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For the reggaeton artist, see Cheka (artist). Cheka (real name David Lozada) is a Reggaeton artist from Guayama Puerto Rico.
Cheka-KGB emblem: sword and shield
Cheka-KGB emblem: sword and shield

The Cheka (ЧК - чрезвычайная комиссия Chrezvychaynaya Komissiya, Russian pronunciation: [tɕɛka]) was the first of a succession of Soviet state security organizations. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 National security is the entire scope of measures undertaken by the Governments of Nation-states in providing assurance of national Sovereignty It was created by a decree issued on December 20, 1917, by Vladimir Lenin and subsequently led by a communist Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky ( Polish: Feliks Edmundowicz Dzierżyński, Russian: Феликс Эдмундович Дзержинский Belarusian After 1922, the Cheka underwent a series of reorganizations. The Soviet Union had a succession of Secret police agencies over the course of its existence

It was soon an important military force, crucial for survival of the Soviet regime. In 1921 the Troops for the Internal Defense of the Republic (a part of Cheka) numbered 200,000. These troops policed labor camps, ran the Gulag system, conducted requisitions of food, put down peasant rebellions, riots by workers, and mutinies in the Red Army, which was plagued by desertions [1]

Contents

Name

The full name of the agency was The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage (Russian: Всероссийская чрезвычайная комиссия по борьбе с контрреволюцией и саботажем; Vserossijskaya Chrezvychajnaya Komissiya), but was commonly abbreviated to Cheka or VCheka. A labor camp is a simplified detention facility where inmates are engaged in Penal labor. The Gulag was the government agency that administered the penal labor camps of the Soviet Union. Prodrazvyorstka (also Prodrazverstka) (Продразвёрстка продовольственная развёрстка prod ovolstvennaya razvyorstka The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya Anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda (ASA (Антисоветская агитация и пропаганда (АСА was a Criminal offence in Soviet Union. Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening an enemy oppressor or employer through subversion obstruction disruption and/or destruction Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages In 1918 its name was slightly altered, becoming All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution, Profiteering and Corruption. Political corruption is the use of governmental powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain

A member of Cheka was called a chekist. Chekists of the post-October Revolution years wore leather jackets creating a fashion followed by Western communists; they are pictured in several films in this apparel. The October Revolution (Октябрьская революция Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya) also known as the Soviet Revolution Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Despite name and organisational changes over time, Soviet secret policemen were commonly referred to as "Chekists" throughout the entire Soviet period and the term is still found in use in Russia today (for example, President Vladimir Putin has been referred to in the Russian media as a "chekist" due to his career in the KGB). Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (; born 7 October 1952 in Leningrad, USSR; now Saint Petersburg, Russia was the second President of Russia The news media refers to the section of the Mass media that focuses on presenting current News to the public KGB ( Transliteration of "КГБ" is the Russian abbreviation of Committee for State Security ( Komityet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosty

History

The Cheka was created immediately after the October Revolution, during the first days of Bolshevik government. The October Revolution (Октябрьская революция Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya) also known as the Soviet Revolution The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction Its immediate precursor was the "commission for the struggle with counter-revolution", established on December 7 [O.S. November 21] 1917, by the Milrevkom (the Military Revolutionary Committee of the Petrograd Soviet) on the proposal of Dzerzhinsky[2]. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Old Style (or OS) and New Style (or NS) are used in English language historical studies either to indicate that the start of the Julian year Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Military Revolutionary Committee also known as the Milrevcom (Военно-революционный комитет военревком ВРК was the name for military The Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, usually called the Petrograd Soviet, was the soviet (workers' council in Petrograd (Saint Its members were the Bolsheviks Skrypnik, Flerovski, Blagonravov, Galkin, and Trifonov[3].

The Cheka was established on December 20 [O.S. December 7] 1917, by a decision of the Sovnarkom. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Old Style (or OS) and New Style (or NS) are used in English language historical studies either to indicate that the start of the Julian year Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Council of Ministers of the USSR (Совет Министров СССР tr It was subordinated to the Sovnarkom and its functions were, "to liquidate counter-revolution and sabotage, to hand over counter-revolutionaries and saboteurs to the revolutionary tribunals, and to apply such measures of repression as 'confiscation, deprivation of ration cards, publication of lists of enemies of the people etc. Council of Ministers of the USSR (Совет Министров СССР tr Revolutionary tribunals (commonly abbreviated as revtribunals) in Soviet Russia were established soon after the October Revolution by the Soviet "Decree '"[4]. The original members of the Vecheka were Peters, Ksenofontov, Averin, Ordzhonikidze, Peterson, Evseev, and Trifonov[5], but the next day Averin, Ordzhonikidze, and Trifonov were replaced by Fomin, Shchukin, Ilyin, and Chernov[6]. Jekabs Peters or Yakov Khristoforovich Peters (Яков Христофорович Петерс Jekabs Peters Jacob Peters Jan Peters ( &mdash 25 April 1938 Grigoriy Konstantinovich Ordzhonikidze (გრიგოლ (სერგო ორჯონიკიძე - Grigol (Sergo Orjonikidze Russian: Григорий Константинович A circular published on December 28 [O.S. December 15] 1917, gave the address of Vecheka's first headquarters as "Petrograd, Gorokhovaya 2, 4th floor"[7]. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of Old Style (or OS) and New Style (or NS) are used in English language historical studies either to indicate that the start of the Julian year Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year

Originally, the members of the Cheka were exclusively Bolshevik; however, in January 1918, left SRs also joined the organisation[8] The Left SRs were expelled or arrested later in 1918 following their attempted rebellion against Bolshevik rule. The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction Not to be confused with Left Socialists (Denmark Left Socialist Party (Sweden and Left Socialist Party (Belgium.

In 1922, the Cheka was transformed into the State Political Administration or GPU, a section of the NKVD of the RSFSR. The State Political Directorate was the Secret police of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( RSFSR) and the Soviet Union from 1922 until The State Political Directorate was the Secret police of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( RSFSR) and the Soviet Union from 1922 until The NKVD ( НКВД, ru Народный Комиссариат Внутренних Дел ''Narodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del'') or People's Commissariat

Operations

The agency performed mass arrests, imprisonments, and executions of "enemies of the people". The term enemy of the people is a fluid designation of political or class opponents of the group using the term In this, the Cheka said that they targeted "class enemies" such as the bourgeoisie, members of the clergy, and political opponents of the new regime. Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given Religion. The very first organized mass repression began against the libertarian Socialists of Petrograd in April 1918. Then came Moscow the following month and May Day 1918. The Moscow action led to a pitched battle between the anarchists and the police. ( P. Avrich. G Maximoff) The Cheka orchestrated the campaign of repression that came to be known as "Red Terror", which was implemented by Dzerzhinsky on September 5, 1918. The Red Terror in Soviet Russia was the campaign of mass arrests and Executions conducted by the Bolshevik government Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The organ of the Red Army, "Krasnaya Gazeta," described it:

Without mercy, without sparing, we will kill our enemies in scores of hundreds. The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya Let them be thousands, let them drown themselves in their own blood. For the blood of Lenin and Uritsky … let there be floods of blood of the bourgeoisie – more blood, as much as possible…[9]

An early Bolshevik Victor Serge described in his book "Memoirs of a Revolutionary"

Since the first massacres of Red prisoners by the Whites, the murders of Volodarsky and Uritsky and the attempt against Lenin (in the summer of 1918), the custom of arresting and, often, executing hostages had become generalized and legal. Moisei Solomonovich Uritsky (Моисей Соломонович Урицкий 1873&ndash August 30 1918) was a Bolshevik Revolutionary leader Victor Lvovich Kibalchich (ВЛ Кибальчич ( December 30 1890 - November 17 1947) better known as Victor Serge, was Already the Cheka, which made mass arrests of suspects, was tending to settle their fate independently, under formal control of the Party, but in reality without anybody's knowledge.

The Party endeavoured to head it with incorruptible men like the former convict Dzerzhinsky, a sincere idealist, ruthless but chivalrous, with the emaciated profile of an Inquisitor: tall forehead, bony nose, untidy goatee, and an expression of weariness and austerity. An inquisitor was an official in an Inquisition, an organisation or program intended to eliminate Heresy and other things frowned on by the Roman Catholic Church But the Party had few men of this stamp and many Chekas.

I believe that the formation of the Chekas was one of the gravest and most impermissible errors that the Bolshevik leaders committed in 1918 when plots, blockades, and interventions made them lose their heads. All evidence indicates that revolutionary tribunals, functioning in the light of day and admitting the right of defence, would have attained the same efficiency with far less abuse and depravity. Revolutionary tribunals (commonly abbreviated as revtribunals) in Soviet Russia were established soon after the October Revolution by the Soviet "Decree Was it necessary to revert to the procedures of the Inquisition?"

Tracking down and punishing deserters and their families

It is believed that more than 3 million deserters escaped from Red Army in 1919 and 1920. In Military terminology desertion is the Abandonment of a " Duty " or post without permission from one's Government or superior The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya Around 500,000 deserters were arrested in 1919 and close to 800,000 in 1920 by Cheka troops and special divisions created to combat desertions [1]. The deserters were forcefully mobilized peasants. Thousands of deserters were killed; their families were often treated as hostages. A hostage is a person or entity which is held by a captor The original definition meant that this was handed over by one of two belligerent parties to the other or seized as security According to Lenin's instructions,

After the expiration of the seven-day deadline for deserters to turn themselves in, punishment must be increased for these incorrigible traitors to the cause of the people. Families and anyone found to be assisting them in any way whatsoever are to be considered as hostages and treated accordingly[1]

In September 1918, in only twelve provinces of Russia, 48,735 deserters and 7,325 "bandits" were arrested, 1,826 were killed and 2,230 were executed. A typical report from a Cheka department stated:

Yaroslavl Province, 23 June 1919. Yaroslavl (Яросла́вль is a city in Russia, the administrative center of Yaroslavl Oblast, located north-east of Moscow. The uprising of deserters in the Petropavlovskaya volost has been put down. The families of the deserters have been taken as hostages. When we started to shoot one person from each family, the Greens began to come out of the woods and surrender. Thirty-four deserters were shot as an example. [1]

The Cheka later played a role in the suppression of the Kronstadt Rebellion in 1921

Number of victims

Estimates on Cheka executions vary widely. This article is about the historical event known as the Kronstadt rebellion The lowest figures are provided by Dzerzhinsky’s lieutenant Martyn Latsis, limited to RSFSR over the period 1918–1920:

1918: 6,300; 1919 (up to July): 2,089; Total: 8,389
1918: 6,185; 1919: 3,456; Total: 9,641
January-June 1918: 22; July-December 1918: more than 6,000; 1918-20: 12,733

Experts generally agree these semi-official figures are vastly understated. [10] W. H. Chamberlin, for example, claims “it is simply impossible to believe that the Cheka only put to death 12,733 people in all of Russia up to the end of the civil war. ”[11] He provides the "reasonable and probably moderate" estimate of 50,000[12], while others provide estimates ranging up to 500,000. [13][14] Several scholars put the number of executions at about 250,000. [15][16] Some believe it is possible more people were murdered by the Cheka than died in battle. [17] Lenin himself seemed unfazed by the killings. On 14 May 1921, the Politburo, chaired by Lenin, passed a motion "broadening the rights of the [Cheka] in relation to the use of the [death penalty]. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar Politburo, short for Political Bureau, Russian Politicheskoye Buro, is the executive organization for a number of Political parties, most notably "[18]

Cheka atrocities

The Cheka is reported to have practiced torture. Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally Victims were skinned alive, scalped, "crowned" with barbed wire, impaled, crucified, hanged, stoned to death, tied to planks and pushed slowly into furnaces or tanks of boiling water, and rolled around naked in internally nail-studded barrels. Chekists poured water on naked prisoners in the winter-bound streets until they became living ice statues. Others beheaded their victims by twisting their necks until their heads could be torn off. The Chinese Cheka detachments stationed in Kiev reportedly would attach an iron tube to the torso of a bound victim and insert a rat into the other end which was then closed off with wire netting. There are a number of reports about the involvement of Chinese detachments in the Russian Revolution and Russian Civil War. Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the The tube was then held over a flame until the rat began gnawing through the victim's guts in an effort to escape. Denikin’s investigation discovered corpses whose lungs, throats, and mouths had been packed with earth. Anton Ivanovich Denikin (Анто́н Ива́нович Дени́кин ( December 16, 1872 – August 8, 1947) was Lieutenant General [19][20][21]

Women and children were also victims of Cheka terror. Women would sometimes be tortured and raped before being shot. Children between the ages of 8 and 16 were imprisoned and occasionally executed. [22]

The Cheka in popular culture

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Panné, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, Stéphane Courtois, The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard University Press, 1999, hardcover, 858 pages, ISBN 0-674-07608-7
  2. ^ Carr (1958), p. See also Russian Revolution (1905 The Russian Revolution of 1916 refers to a series of popular revolutions in Russia, and the events surrounding them Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria (ლავრენტი პავლეს ძე ბერია Lavrenti Pavles dze Beria; Russian: Лаврентий Павлович The Mensheviks (Minority (Меньшевик) were a faction of the Russian Revolutionary movement that emerged in 1903 after a dispute between Vladimir The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction Decossackization is a term used to describe Lenin 's Bolsheviks policy of the systematic elimination of the Cossacks as social groups "Lenin's Hanging Order" is a term given to Vladimir Lenin 's hand-written order dated 11 August 1918 instructing the Communists operating in the Stéphane Courtois (born November 25, 1947) is a French Historian. The Black Book of Communism Crimes Terror Repression is a book which describes a history of Repressions both Political and Civilian, by Harvard University Press ( HUP) is a Publishing house, a division of Harvard University, that is highly respected in Academic publishing. 1.
  3. ^ Ibid.
  4. ^ Ibid. , p. 2.
  5. ^ Ibid. , p. 3.
  6. ^ Ibid.
  7. ^ Ibid.
  8. ^ Schapiro (1984).
  9. ^ page 9, Applebaum (2003).
  10. ^ pages 463-464, Leggett (1986).
  11. ^ pages 74-75, Chamberlin (1935).
  12. ^ Ibid.
  13. ^ page 39, Rummel (1990).
  14. ^ Statue plan stirs Russian row (BBC)
  15. ^ page 28, Andrew and Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield, paperback edition, Basic books, 1999.
  16. ^ page 180, Overy, The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia, W. W. Norton & Company; 1st American Ed edition, 2004.
  17. ^ page 649, Figes (1996).
  18. ^ page 238, Volkogonov (1994).
  19. ^ pages 177-179, Melg(o)unov (1925).
  20. ^ pages 383-385, Lincoln (1999).
  21. ^ page 646, Figes (1996).
  22. ^ page 198, Leggett (1986).

Sources

External links

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