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This article is about a scientific profession. For other uses, see Chemist (disambiguation). Chemist may refer to In all countries: Chemist, a scientist trained in the science of chemistry In Ireland, the
A chemist pours from a round-bottom flask.
A chemist pours from a round-bottom flask. Round-bottom flasks (also called round-bottomed flasks and Erlenmeyer Bulbs) are types of Flasks having spherical bottoms used as Laboratory glassware

A chemist is a scientist trained in the science of chemistry. A scientist, in the broadest sense refers to any person that engages in a systematic activity to acquire Knowledge or an individual that engages in such practices Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Chemists study the composition of matter and its small-scale properties such as density and acidity instead of large-scale properties like size and shape. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are Chemists carefully describe the properties they study in terms of quantities, with detail on the level of molecules and their component atoms. In Chemistry, a molecule is defined as a sufficiently stable electrically neutral group of at least two Atoms in a definite arrangement held together by History See also Atomic theory, Atomism The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into arbitrarily tiny Chemists carefully measure substance proportions, reaction rates, and other chemical properties. A chemical reaction is a process that always results in the interconversion of Chemical substances The substance or substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called A chemical property is any of a material's properties that becomes evident during a Chemical reaction; that is any quality that can be established only by changing a substance's

Chemists use this knowledge to learn the composition, and properties of unfamiliar substances, as well as to reproduce and synthesize large quantities of useful naturally occurring substances and create new artificial substances and useful processes. Chemists may specialize in any number of subdisciplines of chemistry. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Materials scientists and metallurgists share much of the same education and skills with chemists. Materials Science or Materials Engineering is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of Science and Chemical engineers are concerned with the physical processes necessary to carry out industrial reactions (heating, cooling, mixing, diffusion etc) and to separate and purify the products, and work with industrial chemists on the development of new processes. In the field of Engineering, a chemical engineer is the profession in which one works principally in the Chemical industry to convert basic raw materials into a variety

Contents

History

Main article: History of chemistry

The roots of chemistry can be traced to the phenomenon of burning. The history of Chemistry begins with the discovery of Fire, then Metallurgy which allowed purification of metals and the making of alloys as well as the exploitation Combustion or burning is a complex sequence of Exothermic chemical reactions between a Fuel and an Oxidant accompanied by the production of Fire was a mystical force that transformed one substance into another and thus was of primary interest to mankind. Fire is the heat and light energy released during a Chemical reaction, in particular a combustion reaction. It was fire that led to the discovery of iron and glass. Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many After gold was discovered and became a precious metal, many people were interested to find a method that could convert other substances into gold. Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 This led to the protoscience called Alchemy. Protoscience refers to historical philosophical disciplines which existed prior to the development of Scientific method, which allowed them to develop into Science Alchemy a part of the Occult Tradition is both a philosophy and a practice with an ultimately unknown aim involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of The word chemist is derived from the New Latin noun chimista, an abbreviation of alchimista (alchemist). The term New Latin or Neo-Latin is used to describe a form the Latin language used between the end of the Medieval Latin period (c Alchemy a part of the Occult Tradition is both a philosophy and a practice with an ultimately unknown aim involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of Alchemists discovered many chemical processes that led to the development of modern chemistry. In a " scientific " sense a chemical process is a method or means of somehow changing one or more Chemicals or Chemical compounds Such a chemical Chemistry as we know it today, was invented by Antoine Lavoisier with his law of Conservation of mass in 1783. The law of conservation of mass/matter, also known as law of mass/matter conservation (or the Lomonosov - Lavoisier law says that the Mass of The discoveries of the chemical elements has a long history culminating in the creation of the periodic table by Dmitri Mendeleyev. The periodic table of the chemical elements is a tabular method of displaying the Chemical elements Although precursors to this table exist its invention is Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (sometimes spelled Mendeleyev; Дми́трий Ива́нович Менделе́ев) ( &ndash) was a Russian chemist and The Nobel Prize in Chemistry created in 1901 gives an excellent overview of chemical discovery in the past 100 years. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Nobelpriset i kemi is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of Chemistry.

Education

Jobs for chemists usually require at least a bachelor's degree, but many positions, especially those in research, require a Ph.D. A bachelor's degree is usually an Undergraduate Academic degree awarded for a course or major that generally lasts for three four or in some cases and "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. Most undergraduate programs emphasize mathematics and physics as well as chemistry, partly because chemistry is also known as "the central science", thus chemists ought to have an all-rounded knowledge about science. Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Chemistry is often called the central science because of its role in connecting “ Hard sciences such as Physics with the “ Soft sciences At the Master's level and higher, students tend to specialize in a particular field. Fields of specialization include biochemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry, theoretical chemistry, quantum chemistry and physical chemistry. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living Organisms It deals with the Structure and function of cellular components such as Organic chemistry is a discipline within Chemistry which involves the scientific study of the structure properties composition reactions, and preparation Inorganic chemistry is the branch of Chemistry concerned with the properties and behavior of Inorganic compounds This field covers all Chemical compounds Analytical chemistry is the study of the Chemical composition of natural and artificial Materials. Theoretical chemistry involves the use of physics to explain or predict chemical phenomena Quantum chemistry is a branch of Theoretical chemistry, which applies Quantum mechanics and Quantum field theory to address issues and problems in Physical chemistry, is the application of Physics to macroscopic microscopic atomic subatomic and particulate phenomena in chemical systems It is mostly defined as a large Postdoctoral experience may be required for certain positions. A postdoctoral fellow (colloquially " post-doc " is a temporary research position held by a person who has completed his or her doctoral studies

Employment

The three major employers of chemists are academic institutions, industry, especially the chemical industry and the pharmaceutical industry, and government laboratories. The chemical industry comprises the companies that produce industrial chemicals

Chemistry typically is divided into several major sub-disciplines. There are also several main cross-disciplinary and more specialized fields of chemistry. There is a great deal of overlap between different branches of chemistry, as well as with other scientific fields such as biology, medicine, physics, and several engineering disciplines.

A chemist prepares a new fuel cell for testing.
A chemist prepares a new fuel cell for testing. A fuel cell is an electrochemical conversion device It produces electricity from Fuel (on the Anode side and an oxidant (on the

All the above major areas of chemistry employ chemists. Other fields where chemical degrees are useful include Astrochemistry, Atmospheric chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Chemo-informatics, Electrochemistry, Environmental science, Forensic science, Geochemistry, Green chemistry, History of chemistry, Materials science, Medical science, Molecular Biology, Molecular genetics, Nanotechnology, Nuclear chemistry, Oenology, Organometallic chemistry, Petrochemistry, Pharmacology, Photochemistry, Phytochemistry, Polymer chemistry, Supramolecular chemistry and Surface chemistry. Astrochemistry is the study of the Chemical elements found in outer space generally on larger scales than the Solar System, particularly in molecular gas clouds Atmospheric chemistry is a branch of Atmospheric science in which the Chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets is studied Chemical engineering is the branch of Engineering that deals with the application of Physical science (e Cheminformatics (also known as chemoinformatics and chemical informatics) is the use of computer and informational techniques applied to a range of problems Electrochemistry is a branch of Chemistry that studies Chemical reactions which take place in a Solution at the interface of an electron conductor Environmental science is the study of interactions among physical chemical and biological components of the environment. The field of geochemistry involves study of the chemical composition of the Earth and other Planets chemical processes and reactions that govern the composition Green chemistry, also called sustainable chemistry is a chemical philosophy encouraging the design of products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous The history of Chemistry begins with the discovery of Fire, then Metallurgy which allowed purification of metals and the making of alloys as well as the exploitation Materials Science or Materials Engineering is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of Science and Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Molecular biology is the study of Biology at a molecular level Molecular genetics is the field of Biology which studies the structure and function of Genes at a molecular level Nanotechnology, sometimes shortened to nanotech, refers to a field of Applied science whose theme is the control of matter on an Atomic and Molecular Nuclear chemistry is a subfield of Chemistry dealing with Radioactivity, nuclear processes and nuclear properties Oenology ( BrE) or enology ( AmE) is the science and study of all aspects of Wine and Winemaking from the grape harvest to bottle Organometallic chemistry is the study of Chemical compounds containing bonds between Carbon and a Metal. Petrochemistry is the branch of Chemistry that studies the transformation of Crude oil ( Petroleum) and Natural gas into useful products and raw Pharmacology (from Greek grc φάρμακον pharmakon, "drug" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of how Drugs Photochemistry, a sub-discipline of Chemistry, is the study of the interactions between Atoms, small Molecules, and light (or Electromagnetic radiation Phytochemistry is in the strict sense of the word the study of Phytochemicals These are chemicals derived from Plants In a narrower sense the terms are often used Polymer chemistry or macromolecular chemistry is a multidisciplinary Science that deals with the Chemical synthesis and chemical properties of Supramolecular chemistry refers to the area of Chemistry that focuses on the Noncovalent bonding interactions of molecules Surface science is the study of physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases, including Solid - Liquid


See also

References

Dictionary

chemist

-noun

  1. (obsolete) An alchemist.
  2. A person whose occupation specializes in the science of chemistry, especially at a professional level.
  3. (chiefly UK) A pharmacist.
  4. (chiefly UK) A pharmacy.
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