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The Chechen language (Нохчийн мотт / Noxçiyn mott; Medieval Chechen: نوًچین موت) is spoken by more than 1. 3 million people, mostly in Chechnya and by Chechen people elsewhere. The Chechen Republic (ˈʧɛʧɨn rɪˈpʌblɨk Чече́нская Респу́блика Chechenskaya Respublika; Нохчийн Республика Noxçiyn Respublika Chechens ( Chechen: Hохчи / Noxçi) constitute the largest native Ethnic group originating in the North Caucasus region

Chechen
Нохчийн мотт
Noxçiyn mott
Spoken in: Chechnya 
Region: republic of Chechnya
Total speakers: 1,330,000 (Russian Census (2002), self-reported speakers)
Language family: Northeast Caucasian
 Nakh
  Vainakh (Chechen-Ingush)
   Chechen 
Official status
Official language in: Chechnya
Regulated by: no official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-1: ce
ISO 639-2: che
ISO 639-3: che
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. The Chechen Republic (ˈʧɛʧɨn rɪˈpʌblɨk Чече́нская Респу́блика Chechenskaya Respublika; Нохчийн Республика Noxçiyn Respublika Russian Census of 2002 (Всеросси́йская пе́репись населе́ния 2002 го́да was the first Census of the Russian Federation carried List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Northeast Caucasian languages, also called East Caucasian, Caspian, Nakho-Dagestanian, or Dagestanian, are a family of Languages See also Nakh peoples The Nakh languages are a small family of languages spoken mostly in Russia ( Chechnya and Ingushetia) and Georgia The Chechen Republic (ˈʧɛʧɨn rɪˈpʌblɨk Чече́нская Респу́блика Chechenskaya Respublika; Нохчийн Республика Noxçiyn Respublika This is a list of bodies that regulate Standard languages Natural languages Auxiliary languages Interlingua The auxiliary language ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

Contents

Classification

Chechen is one of the languages of the Caucasus. The languages of the Caucasus are a large and extremely varied array of languages spoken by more than ten million people in and around the Caucasus Mountains which lie between Linguistically, it is a member of the Nakh family, together with Ingush and Bats; they all belong to the Northeast Caucasian languages with only Ingush and Chechen being mutually intelligible. See also Nakh peoples The Nakh languages are a small family of languages spoken mostly in Russia ( Chechnya and Ingushetia) and Georgia Ingush is a Language spoken by approximately 415000 people (2005 known as the Ingush, across a region covering Ingushetia, Chechnya, Bats (also Batsi, Batsbi, Batsb, Batsaw, Tsova-Tush) is the Language of the Bats people, a Caucasian The Northeast Caucasian languages, also called East Caucasian, Caspian, Nakho-Dagestanian, or Dagestanian, are a family of Languages

Geographic distribution

According to the Russian Census in October 2002, 1,330,000 people reported being able to speak Chechen. Russian Census of 2002 (Всеросси́йская пе́репись населе́ния 2002 го́да was the first Census of the Russian Federation carried

Ethnologue estimates the total number worldwide as about 955,000, based on 945,000 speakers in Russia (as per 1989 census), and the estimated speaker count in the Chechen diaspora in the Middle East countries, especially Jordan. Ethnologue Languages of the World is a web and print publication of SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics a Christian The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern [1]

Official status

Chechen is an official language of Chechnya. The Chechen Republic (ˈʧɛʧɨn rɪˈpʌblɨk Чече́нская Респу́блика Chechenskaya Respublika; Нохчийн Республика Noxçiyn Respublika

Dialects

There are a number of Chechen dialects:

Sounds

Some characteristics of Chechen include its wealth of consonants and sounds similar to Arabic or Salishan languages of Northern America and a large vowel system resembling Swedish or German. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language This article is about the Salish/Salishan language For the Tacoma Washington neighborhood see Salishan Tacoma Washington. Swedish ( is a North Germanic language spoken by more than nine million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages.

Consonants

The Chechen language has, like most indigenous languages of the Caucasus, a large number of consonants: about 31 (depending on the dialect and the analysis), more than for most languages of Europe. Typical of the region, a three-way distinction between voiced, voiceless and ejective stops is found. In Phonetics, ejective consonants are Voiceless Consonants that are pronounced with simultaneous closure of the Glottis.

  Labial Dental Postalveolar Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Nasal m n          
Plosive p b pʼ t d tʼ k g kʼ q qʼ ʔ
Affricate ʦ ʦʼ ʧ ʧʼ
Fricative f[2] s z ʃ ʒ x ɣ ħ h
Rhotic r̥ r[3]
Approximant ʋ l j

The phoneme /ʋ/ is realized as [v] before front vowels. Labials are consonants articulated either with both lips ( bilabial articulation or with the lower lip and the upper teeth ( labiodental articulation In Linguistics, a dental consonant or dental is a Consonant that is articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth such as /t/ /d/ /n/ and Postalveolar consonants are Consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the Alveolar ridge, placing them a bit further back in the Uvulars are Consonants articulated with the back of the Tongue against or near the uvula, that is further back in the mouth than Velar consonants A pharyngeal consonant is a type of Consonant which is articulated with the root of the Tongue against the Pharynx. Glottal consonants are Consonants articulated with the Glottis. A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. Affricate Consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or) but release as a fricative (such as or or occasionally into Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together Rhotic consonants, or "R"-like sounds are non-lateral Liquid consonants This class of sounds is difficult to characterise phonetically though most of them share Approximants are speech sounds ( Phonemes) that could be regarded as intermediate between Vowels and typical Consonants In the articulation of approximants

Vowels

Unlike most other languages of the Caucasus, Chechen has an extensive inventory of vowels and diphthongs: about 27 (depending on dialect and analysis), similar in number and phonetics to the vowel systems of the Scandinavian languages and German. The North Germanic languages or Scandinavian languages make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages, a sub-family of the Indo-European languages None of the spelling systems used so far have distinguished the vowels with complete accuracy.

front
unrounded		 front
rounded		 central back
i i: y y: u u:
e̞ e̞: ø ø: ə o̞ o̞:
æ ɑ ɑ:

Grammar

Chechen nouns belong to one of several genders or classes (6), each with a specific prefix with which the verb agrees, there is extensive case marking and postpositions. A front vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a front vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far forward In Phonetics, vowel roundedness refers to the amount of rounding in the Lips during the articulation of a Vowel. A front vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a front vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far forward In Phonetics, vowel roundedness refers to the amount of rounding in the Lips during the articulation of a Vowel. A central vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a central vowel is that the tongue is positioned halfway between A back vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a back vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far back as The verb agrees with class/gender but not with person number, having only tense forms and participles. Chechen is an ergative language, thus the verb agrees with either its direct object or with its intransitive subject. An ergative-absolutive Language (or simply ergative language is a language that treats the argument (" subject " of an Intransitive

Nominal declensions are also extensive - the language uses 8 cases. In Grammar, the case of a Noun or Pronoun indicates its Grammatical function in a greater Phrase or Clause; such as the

Chechen also presents interesting challenges for lexicography, as creating new words in the language relies on fixation of whole phrases rather than adding to the end of existing words or combining existing words. It can be difficult to decide which phrases belong in the dictionary.

Alphabets

Numerous inscriptions in the Georgian alphabet are found in Mountaineous Chechnya, however they are not surely in Chechen. The Georgian alphabet (ქართული დამწერლობა is the writing system currently used to write the Georgian language and other South Caucasian Later the Arabic alphabet was introduced for Chechen language, along with Islam. The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. It was firstly reformed during the reign of Imam Shamil and then in 1910, 1920 and 1922. Imam Shamil (also spelled as Shamyl, Schamil, or Schamyl; 1797 &ndash March 1871) was an Avar political and religious

At the same time alphabet of Uslar, cosisted of Cyrillic, Latin and Georgian letters was used for academical purposes. Uslar is a municipality in southern Lower Saxony, Germany, located in the south-western part of the district of Northeim in the south of the hills of In 1911 it was also reformed, but never gained popularity among Chechens themselves. Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year

The Latin alphabet was introduced in 1925. It was unified with Ingush in 1934, but abolished in 1938.

A a Ä ä B b C c Č č Ch ch Čh čh D d
E e F f G g Gh gh H h I i J j K k
Kh kh L l M m N n N̡ n̡ O o Ö ö P p
Ph ph Q q Qh qh R r S s Š š T t Th th
U u Ü ü V v X x X́ x́ Y y Z z Ž ž

In 1938-1992 only Cyrillic alphabet was used for Chechen.

Cyrillic Name in Cyrillic Corresponding modern Latin letter
А а а A a
Аь аь аь Ä ä
Б б бэ B b
В в вэ V v
Г г гэ G g
ГI гI гIа Ġ ġ
Д д дэ D d
Е е е E e
Ё ё ё
Ж ж жэ Ƶ ƶ
З з зэ Z z
И и и I i
Й й доца и Y y
К к к K k
Кх кх кх Q q
Къ къ къа Q̇ q̇
КI кI кIа Kh kh
Л л лэ L l
М м мэ M m
Н н нэ N n
О о о O o
Оь оь оь Ö ö
П п пэ P p
ПI пI пIа Ph ph
Р р рэ R r
С с сэ S s
Т т тэ T t
ТI тI тIа Th th
У у у U u
Уь уь уь Ü ü
Ф ф фэ F f
Х х хэ X x
Хь хь хьа Ẋ ẋ
ХI хI хIа H h
Ц ц цэ C c
ЦI цI цIа Ċ ċ
Ч ч чэ Ç ç
ЧI чI чIа Ç̇ ç̇
Ш ш шэ Ş ş
Щ щ щэ
(Ъ) ъ чIогIа хьаьрк Ə ə
(Ы) ы ы
(Ь) ь кIеда хьаьрк
Э э э E e
Ю ю ю yu
Юь юь юь yü
Я я я ya
Яь яь яь yä
I I Iа J j

In 1992 new Latin Chechen alphabet was introduced, but after the defeat of secessionist government, the Cyrillic alphabet was restored.

A a Ä ä B b C c Ċ ċ Ç ç Ç̇ ç̇ D d
E e F f G g Ġ ġ H h X x Ẋ ẋ I i
J j K k Kh kh L l M m N n Ŋ ŋ O o
Ö ö P p Ph ph Q q Q̇ q̇ R r S s Ş ş
T t Th th U u Ü ü V v Y y Z z Ƶ ƶ
Ə ə

Vocabulary

There are borrowings from Russian, Turkic languages (mostly from Kumyk), Arabic, as well as some from Persian, and Georgian. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Kumyk (also Qumuq, Kumuk, Kumuklar or Kumyki) (Кумык is a Turkic language, spoken by about 200000 speakers (the Kumyks Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Georgian (ka ქართული ენა kartuli ena) is the Official language of Georgia, a country in the Caucasus.

History

Before the Russian conquest, most of writing in Chechnya were Islamic texts and clan histories, written usually in Arabic but sometimes also in Chechen using Arabic script. Those texts had been largely destroyed by Soviet authorities in 1944. [4] The Chechen literary language was created after the October Revolution, and the Latin alphabet began to be used instead of Arabic for Chechen writing in the mid-1920s. The October Revolution (Октябрьская революция Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya) also known as the Soviet Revolution The 1920s is sometimes referred to as the " Jazz Age " or the " Roaring Twenties " when speaking about the United States and Canada In 1938, the Cyrillic alphabet was adopted, in order to tie the nation closer to Russians. Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by With the declaration of the Chechen republic in 1992, some Chechen speakers returned to the Latin alphabet. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar)

The Chechen diaspora in Jordan, Turkey and Syria is fluent but generally not literate in Chechen except for individuals who have made efforts to learn the writing system, and of course the Cyrillic alphabet is not generally known in these countries. Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية

The use of this alphabet in Chechen is politically significant (as Russia prefers the use of the Cyrillic alphabet, against the separatists' preference for Latin). Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria ɪʧˈkɛriə ( Chechen Latin: Noxçiyn Respublika Noxçiyçö Chechen Cyrillic: Нохчийн Республика Нохчийчоь

References

  1. ^ Ethnologue report for language code:che
  2. ^ /f/ is found only in European loanwords
  3. ^ /r/ is a tap [ɾ] according to some sources (http://ingush.narod.ru/chech/book/ch0405.gif) and a trill for others (Chechen-English, English-Chechen Dictionary by Nicholas Awde and Muhammad Galaev)
  4. ^ Ch_writing

External links

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