A Cheder (alternatively, Cheider, in Hebrew חדר, meaning "room") is a traditional elementary school teaching the basics of Judaism and the Hebrew language. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut
History
Cheders were widely spread in Europe before the end of the 18th century. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system Lessons took place at the teacher's house, who was paid for by the Jewish community or by a group of parents. Normally, only boys would attend classes — girls were educated by their mothers in their homes. Boys of different ages were taught in a single group.
Boys entered cheder school at the age of about 5 years. After learning the Hebrew alphabet and how to read Hebrew (the common language of northern European Jews since the Middle Ages had been Yiddish), they began studying the Torah, starting with the Vayikra and the Talmud (Mishna, Gemara, and additional commentaries). The Hebrew alphabet (אָלֶף-בֵּית עִבְרִי alephbet ’ivri) consists of 22 letters used for writing the Hebrew language. Yiddish (yi [[wiktייִדיש ייִדיש]] yidish or yi [[wiktאידיש אידיש]] idish, literally "Jewish" is a nonterritorial High term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history The Mishnah or Mishna (he משנה "repetition" from the verb shanah he שנה or "to study and review" is a major work of Rabbinic Judaism The Gemara (also transliterated Gemora or less commonly Gemorra) (from Aramaic גמרא gamar; literally " study" Reading out loudly to each other and learning by heart were the main techniques of learning. At the age of 13 or 14, the end of a boy's education at the cheder would be marked by his bar mitzvah. In Judaism, Bar Mitzvah ( Hebrew: בר מצוה "one (m to whom the commandments apply" Bat Mitzvah (בת מצוה "one (f
Those who wanted to go on to become a rabbi or sofer had to continue their studies at the yeshivot (Talmud universities). Rabbi (pronunciation, although in English usually) in Judaism, means a religious ‘teacher’ or more literally ‘my great one’ when addressing any master Sofer, Sofer STaM, or Sofer ST"M ( Heb "scribe" סופר סת”ם, pl Yeshiva or yeshivah (jəʃi'və ( Hebrew: ישיבה "sitting (n Famous European yeshivoth were located at Worms, Fürth and Prague, which was considered to be among the best. Worms (voɐms is a City in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, on the Rhine River The city of Fürth is located in northern Bavaria, Germany in the district of Middle Franconia. Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic. After many Jews had fled to eastern Europe to escape medieval pogroms connected with the Crusades of that time, the intellectual centre of European Judaism moved with them and remained there for centuries. A pogrom is a form of Riot directed against a particular group whether ethnic religious or other and characterized by destruction of their Homes Businesses The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents
Towards the end of the 18th century, the cheder system became a target of critique by members of Jewish orthodoxy as well as by members of the more liberal haskala. Haskalah ( Hebrew: השכלה "enlightenment" "education" from sekhel " Intellect " "mind") the Jewish Enlightenment
Orthodox critics argued that teachers were not sufficiently qualified. At that time, cheder teachers were paid so badly that at least those living in small villages would often be butchers, singers or even gravediggers to earn their living so working as a teacher was often only an avocation to them. An avocation is an activity that a person does as a Hobby outside their principal occupation Often, cheder teachers would let pupils advance to the next level of learning too early because advanced pupils had to pay more money for lessons.
Haskala critics, committed to the ideals of the Enlightenment, criticized the system as a whole, claiming it resulted in linguistic and spacial isolation and therefore preventing integration and emancipation of Jews. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century They proposed additional lessons in the language of the country and a more secular and vocational education. These ideas were put into practice since the end of the 18th century by German Jews, who founded Reform schools or Freischulen ("free schools"). Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently subjected to vandalism and the insertion of personal opinions This and the introduction of compulsory educating eventually led to the dissolution of the cheder system, at least in Germanophone countries, although it continued to exist in eastern europe as long as until the Holocaust. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as
Today
In Western countries, cheders are sometimes attended outside normal school hours while others particularly by Orthodox Judaism operate as full-time schools. Orthodox Judaism is the formulation of Judaism that adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonized In Israel, they operate as full-time schools. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics.
See also
Melamed, Melammed (מלמד Teacher is a term which in Biblical times denoted a religious Teacher or instructor in general (eDapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic