Chemical evolution has two meanings and uses. The first refers to the theories of evolution of the chemical elements in the universe following the Big Bang and through nucleosynthesis in stars and supernovas. A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. The Big Bang is the cosmological model of the Universe that is best supported by all lines of scientific evidence and Observation. Nucleosynthesis is the process of creating new atomic nuclei from preexisting Nucleons (protons and neutrons A star is a massive luminous ball of plasma. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun, which is the source of most of the Energy on Earth A supernova (plural supernovae or supernovas) is a stellar Explosion.
The second use of chemical evolution or chemosynthesis is as a hypothesis to explain how life might possibly have developed or evolved from non-life (see abiogenesis). Chemosynthesis is the biological conversion of one or more carbon molecules (usually Carbon dioxide or Methane) and nutrients into organic matter using the Oxidation Life is a state that distinguishes Organisms from non-living objects such as non-life and dead organisms being manifested by growth through Metabolism In the Natural sciences, Abiogenesis, or origin of life, is the study of how Life on Earth emerged from Inanimate Organic Various experiments have been made to show certain aspects of this process, the first ones were done by Stanley L. Miller in the 1950s. Stanley Lloyd Miller ( March 7, 1930 - May 20, 2007) was an American Chemist and Biologist who is known The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive For that they are now called Miller experiments. The Miller-Urey experiment (or Urey-Miller experiment) was an Experiment that simulated hypothetical conditions present on the Early Earth and tested However only very basic organic building blocks were obtained. The challenge is getting complex molecules organized consistently.
The hypothesis is that simple chemical compounds could catalyze the creation of copies of themselves (somewhat similar to the formation of a crystal or polymer) in an environment rich with the necessary building block compounds or elements. In Materials science, a crystal is a Solid in which the constituent Atoms Molecules or Ions are packed in a regularly ordered repeating A polymer is a large Molecule ( Macromolecule) composed of repeating Structural units typically connected by Covalent Chemical bonds As these chemical replicators "reproduce", they can be created with slightly different structures randomly, similar to biological mutations. In biology mutations are changes to the Nucleotide sequence of the Genetic material of an organism Eventually these replicators would produce protocells. In the Natural sciences, Abiogenesis, or origin of life, is the study of how Life on Earth emerged from Inanimate Organic
See also
For evolution of chemical elements:
- Big Bang nucleosynthesis
- Stellar nucleosynthesis
- Supernova nucleosynthesis
- Cosmic ray spallation
- Interstellar medium
- List of molecules in interstellar space
- Astrochemistry
For origin of life:
- Abiogenesis
- RNA world hypothesis
- Self-replication
- Quasispecies model (hypercycle)
- Molecular self-assembly
- Autopoiesis
References
- Chemical Evolution: Origins of the elements, molecules and living systems by Stephen F. In Physical cosmology, Big Bang nucleosynthesis (or primordial nucleosynthesis) refers to the production of nuclei other than those of H-1 (i Stellar nucleosynthesis is the collective term for the nuclear reactions taking place in Stars to build the nuclei of the heavier elements. Supernova nucleosynthesis is the production of new Chemical elements inside Supernovae It occurs primarily due to explosive Nucleosynthesis during explosive Cosmic ray spallation is a form of naturally occurring Nuclear fission and Nucleosynthesis. Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Molecules Astrochemistry is the study of the Chemical elements found in outer space generally on larger scales than the Solar System, particularly in molecular gas clouds In the Natural sciences, Abiogenesis, or origin of life, is the study of how Life on Earth emerged from Inanimate Organic The RNA world hypothesis proposes that a world filled with life based on Ribonucleic acid (RNA predated current life based on Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA See also Biological reproduction Self-replication is any process by which a thing might make a copy of itself The quasispecies model is a description of the process of the Darwinian Evolution of certain self-replicating entities within the framework of physical chemistry Molecular self-assembly is the process by which Molecules adopt a defined arrangement without guidance or management from an outside source Autopoiesis literally means "auto (self-creation" (from the Greek: auto αυτό for self- and poiesis ποίησις for creation or production Mason, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1991, ISBN 0-19-855272-6.
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