalized, undermining the Cherokee's commitment to war. Hostility and sporadic raids between the Cherokee and Creek continued for decades. ^[8]

In 1730, at Nikwasi, Chief Moytoy II of Tellico was chosen as "Emperor" by the Elector Chiefs of the principal Cherokee towns. Nikwasi (also spelled Nequassee Nucassee Noucassih etc was an important and ancient Cherokee town located on the Little Tennessee River at the site of present-day Moytoy Pigeon of Tellico Principal Chief and Emperor of the Cherokee ("Trader Tom" Carpenter was the leading Chief of the Cherokee tribe from April Great Tellico was a Cherokee town at the site of present-day Tellico Plains Tennessee, where the Tellico River emerges from the Appalachian Mountains He unified the Cherokee Nation from a society of interrelated city-states in the early 18th century with the aid of an unofficial English envoy, Sir Alexander Cuming. Moytoy agreed to recognize King George II of Great Britain as the Cherokee protector. George II (George Augustus 10 November 1683 &ndash 25 October 1760 was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg ( Seven prominent Cherokee, including Attacullaculla, traveled with Sir Alexander Cuming back to England. Attacullaculla of Chota-Tenase Principal Chief of the Cherokee, (ca England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The Cherokee delegation stayed in London for four months. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The visit culminated in a formal treaty of alliance between the British and Cherokee, the 1730 Treaty of Whitehall. The Treaty of Whitehall (or the Treaty of American Neutrality) was signed between Louis XIV of France and James II of England While the journey to London and the treaty were important factors in future British-Cherokee relations, the title of Cherokee Emperor did not carry much clout among the Cherokee and eventually passed out of Moytoy's direct avuncular lineage. The unification of the Cherokee nation was essentially ceremonial, with political authority remaining town-based for decades afterward. In addition, Sir Alexander Cuming's aspirations to play an important role in Cherokee affairs failed. ^[9] In 1735 the Cherokee were estimated to have sixty-four towns and villages and 6000 fighting men. In 1738 - 39 smallpox, introduced to the country onboard slave ships, broke out among the Cherokee and killed nearly half their population within a year. Smallpox is an Infectious disease unique to humans caused by either of two virus variants named Variola major and Variola minor. Hundreds of others committed suicide due to the disfigurement.

Beginning at about the time of the American Revolutionary War in the late 18th century, divisions over continued accommodation of encroachments by white settlers, despite repeated violations of previous treaties, caused some Cherokee to begin to leave the Cherokee Nation. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" Many of these dissidents became known as the Chickamauga. The Chickamauga wars (1776&ndash1794 were a series of back-and-forth raids campaigns ambushes minor skirmishes and several full-scale frontier battles that were a continuation of Led by Chief Dragging Canoe, the Chickamauga made alliances with the Shawnee and engaged in raids against colonial settlements. Dragging Canoe (c 1738 &ndash March 1 1792 was an American Indian war leader who led a dissident band of young Cherokees against the United States in The Shawnee, or Shaawanwaki, Shaawanooki and Shaawanowi lenaweeki, are a people native to North America. The Chickamauga wars (1776&ndash1794 were a series of back-and-forth raids campaigns ambushes minor skirmishes and several full-scale frontier battles that were a continuation of Some of these early dissidents eventually moved across the Mississippi River to areas that would later become the states of Arkansas and Missouri. The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to Arkansas ( is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee Their settlements were established on the St. Francis and the White Rivers by 1800. The Saint Francis River is a Tributary of the Mississippi River, about 470 mi (760 km long in southeastern Missouri and northeastern Arkansas The White River is a 722 mile (1162 km long River that flows through the U

Historians

Much of what is known about pre 19th century Cherokee history, culture, and society comes from the papers of American writer John Howard Payne. John Howard Payne ( 9 June, 1791 - 10 April, 1852) was an American Actor, Playwright, Author and Statesman The Payne papers describe the memory Cherokee elders had of a traditional societal structure in which a "white" organization of elders represented the seven clans. This group, which was hereditary and described as priestly, was responsible for religious activities such as healing, purification, and prayer. A second group of younger men, the "red" organization, was responsible for warfare. However, warfare was considered a polluting activity which required the purification of the priestly class before participants could reintegrate in normal village life.

This hierarchy had faded by the time of the Cherokee removal in 1838. Indian Removal was a nineteenth century policy of the government of the United States to ethnically cleanse Native American tribes living east of the Mississippi The reasons for the change have been debated and may include: a revolt by the Cherokee against the abuses of the priestly class, the massive smallpox epidemic of the late 1730s, and the incorporation of Christian ideas, which transformed Cherokee religion by the end of the eighteenth century. Smallpox is an Infectious disease unique to humans caused by either of two virus variants named Variola major and Variola minor. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings ^[10]

Ethnographer James Mooney, who studied the Cherokee in the late 1880s, traced the decline of the former hierarchy to the revolt. James Mooney (1861-1921 was an American Anthropologist who lived for several years among the Cherokee. ^[11] By the time of Mooney, the structure of Cherokee religious practitioners was more informal and based more on individual knowledge and ability than upon heredity. In addition, separation of the Eastern Cherokee, who had not participated in the removal and remained in the mountains of western North Carolina, further complicated the traditional hierarchies. ^[10]

Another major source of early cultural history comes from the materials written in Cherokee by the didanvwisgi (Cherokee:ᏗᏓᏅᏫᏍᎩ), or Cherokee medicine men, after the creation of the Cherokee syllabary by Sequoya in the 1820s. " Medicine man " is an English term used to describe Native American spiritual figures such individuals are often viewed by scholars concerned with these These materials were initially only used by the didanvwisgi (Cherokee:ᏗᏓᏅᏫᏍᎩ) and were considered extremely powerful. ^[10] Later, these were widely adopted by the Cherokee people.

19th century

In 1815—after the War of 1812 in which Cherokees fought on behalf of both the British and American armies— the U. The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies S. Government established a Cherokee Reservation in Arkansas. The reservation boundaries extended from north of the Arkansas River to the southern bank of the White River. The Arkansas River is a major Tributary of the Mississippi River. Cherokee bands who lived in Arkansas were: The Bowl, Sequoyah, Spring Frog and The Dutch. Another band of Cherokee lived in southeast Missouri, western Kentucky and Tennessee in frontier settlements and in European majority communities around the Mississippi River. The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to

John Ross was an important figure in the history of the Cherokee tribe. John Ross ( October 3, 1790 - August 1, 1866) also known as Kooweskoowe - a mythological or rare migratory bird Principal Chief of His father emigrated from Scotland prior to the Revolutionary War; his mother was a quarter-blood Cherokee woman whose father was also from Scotland. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. John Ross began his public career in 1809. The Cherokee Nation was founded in 1820, with elected public officials. John Ross became the chief of the tribe in 1828 and remained the chief until his death in 1866.

Trail of Tears

Cherokees were displaced from their ancestral lands in northern Georgia and the Carolinas in a period of rapidly expanding white population. Some of the rapid expansion was due to a gold rush around Dahlonega, Georgia in the 1830s. A gold rush is a period of feverish migration of workers into the area of a dramatic discovery of commercial quantities of Gold. Dahlonega is a city in Lumpkin County, Georgia, United States, and is its County seat. Various official reasons for the removal were given. One official argument was that the Cherokee were not efficiently using their land and the land should be given to white farmers. Others suggest that President Andrew Jackson's reasons for this removal policy were humanitarian. Andrew Jackson (March 15 1767 June 8 1845 was the seventh President of the United States (1829&ndash1837 Jackson said that the policy was an effort to prevent the Cherokee from facing the fate of "the Mohegan, the Narragansett, and the Delaware". The Mohegan tribe is an Algonquian-speaking tribe that lives in eastern upper Thames valley Connecticut The Narragansett tribe are a Native American Tribe who controlled the area surrounding Narragansett Bay in present-day Rhode Island, and also The shannon (later named Delaware Indians by Europeans were in the 17th century organized bands of Native American peoples with shared cultural and linguistic ^[12] However there is ample evidence that the Cherokee were adapting modern farming techniques, and a modern analysis shows that the area was in general in a state of economic surplus. ^[13]

Despite a Supreme Court ruling in their favor, many in the Cherokee Nation were forcibly relocated West, a migration known as the Trail of Tears or in Cherokee Nunna Daul Tsunny (Cherokee:The Trail Where They Cried). Worcester v Georgia, 31 US (6 Pet 515 ( 1832) was a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that Cherokee Native Americans The Trail of Tears was the forced relocation of Native Americans from their homelands to Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma in the Western United States This took place during the Indian Removal Act of 1830, although as of 1883, the Cherokee were the last large southern Indian tribe to be removed. The Indian Removal Act, part of a United States government policy known as Indian removal, was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 26 Even so, the harsh treatment the Cherokee received at the hands of white settlers caused some to enroll to emigrate west. ^[14]

Samuel Carter, author of Cherokee Sunset, writes: "Then… there came the reign of terror. From the jagged-walled stockades the troops fanned out across the Nation, invading every hamlet, every cabin, rooting out the inhabitants at bayonet point. A stockade is an enclosure of Palisades and tall walls made of logs placed side by side vertically with the tops sharpened to provide security The Cherokees hardly had time to realize what was happening as they were prodded like so many sheep toward the concentration camps, threatened with knives and pistols, beaten with rifle butts if they resisted. "^[15]

Ridge opposition

Among the Cherokee, John Ross led the battle to halt their removal. Ross's position was in opposition to a group known as the "Ridge Party" or the "Treaty Party". This was in reference to the Treaty of New Echota, which exchanged Cherokee land for land in the west and its principle signers John Ridge and his father Major Ridge. The Treaty of New Echota was a removal treaty signed in New Echota, Georgia by officials of the United States government and several members John Ridge ( 1792 - June 22, 1839, translated Cherokee Name Yellow Bird was a son of Major Ridge and a member of the Cherokee Tribe Major Ridge, also Pathkiller II (c1771 – June 22, 1839) was a Cherokee Indian leader and protégé along with Charles

On June 22, 1839, the prominent signers of the Treaty of New Echota were executed, including Major Ridge, John Ridge and Elias Boudinot by Cherokee extremists. Tahlequah (Pronounced " Tal a Kwa " is a city in Cherokee County, Oklahoma, United States located at the foot hills of the Ozark Mountains Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Year 1839 ( MDCCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Elias Boudinot (1802&ndash June 22, 1839) was a Cherokee Indian who started and edited the tribe's first newspaper

In the early 1860s, John Ridge's son, novelist John Rollin Ridge, led a group of delegates to Washington, D.C. as early as the 1860s in a failed attempt to gain federal recognition for a Cherokee faction that was opposed to the leadership of Chief John Ross. John Rollin Ridge ( Cherokee name Cheesquatalawny, or Yellow Bird, March 19, 1827 &ndash October 5, 1867 Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D John Ross ( October 3, 1790 - August 1, 1866) also known as Kooweskoowe - a mythological or rare migratory bird Principal Chief of ^[16]

Separation

In 1848, a group of Cherokee set out on an expedition to California, looking for new settlement lands. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The expedition followed the Arkansas River upstream to Rocky Mountains in present-day Colorado, then followed the base of mountains northward into present-day Wyoming, before turning westward. Mountain peaks of the Rocky Mountains The Rocky Mountains, often called the Rockies, are a Mountain range in western North America. The State of Colorado ( or chiefly by nonresidents) is a state located in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States of America. The State of Wyoming ( is a sparsely populated state in the western region of the United States. The route become known as the Cherokee Trail or the Rocky Mountain Trail, starting from Fort Smith, Arkansas that also extended northward to Montana all the way to the Canadian border near Cut Bank, Montana. The Cherokee Trail, called the " Trappers' Trail," in Colorado was a historic trail through the present-day U Fort Smith is the second-largest city in the US state of Arkansas and one of the two County seats of Sebastian County. Montana ( is a state in the Western United States. One-third of the state in the western part contains numerous mountain ranges (approximately 77 named of the northern Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page See also Cut Bank Creek, Cut bank Cut Bank is a city in and the County seat of Glacier County, Montana, United States

The group, which undertook gold prospecting in California, returned along the same route the following year, noticing placer gold deposits in tributaries of the South Platte. Placer mining (pronounced "plass-er" refers to the mining of alluvial deposits for Minerals This may be done by open-pit (also called open-cast The South Platte River is one of the two principal tributaries of the Platte River and itself a major river of the American West, located in the U The discovery went unnoticed for a decade but eventually became one of the primary sources of the Pike's Peak Gold Rush of 1859 and other gold rushes across the western U. The Pike's Peak Gold Rush (later known as the Colorado Gold Rush) was the boom in Gold prospecting and mining in the Pike's Peak Country of western S. in the 1860s.

Not all of the eastern Cherokees were removed on the Trail of Tears. William Holland Thomas, a white store owner and state legislator from Jackson County, North Carolina, helped over 600 Cherokee from Qualla Town (the site of modern-day Cherokee, North Carolina) obtain North Carolina citizenship. Jackson County is a County located in the southwest of the US Cherokee is a town in Swain County, North Carolina, USA. It is the Headquarters for the Eastern Band of the Cherokee Indians As citizens, they were exempt from forced removal to the west. In addition, over 400 other Cherokee hid from Federal troops in the remote Snowbird Mountains of neighboring Graham County, North Carolina, under the leadership of Tsali (ᏣᎵ)^[17] (the subject of the outdoor drama Unto These Hills held in Cherokee, North Carolina). Graham County is a County located in the US state of North Carolina. Unto These Hills is an outdoor historical drama staged annually at the 2800-seat Mountainside Theatre in Cherokee North Carolina. Together, these groups were the basis for what is now known as the Eastern Band of Cherokees.

Out of gratitude to Thomas, these Western North Carolina Cherokees served in the American Civil War as part of Thomas's Legion. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South Thomas's Legion consisted of infantry, cavalry, and artillery. The legion mustered approximately 2,000 men of both Cherokee and white origin, fighting primarily in Virginia, where their battle record was outstanding. ^[18] Thomas's Legion was the last Confederate unit in the eastern theater of the war to surrender after capturing Waynesville, North Carolina on May 9, 1865. Waynesville is an incorporated Town in Haywood County, North Carolina, United States of America Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year They agreed to cease hostilities on the condition of being allowed to retain their arms for hunting. This, together with Stand Watie The chief of the Southern Cherokee Nation. Stand Watie ( 12 December 1806 &ndash 9 September 1871) (also known as Standhope Oowatie, Degataga "stand 's surrender of western forces on July 23, 1865, gave the Cherokees the distinction of being the very last Confederates to capitulate in both theaters of the Civil War. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France. Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year In Oklahoma, the Dawes Act of 1887 broke up the tribal land base. The Dawes Act was enacted on February 8, 1887 and named after its sponsor U Under the Curtis Act of 1898, Cherokee courts and governmental systems were abolished by the U. S. Federal Government.

20th century

These and other acts were designed to end tribal sovereignty and to pave the way for Oklahoma Statehood in 1907. The Federal government appointed chiefs to the Cherokee Nation, often just long enough to sign a treaty. In reaction to this, the Cherokee Nation recognized that it needed leadership and a general convention was convened in 1938 to elect a Chief. They choose J. B. Milam as principal chief, and, as a goodwill gesture, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt confirmed the election in 1941. Jesse Bartley Milam was the Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation from 1941 to 1949

W. W. Keeler was appointed chief in 1949. Because the federal government had adopted a self-determination policy, the Cherokee Nation was able to rebuild its government and W. W. Keeler was elected chief by the people, via a Congressional Act signed by President Richard Nixon. Keeler, who was also the President of Phillips Petroleum, was succeeded by Ross Swimmer and then Wilma Mankiller. Phillips Petroleum Company was founded in 1917 by LE Phillips and Frank Phillips, of Bartlesville, Oklahoma. Wilma Pearl Mankiller (born November 18, 1945 in Tahlequah Oklahoma) was the first female Chief of the Cherokee Nation.

The 1997 Cherokee Constitutional Crisis

The Cherokee Nation was seriously destabilized in May 1997 in what was variously described as either a nationalist "uprising" or an "anti-constitutional coup" instigated by Joe Byrd, their Principal Chief. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Joe Byrd was the Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation from 1995 to 1999 Elected in 1995 Byrd's style of government had left him locked in a battle of strength with the judicial branch of the Cherokee tribe. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 The crisis came to a dramatic head when on March 22, 1997 Joe Byrd, Principal Chief, stated in a press conference that he would decide which orders of the Cherokee Nation’s Supreme Court were lawful and which were not. A simmering crisis continued over the creation by the Principal Chief of his own private, armed paramilitary force. The crisis came to a head on June 20, 1997 when his private army illegally seize custody of the Cherokee Nation Courthouse from its legal caretakers and occupants, the Cherokee Nation Marshals, the Judicial Appeals Tribunal and its court clerks, and to physically oust the lawful occupants at gunpoint. Immediately there were demands for the courthouse to be returned to the judicial branch of the Cherokee Nation but these requests were ignored by the Principal Chief ^[19]

The Federal Authorities of the United States initially refused to intervene because this would constitute a breach of tribal sovereignty. However, the State of Oklahoma recognized that the activities of Joe Byrd were breaches in State Law and by August had sent in state troopers and specialist anti-terrorist teams. Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. Joe Byrd was forced to attend a meeting in Washington DC with the Bureau of Indian Affairs where he was compelled to re-open the courts. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D History Although the bureau which was called the Office of Indian Affairs was formed in 1824 similar agencies had existed in the U He served the remainder of his elected term under supervision and remains a free man.

Joe Byrd lost the election in 1999 to Chad Smith who is currently the chief of the Nation. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Chadwick "Corntassel" Smith ( Cherokee name ugista:ᎤᎩᏍᏔ derived from Cherokee word for corntassel utsitsata:ᎤᏥᏣᏔ) was elected as

The United Keetoowah Band

The United Keetoowah Band took a different track than the Cherokee Nation and received federal recognition after the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 . The Indian Reorganization Act, 1934, also known as the Wheeler-Howard Act or informally the Indian New Deal, was a U Members of the United Keetoowah Band are descended from the Old Settlers, Cherokees who moved west before the Removal. The tribe requires a quarter blood quantum for enrollment and UKB members must have at least one ancestor listed on the Final Dawes Roll of the Cherokee. Blood Quantum Laws is an umbrella term that describes legislation enacted to define membership in Native American groups

Customs and Ceremonies

Marriage

In Indian Territory, for a white man to marry a Cherokee woman, he was required to petition the court with approval of ten of her blood relatives. Once married, the man became a member of the tribe, yet could not hold any tribal office. Yet he still remained under the laws of the United States. Many chose to live together and call themselves married. This was known as "common law" marriage.

Language and writing system

Main article: Cherokee language

The Cherokee speak an Iroquoian language which is polysynthetic and is written in a syllabary invented by Sequoyah (ᏍᏏᏆᏱ). Cherokee (ᏣᎳᎩ Tsalagi) is an Iroquoian language spoken by the Cherokee people which uses a unique syllabary writing system The Iroquoian languages are a Native American Language family. Polysynthetic languages are highly Synthetic languages ie languages in which words are composed of many Morphemes Definition The degree of A syllabary is a set of written symbols that represent (or approximate Syllables which make up Words A symbol in a syllabary typically represents an optional See also Cherokee Sequoyah (ᏍᏏᏉᏱ S-si-quo-ya in Cherokee) (circa 1767 - 1843 known as George Guess, For years, many people wrote transliterated Cherokee on the Internet or used poorly intercompatible fonts to type out the syllabary. However, since the fairly recent addition of the Cherokee syllables to Unicode, the Cherokee language is experiencing a renaissance in its use on the Internet. In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's As of January 2007, however, the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma still officially uses a non-unicode font for online documents, including online editions of the Cherokee Phoenix. The Cherokee Phoenix was the first newspaper published by Native Americans in the United States from New Echota.

The Cherokee language does not contain any "r" based sounds, and as such, the word "Cherokee" when spoken in the language is expressed as Tsa-la-gi (pronounced Jah-la-gee, or Je-la-gee) by native speakers, since these sounds most closely resemble the English language. A Southern Cherokee group did speak a local dialect with a trill consonant "r" sound, after early contact with Europeans of both French and Spanish ancestry in Georgia and Alabama during the early 18th century (This "r" sound spoken in the dialect of the Elati, or Lower, Cherokee area – Georgia and Alabama – became extinct in the 19th century around the time of the Trail of Tears, examples are Tsaragi or Tse-La-gee). In Phonetics, a trill is a Consonantal sound produced by vibrations between the articulator and the Place of articulation. The ancient Ani-kutani (ᎠᏂᎫᏔᏂ) dialect and Oklahoma dialects do not contain any 'r'-based sounds. Ah-ni-ku-ta-ni or Ah-ni-gu-ta-ni (pronounced Ah-nee-koo-tah-nee/Ah-nee-goo-tah-nee were the ancient priesthood of the Cherokee or Ah-ni-yv-wi-ya people

Because of the polysynthetic nature of the Cherokee Language, new and descriptive words in Cherokee are easily constructed to reflect or express modern concepts. Some good examples are di-ti-yo-hi-hi (Cherokee:ᏗᏘᏲᎯᎯ) which means "he argues repeatedly and on purpose with a purpose". This is the Cherokee word for attorney. Another example is di-da-ni-yi-s-gi (Cherokee:ᏗᏓᏂᏱᏍᎩ) which means the final catcher or "he catches them finally and conclusively". This is the Cherokee word for policeman.

Many words, however, have been borrowed from the English Language, such as gasoline which in Cherokee is ga-so-li-ne (Cherokee:ᎦᏐᎵᏁ). Many other words were borrowed from the languages of tribes who settled in Oklahoma in the early twentieth century. One of the more humorous examples relates to an own on Oklahoma named "Nowata". The word "nowata" is a Delaware Indian word for "welcome" (more precisely the Delaware word is "nu-wi-ta" which can mean "welcome" or "friend" in the Delaware Language). The white settlers of the area used the name "nowata" for the township, and local Cherokee's, being unaware the word had its origins in the Delaware Language, called the town a-ma-di-ka-ni-gv-na-gv-na (Cherokee:ᎠᎹᏗᎧᏂᎬᎾᎬᎾ) which means "the water is all gone from here", i. e. "no water".

Other examples of borrowed words are ka-wi (Cherokee:ᎧᏫ) for coffee and wa-tsi (Cherokee:ᏩᏥ) for watch (which led to u-ta-na wa-tsi (Cherokee:ᎤᏔᎾ ᏩᏥ) or "big watch" for clock).

Language drift

There are two main dialects in Cherokee spoken by modern speakers. The Giduwa dialect (Eastern Band) and the Otali Dialect (also called the Overhill dialect) spoken in Oklahoma. The Otali dialect has drifted significantly from Sequoyah's Syllabary in the past 150 years, and many contracted and borrowed words have been adopted into the language. These noun and verb roots in Cherokee, however, can still be mapped to Sequoyah's Syllabary. In modern times, there are more than 85 syllables in use by modern Cherokee speakers. Modern Cherokee speakers who speak Otali employ 122 distinct syllables in Oklahoma.

Treaties, Government and Tribal Recognition

Treaties

Treaty of Hopeville, 1785: Changed the boundaries between the U. S. and Cherokee lands. Known as the "Talking Leaves Treaty" since the Cherokee claimed that when the treaties no longer suited the Americans, they would blow away like talking leaves.

Treaty of Holston, 1791:Established boundaries between the United States and the Cherokee Nation. The Treaty of Holston was signed by William Blount, governor in and over the territory of the United States south of the Ohio River, and superintendent Guaranteed by the United States that the lands of the Cherokee Nation have not been ceded to the United States.

Treaty with the Cherokee, 1798: The boundaries promised in the previous treaty had not been marked and white settlers had come in. Because of this, the Cherokee were told they would need to cede new lands as an "acknowledgement" of the protection of the United States. The U. S. would guarantee the Cherokee could keep the remainder of their land "forever".

Treaties of Tellico, 1804 - 1806: Roads had been built on the Cherokee land, and the U. S. added that it's citizens should have "free and unmolested use and enjoyment of them", plus build a new road to deliver mail. Give the State of Tennessee some land for to convene an assembly. The U. S. wanted the Cherokee to become farmers. They began to send farming tools and spinning wheels as part of the treaties in place of some of the monies that were to be paid.

Treaties of Washington: 1819 - 1835

Resolution of Rattlesnake Springs, 1838: "Resolved, by the Committee and Council of the Cherokee Nation in General Council assembled, that the whole Cherokee territory, as described in the first article of the treaty of 1819 between the United States and the Cherokee Nation, and, also, in the constitution of the Cherokee Nation, still remains the rightful and undoubted property of the said Cherokee Nation; and that all damages and losses, direct or indirect, resulting from the enforcement of the alleged stipulations of the pretended treaty of New Echota, are in justice and equity, chargeable to the account of the United States. The inherent sovereignty of the Cherokee Nation, together with the constitution, laws, and usages, of the same, are, and, by the authority aforesaid, hereby declared to be in full force and virtue, and shall continue so to be in perpetuity, subject to such modifications as the general welfare may render expedient. The Cherokee people do not intend that it shall be so construed as yielding or giving sanction or approval to the pretended treaty of 1835; nor as compromising, in any manner, their just claim against the United States hereafter, for a full and satisfactory indemnification for their country and for all individual losses and injuries. "

Government

1822 A Cherokee supreme court was established

1823 National committee given power to review acts of national council.

1827 Cherokee Constitution

1839 Cherokee Constitution (after relocation)

1868 First declaration of a formal government of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians

1888 Charter of Incorporation issued by the State of North Carolina to the Eastern Band

1975 Constitution of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma

The Moytoy ruled the Cherokee people through the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries culminating with the destruction of Chota-Tanasi by the American revolutionary forces fighting Oconostota in 1780. The House of Moytoy (pronounced "Mah-tie" or Moytoy-Carpenter, was a prominent family of Overhill Cherokee chiefs during the seventeenth and eighteenth Oconostota (ca 1710-1783 was the Warrior of Chota and the war chief of the Cherokee Nation from 1775 to 1780 However Oconostota's successor, Hanging Maw, married a granddaughter of Moytoy I (and sister of Attacullaculla). Hanging Maw was the leading chief of the Cherokee from 1780 to 1792 Attacullaculla of Chota-Tenase Principal Chief of the Cherokee, (ca During this time, inheritance was largely matrilineal. Kinship and clan membership was of primary importance until around 1820.

After being ravaged by smallpox, and pressed by increasingly violent land-hungry settlers, the Cherokee adopted a whiteman's form of government in an effort to retain their lands. They established a governmental system modeled on that of the United States, with an elected principal chief, senate, and house of representatives. On April 10, 1810 the seven Cherokee clans met and began the abolition of blood vengeance by giving the sacred duty to the new Cherokee National government. Clans formally relinquished judicial responsibilities by the 1820s when the Cherokee Supreme Court was established. In 1825, the National Council extended citizenship to the children of Cherokee men married to white women. These ideas were largely incorporated into the 1827 Cherokee constitution. ^[20] The constitution stated that "No person who is of negro or mulatlo [sic] parentage, either by the father or mother side, shall be eligible to hold any office of profit, honor or trust under this Government," with an exception for, "negroes and descendants of white and Indian men by negro women who may have been set free. Mulatto is a term used to describe a person with one white parent and one black parent or a person whose Ancestry is a mixture of black and white "^[21] This feeling may have been more widely held among the elite than the general population. ^[22]

Today the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma has judicial, executive and legislative branches with executive power vested in the Principal Chief, legislative power in the Tribal Council, and judicial power in the Cherokee Nation Judicial Appeals Tribunal.

The Principal and Deputy Principal Chief, and the council are elected to four-year terms by the registered tribal voters. The council is the legislative branch of government and represent the nine districts of the Cherokee Nation in the 14 county jurisdictional area.

The judicial branch of tribal government includes the District Court and Judicial Appeals Tribunal, which is comparable to the U. S. Supreme Court. The tribunal consists of three members who are appointed by the Principal Chief and confirmed by the council. It is the highest court of the Cherokee Nation and oversees internal legal disputes and the District Court. The District Judge and an Associate District Judge preside over the tribe’s District Court and hear all cases brought before it under jurisdiction of the Cherokee Nation Judicial Code.

The Congress of the United States, The Federal Courts, and State Courts have repeatedly upheld the sovereignty of Native Tribes, defining their relationship in political rather than racial terms, and have stated it is a compelling interest of the United States. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses ^[23]This principle of self-government and tribal sovereignty is controversial. According to the Boston College Sociologist and Cherokee Citizen, Eva Marie Garroutte, there are upwards of 32 separate definitions of "Indian" used in federal legislation as of a 1978 congressional survey. ^[24] The 1994 Federal Legislation AIRFA (American Indian Religious Freedom Act) defines an Indian as one who belongs to an Indian Tribe, which is a group that "is recognized as eligible for the special programs and services provided by the United States to Indians because of their status as Indians. The American Indian Religious Freedom Act (commonly abbreviated to AIRFA is a 1978 United States federal law and a joint resolution of Congress which pledged to protect "

Race and blood quantum are not factors in CNO tribal eligibility. To be considered a citizen in the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma , you need one Indian ancestor listed on the Dawes Rolls^[25]. The Dawes Rolls (or Final Rolls of Citizens and Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes or Dawes Commission of Final Rolls were created by the Dawes Commission. The tribe currently has members who share African-American, Latino, Asian, white and other ancestry. The Eastern Band Cherokee and United Keetoowah tribes do require one quarter Cherokee blood quantum.

Tribal Recognition

Main article: Cherokee Heritage Groups

Many groups have sought recognition by the federal government as Cherokee tribes, but today there are only three groups recognized by the government. Cherokee Heritage Groups are associations societies and other organizations located across the United States and in other countries that seek to preserve key Cherokee Cherokee Nation spokesman Mike Miller has discussed that some groups, which he calls Cherokee Heritage Groups, are encouraged. Cherokee Heritage Groups are associations societies and other organizations located across the United States and in other countries that seek to preserve key Cherokee ^[26] Others, however, are controversial for their attempts to gain economically through their claims to be Cherokee, a claim which is disputed by the three federally recognized groups, who assert themselves as the only groups having the legal right to present themselves as Cherokee Indian Tribes. ^[27]

Modern Cherokee Nation

The modern Cherokee nation, in recent times, has experienced an almost unprecedented expansion in economic growth, equality, and prosperity for its citizens. The Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma (CNO), under the leadership of Principal Chief Chad Smith, has significant business, corporate, real estate, and agricultural interests, including numerous highly profitable casino operations. Chadwick "Corntassel" Smith ( Cherokee name ugista:ᎤᎩᏍᏔ derived from Cherokee word for corntassel utsitsata:ᎤᏥᏣᏔ) was elected as The CNO controls Cherokee Nation Enterprises, Cherokee Nation Industries, and Cherokee Nation Businesses. CNI is a very large defense contractor that creates thousands of jobs in eastern Oklahoma for Cherokee citizens.

The CNO has constructed health clinics throughout Oklahoma, contributed to community development programs, built roads and bridges, constructed learning facilities and universities for its citizens, instilled the practice of Gadugi and self-reliance in its citizens, revitalized language immersion programs for its children and youth, and is a powerful and positive economic and political force in Eastern Oklahoma. Ga-du-gi (CherokeeᎦᏚᎩ is a term used in the Cherokee language which means "working together" in a community sense

The CNO hosts the Cherokee National Holiday on Labor Day weekend each year, and 80,000 to 90,000 Cherokee Citizens travel to Tahlequah, Oklahoma, for the festivities. The Cherokee National Holiday is an annual event held each Labor Day weekend in Tahlequah OK. Labor Day is a United States Federal holiday observed on the first Monday in September Tahlequah (Pronounced " Tal a Kwa " is a city in Cherokee County, Oklahoma, United States located at the foot hills of the Ozark Mountains It also publishes the Cherokee Phoenix, a tribal newspaper which has operated continuously since 1828, publishing editions in both English and the Sequoyah Syllabary. The Cherokee Phoenix was the first newspaper published by Native Americans in the United States from New Echota. The Cherokee Nation council appropriates money for historic foundations concerned with the preservation of Cherokee Culture, including the Cherokee Heritage Center which hosts a reproduction of an ancient Cherokee Village, Adams Rural Village (a turn-of-the-century village), Nofire Farms and the Cherokee Family Research Center (genealogy), which is open to the public. The Cherokee Heritage Center is a Non-profit historical society and museum campus that seeks to preserve the historical and cultural artifacts language and traditional ^[28] The Cherokee Heritage Center is home to the Cherokee National Museum, which has numerous exhibitions also open to the public. The CHC is the repository for the Cherokee Nation as its National Archives. The CHC operates under the Cherokee National Historical Society, Inc. , and is governed by a Board of Trustees with an executive committee.

The Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma also supports the Cherokee Nation Film Festivals in Tahlequah, Oklahoma and participates in the Sundance Film Festival in Park City, Utah. Park City is a town in Summit and Wasatch counties in the US state of Utah.

The Eastern Band of the Cherokee Indians in North Carolina led by Chief Michell Hicks hosts over a million visitors a year to cultural attractions of the 100-square-mile sovereign nation. This reservation, the "Qualla Boundary" has a population of over 8000 Cherokee consisting primarily of direct descendants of those Indians who managed to avoid “The Trail of Tears”. The Eastern Cherokee Indian Reservation (officially known as the Qualla Boundary) is located in western North Carolina just south of Great Smoky Mountains National Park The Trail of Tears was the forced relocation of Native Americans from their homelands to Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma in the Western United States Attractions include the Oconaluftee Indian Village, Museum of the Cherokee Indian, and the country’s oldest and foremost Native American crafts cooperative. The outdoor drama "Unto These Hills" which debuted in 1950 recently broke record attendance sales. Together with Harrah’s Cherokee Casino and Hotel, Cherokee Indian Hospital and Cherokee Boys Club the tribe put over $78 million dollars into the local economy in 2005.

Environment

Today the Cherokee Nation is one of America's biggest proponents of ecological protection. Since 1992, the Nation has served as the lead for the Inter-Tribal Environmental Council. ^[29] The mission of ITEC is to protect the health of American Indians, their natural resources and their environment as it relates to air, land and water. To accomplish this mission, ITEC provides technical support, training and environmental services in a variety of environmental disciplines. Currently, there over forty ITEC member tribes in Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas. New Mexico ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State.

Cherokee Freedmen

Main article: Cherokee Freedmen Controversy

The Cherokee Freedmen, descendants of African American slaves owned by citizens of the Cherokee Nation during the Antebellum Period, were first guaranteed Cherokee citizenship via treaty in 1866, in the wake of the American Civil War. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa " Antebellum " is an expression derived from Latin that means "before war" ( ante, "before" and bellum Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South Their citizenship was revoked in the 1980s. On March 7, 2006, the Cherokee Nation Judicial Appeal Tribunal announced that the Cherokee Freedmen were eligible once more for Cherokee citizenship. Events 161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. This ruling proved controversial; while the Cherokee Freedman had historically been recorded as "citizens" of the Cherokee Nation at least since 1866 and the later Dawes Commission Land Rolls, the ruling "did not limit membership to people possessing Cherokee blood". The American Dawes Commission, named for its first chairman Henry L ^[30] This ruling was consistent with the 1975 Constitution of the Cherokee Nation, in its acceptance of the Cherokee Freedmen on the basis of historical citizenship, rather than evidenced blood relation.

The Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation, Chad Smith, later announced that because of issues raised by the Cherokee people, the issue of Freedmen citizenship was being considered for a vote proposing amendments to the Cherokee Nation Constitution. Chadwick "Corntassel" Smith ( Cherokee name ugista:ᎤᎩᏍᏔ derived from Cherokee word for corntassel utsitsata:ᎤᏥᏣᏔ) was elected as These amendments were intended to restrict tribal membership exclusively to Cherokees by blood descent, thus excluding the Freedmen from tribal membership. ^[31] The Constitution had always restricted governmental positions to persons of Cherokee blood.

In March 2007, the tribe voted on the constitutional amendment. ^[32] 76. 6% of voters affirmed the proposed amendment, revoking the tribal citizenship of the descendants of black slaves who had formerly been considered Cherokee citizens. ^[33] The vote to oust the Freedmen provoked a firestorm of controversy, particularly from various political circles, including the Congressional Black Caucus. The Congressional Black Caucus is an organization representing the African American members of the Congress of the United States. There were calls for the revocation of all federal funding for the Cherokee Nation. ^[34]

The Cherokee Freedmen were reinstated as citizens of the Cherokee Nation by the Cherokee Nation Tribal Courts on May 15, 2007, while appeals are pending in the Cherokee Nation Courts and Federal Court. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ^[35]

On May 22, 2007, the Cherokee Nation received notice from the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs that the BIA and Federal Government had denied the amendments to the 1975 Cherokee Nation Constitution because it required BIA approval, which had not been obtained. Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. History Although the bureau which was called the Office of Indian Affairs was formed in 1824 similar agencies had existed in the U The BIA also noted that the Cherokee Nation had excluded the Cherokee Freedmen from the amendment vote. The Cherokee Nation Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee Nation could take away the approval authority it had granted the federal government. Principal Chief Smith has also argued against the requirement of BIA approval for constitutional amendments. ^[36][37] Congresswoman Diane Watson responded by introducing a bill which would sever ties between the United States and the Cherokee Nation until the Freedmen issue is resolved. Diane Edith Watson (born November 12 1933) American politician has been a member of the United States House of Representatives since 2001 ^[38][39]

As of August 9, 2007, the BIA has given the Cherokee Nation consent to modify their Constitution without approval from the Department of the Interior. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ^[40]

Relationship with the Eastern Band

The Cherokee Nation participates in numerous joint programs with the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians. It also participates in cultural exchange programs and joint Tribal Council meetings involving councillors from both Cherokee Tribes which address issues affecting all of the Cherokee People. Unlike the adversarial relationship between the administrations of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians and the Cherokee Nation, the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians interactions with the Cherokee Nation present a unified spirit of Gadugi with the leaders and citizens of the Eastern Band. The United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma are a federally recognized Band of Indians headquartered in Tahlequah, Oklahoma. Ga-du-gi (CherokeeᎦᏚᎩ is a term used in the Cherokee language which means "working together" in a community sense The United Keetoowah Band tribal council unanimously passed a resolution to approach the Cherokee Nation for a joint council meeting between the two Nations, as a means of "offering the olive branch", in the words of the UKB Council. While a date was set for the meeting between members of the Cherokee Nation council and UKB representation Chief Smith vetoed the meeting.

Marriage Law controversy

On June 14, 2004, the Cherokee Nation Tribal Council voted to officially define marriage as a union between man and woman, thereby outlawing same-sex marriage. Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Same-sex marriage (also referred to as gay marriage) is a term for a legally or Socially recognized Marriage between two people of the same This decision came in response to an application by a lesbian couple submitted on May 13. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. The decision kept Cherokee law in line with Oklahoma state law, which outlawed gay marriage as the result of a popular referendum on a constitutional amendment in 2004.

Famous Cherokees

There have been many famous Cherokees in American history, including Sequoyah, who invented the Cherokee writing system. See also Cherokee Sequoyah (ᏍᏏᏉᏱ S-si-quo-ya in Cherokee) (circa 1767 - 1843 known as George Guess, It was thought for many years that he was the only person to single-handedly invent a writing system, however it has been recently speculated that there was an ancient clan of Cherokee priests who had an older, mostly secret rudimentary written language from which Sequoyah may have gotten inspiration. Many historians speculate that Sequoyah never learned to speak, read or write the English language for various reasons.

Jimi Hendrix, lead singer, guitarist, revolutionist and frontman of Jimi Hendrix Experience, was of Cherokee heritage through his maternal grandmother, Nora Rose Moore. James Marshall Hendrix (born Johnny Allen Hendrix) (November 27 1942 – September 18 1970 was an American Guitarist, Singer and Songwriter "The Experience" redirects here For other uses of this term see Experience (disambiguation. ^[41] Musician Tori Amos also shares Cherokee ancestry. Tori Amos (born Myra Ellen Amos on August 22, 1963) is a Pianist and Singer-songwriter of dual British and American ^[42]

Elias Boudinot, statesman, orator, and editor, wrote "Poor Sarah", the first Native-American novel. Elias Boudinot (1802&ndash June 22, 1839) was a Cherokee Indian who started and edited the tribe's first newspaper Stand Watie, Buck's younger brother, was a famous frontiersman and the last commander of Confederate forces to surrender in the American Civil War. Stand Watie ( 12 December 1806 &ndash 9 September 1871) (also known as Standhope Oowatie, Degataga "stand The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861 Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South

Ned Christie was a Cherokee patriot who became the subject of many books and magazine articles, including a fictional novel by Pulitzer Prize-winning author Larry McMurtry (Zeke and Ned) and Ned Christie's War, a Western novel by author Robert J. Conley. Early life Ned Christie, a Cherokee, was born December 14, 1852 at Wauhillau in the Goingsnake District of the Cherokee Nation and died The Pulitzer Prize, ˈpʊlɨtsɚ PULL-it-sər is an American award regarded as the highest national honor in Newspaper journalism, Larry Jeff McMurtry (born June 3, 1936) is an American Novelist, Screenwriter, Essayist and Bookseller. Robert J Conley (1940- is a Cherokee author living in NormanOK

Will Rogers was of Cherokee heritage. This page is about the humorist for others with similar names see William Rogers. ^[43] Businessman and owner of the Tennessee Titans football team Bud Adams is an enrolled member of the tribe. The Tennessee Titans are a professional American football team based in Nashville Tennessee. Kenneth Stanley "Bud" Adams Jr (born 1923 in Bartlesville Oklahoma) is a businessman who owns the Tennessee Titans franchise in the National Football

Tom Threepersons, an early 20th century cowboy, lawman, soldier, and Rodeo winner of the 1912 Calgary Stampede, was an Oklahoma born Cherokee. Tom Threepersons ( July 22, 1889 - April 2, 1969) is a little known lawman, who is considered to have been one of the last of what The twentieth century of the Common Era began on A cowboy is an animal Herder who tends Cattle on Ranches in North America, traditionally on horseback and often performs a multitude of A police officer (also known as a policeman or policewoman) is a warranted employee of a Police force. A soldier is a general English term that refers to a member of a land component of National Armed forces. Rodeo (ˈroʊdioʊ or /roʊˈdeɪoʊ/ is a sport which arose out of the working practices of cattle herding in Spain, Mexico, and later the United States Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting The Calgary Stampede, which bills itself as The Greatest Outdoor Show on Earth, is a large Festival, exhibition, and Rodeo held in He was the subject of the biography, Tom Threepersons, the Legend of an Indian Cowboy, by author Hugh A. A biography (from the Greek words bíos (βίος meaning "life" and gráphein (γράφειν meaning "to write" is an account An author is defined both as "the person who originates or gives existence to anything" and that authorship determines responsibility for what is created Dempsey.

U. S. Congressman Larry McDonald from Georgia was of Cherokee heritage, through his mother's side of the family. Lawrence Patton McDonald ( April 1 1935 – September 1 1983) was an American Politician and a member of the United His father's family hailed from Scotland.

Other famous people who claim Cherokee ancestry (some are highly questionable such as controversial college professor and political activist Ward Churchhill) include the actors Johnny Depp, Liv Tyler, Shannon Elizabeth, Burt Reynolds, James Garner, Chuck Norris, James Earl Jones, Lou Diamond Philips, David Carradine, Charisma Carpenter, Wes Studi, Stephanie Kramer and Christopher Judge ; the dancers Mark Ballas and Eve Torres ; the musicians Steven Tyler (Aerosmith), Nokie Edwards (The Ventures), John Phillips (The Mamas and the Papas), Eartha Kitt, Tim McGraw, Bill McGrath, Billy Ray Cyrus, Miley Cyrus; the actress, model, and singer Ashley Tesoro; the actress Megan Fox; the actress and singer Cher (her real name Cherilyn Ann Sarkisian); the singer, musician and actor Elvis Presley ; actress and models Hunter Tylo, Carmen Electra, Daisy Fuentes, Janice Dickinson and Ali Landry; actress Catherine Zeta Jones despite the fact she's from Britain; the singers Rita Coolidge and Tiffany ; the country music singers Loretta Lynn and Crystal Gayle; the boxer Jack Dempsey ; comedian Jeanane Garofalo; baseball catcher Park Owens; basketball guard Cherokee Parks; the painter Robert Rauschenberg ; actor and environmentalist Robert Redford; the activists Rosa Parks and John Leak Springston, former principal chief of the Cherokee Nation, Wilma Mankiller; and the writers Mitch Cullin and Alex Haley. John Liv Rundgren Tyler She is the first born daughter of Bebe Buell, a model singer and former Playboy Playmate (Miss November 1974 and Steven Tyler, the lead Shannon Elizabeth (born Shannon Elizabeth Fadal; September 7, 1973) is an American Actress and former fashion model Burton Leon Reynolds Jr (born February 11 1936 is an American Actor. James Garner (born April 7 1928 is an American Film and Emmy -award winning Television Actor. Carlos Ray "Chuck" Norris (born March 10 1940 is an American martial artist, action star and Television and Film James Earl Jones (born January 17, 1931) is an American Actor of Film and stage well known for his deep basso Lou Diamond Phillips (born February 17 1962 is an American film television and stage actor David Carradine (born December 8 1936 is an American actor Biography Early life Carradine was born John Arthur Carradine in Hollywood Charisma Lee Carpenter (born July 23, 1970) is an American actress Wesley "Wes" Studi (born December 17, 1947) is a US actor of Native American descent Stepfanie Kramer (born August 6, 1956) is an American Actress and Singer. Douglas Christopher Judge (born October 13 1964 in Los Angeles California) is an American Actor of African American Mark Alexander Corky Ballas Jr (born May 24, 1986 in Houston Texas) Eve Marie Torres (born August 21, 1984) While in Omega Phi Beta Torres was awarded for Academic Excellence at the Order of Omega Greek Awards Stephen Victor Tallarico (born March 26 1948 in Yonkers New York) better known as Steven Tyler (and often nicknamed The Demon of Aerosmith is an American Hard rock band sometimes referred to as "The Bad Boys from Boston " and "America's Greatest Rock and Roll Band" Nokie Edwards born Nole Floyd Edwards 9 May, 1935, in Lahoma, Oklahoma. John Phillips or John Philips may refer to John Aristotle Phillips (fl The Mamas & the Papas (credited as The Mama's and the Papa's on the debut album cover were a Vocal group of the 1960s. Eartha Mae Kitt (born on January 17 1927) is an American actress, Singer, and Cabaret star Samuel Timothy "Tim" McGraw (born May 1, 1967) is an American country Singer and actor Billy Ray Cyrus (born William Ray Cyrus; August 25 1961 is a Grammy Award -nominated American Country music singer songwriter and actor from Flatwoods Miley Ray Cyrus (born Destiny Hope Cyrus on November 23 1992 is an American Actress and Singer-songwriter. Ashley Tesoro (born Ashley Lyn Cafagna on February 15 1983 in Iowa City, Iowa, United States) is an American Megan Denise Fox (born May 16 1986 is an American actress and model. Cher ( IPA: /ʃɛr/ born Cherilyn Sarkisian, May 20 1946 Hunter Tylo (born July 3, 1962) is an American actress. She is perhaps best known for her role as Taylor Forrester on Daisy Fuentes (born November 17, 1966 in Havana, Cuba) is an American model and Actress. Janice Doreen Dickinson (born February 15 1955) is an American Supermodel, fashion photographer, Actress, Author Ali Germaine Landry (born July 21 1973 is a former Miss USA (1996 model and actress. Catherine Zeta-Jones ( "zeeta" born September 25, 1969) is a Welsh actress, presently based in the United States Rita Coolidge (born May 1, 1945, in Lafayette Tennessee) is a Grammy Award-winning American singer Tiffany Renee Darwish (born October 2 1971) known popularly as Tiffany, is an American Singer who had a number of Teen Loretta Lynn (born Loretta Webb on April 14, 1934) is an American Country music Singer-songwriter; she was one of the leading Crystal Gayle (born January 9, 1951) is an American country singer best known for a series of country-pop crossover hits in the late 1970s Jack "Manassa Mauler" Dempsey ( June 24, 1895 – May 31, 1983) was an American boxer who held the world Cherokee Bryan Parks (born October 11 1972, in Huntington Beach California) is a retired American professional Basketball player Charles Robert Redford Jr (born August 18 1936) is an Academy Award -winning American Film director, Actor, Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4 1913 – October 24 2005 was an African American Civil rights activist whom the U John Leak Springston (1844 – 1929 John Leak Springston a Cherokee is best known as an Indian activist during his life he was a Cherokee Interpreter Editor Lawyer and Keetoowah Wilma Pearl Mankiller (born November 18, 1945 in Tahlequah Oklahoma) was the first female Chief of the Cherokee Nation. Mitch Cullin (born March 23, 1968 in Santa Fe New Mexico) is an American writer of Scotch-Irish and Cherokee descent Alexander Murray Palmer Haley (August 11 1921–February 10 1992 was an American Writer.

See also

Notes

References

• Christensen, P. G. , Minority Interaction in John Rollin Ridge's The Life and Adventures of Joaquin Murieta MELUS, Vol. 17, No. 2, Before the Centennial. (Summer, 1991 - Summer, 1992), pp. 61-72.

• Duvall, Deborah L (2000). Tahlequah: And the Cherokee Nation. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-0782-2.  

• Ehle, John (1988). John Marsden Ehle Jr (born December 13, 1925) is an American Writer known best for his fiction set in the Appalachian Mountains Trail of Tears: The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation. Anchor Books. ISBN 0-385-23954-8.  

• Finger, John R (1993). Cherokee Americans: The Eastern Band of Cherokees in the Twentieth Century. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-6879-3.  

• Garroutte, Eva Marie. Real Indians: identity and the survival of Native America. University of California Press, 2003

• Glenn, Eddie. "A league of nations?" Tajlequah Daily Press. January 6, 2006 (Accessed May 24, 2007 here).

• Hill, Sarah H (1997). Weaving New Worlds: Southeastern Cherokee Women and Their Basketry. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-4650-3.  

• Irwin, L, "Cherokee Healing: Myth, Dreams, and Medicine. " American Indian Quarterly. Vol. 16, 2, 1992, p. 237

• Kilpatrick, Jack; Kilpatrick, Anna Gritts (1995). Friends of Thunder: Folktales of the Oklahoma Cherokees. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2722-8.  

• Mankiller, Wilma; Wallis, Michael (1999). Wilma Pearl Mankiller (born November 18, 1945 in Tahlequah Oklahoma) was the first female Chief of the Cherokee Nation. Michael Wallis (born 1945 is an historian of the Western United States from Missouri. Mankiller: A Chief and Her People. St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0-312-20662-3.  

• Mooney, James. "Myths of the Cherokees. " Bureau of American Ethnology, Nineteenth Annual Report, 1900, Part I. Pp. 1-576. Washington: Smithsonian Institution.

• Morello, Carol. "Native American Roots, Once Hidden, Now Embraced". Washington Post, April 7, 2001

• Meredith, Howard; Meredith, Mary Ellen (2003). Reflection on Cherokee Literary Expression. Edwin Mellon Press. ISBN 0-7734-6763-7.  

• Perdue, T. "Clan and Court: Another Look at the Early Cherokee Republic. " American Indian Quarterly. Vol. 24, 4, 2000, p. 562

• Pierpoint, Mary. Unrecognized Cherokee claims cause problems for nation. Indian Country Today. August 16, 2000 (Accessed May 16, 2007) [4]

• Russell, Steve. "Review of Real Indians: Identity and the Survival of Native America" PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review. May 2004, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 147-153

• Strickland, Rennard (1982). Fire and the Spirits: Cherokee Law from Clan to Court. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-1619-6.  

• Sturm, Circe. Blood Politics, Racial Classification, and Cherokee National Identity: The Trials and Tribulations of the Cherokee Freedmen. American Indian Quarterly, WInter/Spring 1998, Vol 22. No 1&2 pgs 230-258

• Thornton, Russell. The Cherokees: A Population History. University of Nebraska Pres, 1992

• Vickers, Paul T (2005). Chiefs of Nations First Edition: The Cherokee Nation 1730 to 1839: 109 Years of Political Dialogue and Treaties. iUniverse, Inc. ISBN 0-595-36984-7.  

• Wishart, David M. "Evidence of Surplus Production in the Cherokee Nation Prior to Removal. " Journal of Economic History. Vol. 55, 1, 1995, p. 120

• Robert Conley, a novelist and short story writer who is a member of the UKB. Recommended titles: Mountain Windsong, The Witch of Goingsnake and Other Stories, and Ned Christie's War. [5]

• Buyer Beware, Only Three Cherokee Groups Recognized Official Statement Cherokee Nation, Oklahoma, Monday, November 13, 2000 (Accessed May 21, 2007 here)

• "Census 2000 PHC-T-18. American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes in the United States: 2000" United States Census Bureau, Census 2000, Special Tabulation (Accessed May 27, 2007 here)

• "Principal Chief results" (Accessed July 5, 2007) [6]

External links

Organizations

• The Cherokee Nation (official site)
• Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (official site)
• United Keetoowah Band (official site)

Historical documents

• Annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution (1885/86), Contains The "Midê'wiwin, or Grand Medicine Society of the Ojibwa, by W. The Midewiwin (also spelled Midewin and Medewiwin) or the Grand Medicine Society is a secretive religion of the aboriginal groups of the Maritimes The Ojibwa or Chippewa (also Ojibwe, Ojibway, Chippeway) is the largest group of Native Americans - First Nations J. Hoffman and: The Sacred formulas of the Cherokee, by James Mooney
• Annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution (1897/98: pt.1), Contains The Myths of The Cherokee, by James Mooney
• Famous Smith Supreme Court Case
• Cherokee Phoenix, part of the Georgia Historic Newspapers database at the Digital Library of Georgia
• Southeastern Native American Documents, 1763-1842, approximately 2,000 documents and images relating to the Native American population of the Southeastern United States from the collections of the University of Georgia Libraries, the University of Tennessee at Knoxville Library, the Frank H. McClung Museum, the Tennessee State Library and Archives, the Tennessee State Museum, the Museum of the Cherokee Indian, and the LaFayette-Walker County Library.
• Letter to the Cherokee from Major General Winfield Scott - ultimatum to leave their lands and begin "Trail of Tears", May 10, 1838.

Other

• Smithsonian Institution - Cherokee photos and documents
• Cherokee Heritage Documentation Center
• New Georgia Encyclopedia
• Cherokee Traditional Dancing Videos
• Recordings of Cherokee Stomp Dance

Native American Tribes officially recognized by the United States Cherokee is one of the 562 Indian Tribal Entities within the contiguous 48 States recognized and eligible to receive services from the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs included in the latest list issued by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of Interior of the United States on April 4, 2008. Federally recognized tribes are those Indian tribes recognized by the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs for certain federal government History Although the bureau which was called the Office of Indian Affairs was formed in 1824 similar agencies had existed in the U Federally recognized tribes are those Indian tribes recognized by the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs for certain federal government History Although the bureau which was called the Office of Indian Affairs was formed in 1824 similar agencies had existed in the U The United States Department of the Interior ( DOI) is a Cabinet department of the United States government that manages and conserves most federally The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common

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