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The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria IPA: [ɪʧˈkɛriə] (Chechen Latin: Noxçiyn Respublika Noxçiyçö, Chechen Cyrillic: Нохчийн Республика Нохчийчоь; Russian: Чеченская Республика Ичкерия; Short: ChRI or CRI) is the unrecognized secessionist government of Chechnya. A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is The ruble or rouble (рубль rublʹ, plural ru рубли́ rubli; see note on English spelling and Russian plurals with numbers The naxar (co-spelled nakhar or nahar) is the name of the Currency that Chechen Separatists planned for Chechen Republic of Ichkeria The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Secession (derived from the Latin term secessio is the act of withdrawing from an organization union or especially a political entity For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. The Chechen Republic (ˈʧɛʧɨn rɪˈpʌblɨk Чече́нская Респу́блика Chechenskaya Respublika; Нохчийн Республика Noxçiyn Respublika Chechnya is located in the Northern Caucasus mountains and borders Stavropol Krai to the northwest, the republic of Dagestan to the northeast and east, Georgia to the south, and the republics of Ingushetia and North Ossetia to the west. The North Caucasus, also Ciscaucasus, Ciscaucasia or Forecaucasia, is the northern part of the Caucasus region between Europe Stavropol Krai (Ставропо́льский край Stavropolsky kray) is a federal subject of Russia (a Krai) The Republic of Dagestan dæɡɪˈstɑːn (IntEng ˈdeɪɡəstæn (AmEng (Респу́блика Дагеста́н Дагъистанлъул ДжумхIурият Daɣistanłul Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between The Republic of Ingushetia ( Ingush: ГӀалгӀай Мохк Респу́блика Ингуше́тия Respublika Ingushetiya) is a federal The Republic of North Ossetia-Alania (Респу́блика Се́верная Осе́тия–Ала́ния Ossetic: Республикӕ Цӕгат Ирыстон — Алани The republic was proclaimed in late 1991 by Dzokhar Dudayev, and fought two devastating wars between separatists and the Russian Federation which denounced secession. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudayev (Дудин Муса кант Жовхар Джохар Мусаевич Дудаев (February 1944 &ndash April 21 1996) was Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending In late 2007, the President of Ichkeria Dokka Umarov declared that he renamed the republic to Noxçiyçö and converted it into a province of the much larger Caucasus Emirate, with himself as Emir. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. This is a list of Presidents of the unrecognised Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, a pro-independence movement that controlled most of Chechnya from 1991 to 1999 ( Doku (Dokka Khamatovich Umarov ( Chechen: Умаран Хамади кант Докка Доку Хаматович Умаров also know as Emir Abu The Caucasus Emirate also known as the Caucasian Emirate is a self proclaimed Successor state to the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and was announced on Emir ( Arabic: ar أمير;, female أميرة; emira;) ( Farsi and Urdu: امیر) This change of status has been rejected by some members of the former Chechen government in exile and armed groups who assert the continued existence of the republic.
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History
1991-1994
In November 1990, Dzhokhar Dudaev was elected head of the Executive Committee of the unofficial opposition All-National Congress of the Chechen People, which advocated sovereignty for Chechnya as a separate republic within the Soviet Union. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudayev (Дудин Муса кант Жовхар Джохар Мусаевич Дудаев (February 1944 &ndash April 21 1996) was The All-National Congress of the Chechen People (NCChP of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria came to power on November 1, 1991 under president Dzhokhar Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 This vote was reaffirmed by a referendum in October 1991, during the fall of the Soviet Union. A referendum (plural referendums or referenda) ballot question, or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. The Soviet Union 's collapse into independent nations began early in 1985
Dudayev, in his new position as president of Ichkeria, unilaterally declared the republic's sovereignty and its secession from the Soviet Union and Russia. Ichkeria can refer to Ichkeria (Chechnya, the historical Turkic name for a region more or less coinciding with the Republic of Chechnya Chechen Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Not recognized by any government except Georgia under Zviad Gamsakhurdia, the country has maintained an unstable existence, due in part to constant threats of invasions from Russian Federation. Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Zviad Gamsakhurdia ( Georgian: ზვიად გამსახურდია, ( March 31, 1939 — December 31, 1993 Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending
The rule of Dudayev in early 1990s was marked by crime and kidnappings happening throughout de-facto independent Chechnya and an internal conflict of factions both sympathetic and opposed to Dudayev (mostly Russians) who fought for power, sometimes in pitched battles with the use of heavy weapons. The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999 In the sociological field, crime is the breach of a rule or Law for which some governing authority or force may ultimately prescribe a Punishment In Criminal law, kidnapping is the taking away or Asportation of a person against the person's will usually to hold the person in False imprisonment There was discrimination towards ethnic minorities which resulted in thousands of the republic's non-Chechen residents (mainly, but not limited to, citizens of Slavic origin) fleeing to mainland Russia or Russia's North Ossetia region. The Republic of North Ossetia-Alania (Респу́блика Се́верная Осе́тия–Ала́ния Ossetic: Республикӕ Цӕгат Ирыстон — Алани
Dudayev's government had created the constitution of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, which was introduced on March 1992. A constitution is a system for government often Codified as a written document that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) [1] In the same month, the Russian opposition attempted a coup d'état, but their attempt was crushed by force. A month later, Dudayev introduced direct presidential rule, and in June 1993, dissolved the parliament. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Federal forces dispatched to the Ossetian-Ingush conflict were ordered to move to the Chechen border in late October 1992, and Dudayev, who perceived this as "an act of aggression against the Chechen Republic," declared a state of emergency and threatened general mobilization if the Russian troops did not withdraw from the Chechen border. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) After staging another coup attempt in December 1993, the opposition organized a Provisional Council as a potential alternative government for Chechnya, calling on Moscow for assistance. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar)
1994-1996
1996-1999
After the war, parliamentary and presidential elections took place in January 1997 in Chechnya and brought to power Aslan Maskhadov, chief of staff and prime minister in the Chechen coalition government, for a five-year term. The First Chechen War also known as the War in Chechnya was fought between Russia and Chechnya from 1994 to 1996 and resulted in Chechnya's TalkParliament#Screen-size. -->A parliament is a Legislature, especially in those An election is a Decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold formal office Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Aslan (Khalid Aliyevich Maskhadov ( Chechen: Масхадан Али кант Аслан Latin Masxadan Ali kant Aslan Russian: Аслан Алиевич Масхадов This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. A coalition is an alliance among individuals during which they cooperate in joint action, each in their own Self-interest. Maskhadov sought to maintain Chechen sovereignty while pressing Moscow to help rebuild the republic, whose formal economy and infrastructure were virtually destroyed. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of [2] Russia continued to send money for the rehabilitation of the republic; it also provided pensions and funds for schools and hospitals. Most of these transfers were stolen by Chechen authorities and divided between favoured warlords. [3] Nearly half a million people (40% of Chechya's prewar population) have been internally displaced and lived in refugee camps or overcrowded villages. A refugee camp is a temporary camp built by a government the United Nations, international organizations (such as the Red Cross) or NGOs to receive [4] The economy was destroyed. Two Russian brigades were stationed in Chechnya and did not leave[4] He took effort to rebuild the country and its devastated capital Grozny by trading oil in countries such as the United Kingdom[5]
Aslan Maskhadov tried to concentrate power in his hands to establish authority, but had trouble creating an effective state or a functioning economy. Grozny (Гро́зный Соьлж-ГIала Sölƶ-Ġala or Соьлжа-ГIала Sölƶa -Ġala sometimes referred to as ce Джовхар-ГIала An oil is a substance that is in a viscous Liquid state ( "oily") at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer and is The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located An economy is the realized social system of production exchange distribution and consumption of goods and services of a country or other area The situation proved out of control of the government, and the republic remained chaotic. The war ravages and lack of economic opportunities left numbers of armed former guerillas with no occupation but further violence. Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc Kidnappings, robberies, and killings of fellow Chechens and outsiders, most notably the killings of four employees of British Granger Telecom in 1998, weakened the possibilities of outside investment and Maskhadov's efforts to gain international recognition of its independence effort. In Criminal law, kidnapping is the taking away or Asportation of a person against the person's will usually to hold the person in False imprisonment The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Kidnappings became common in Chechnya, procuring over $200 million during the three year independence of the chaotic fledgling state, [6] but victims were rarely killed. [7] In 1998, 176 people had been kidnapped, and 90 of them had been released during the same year according to official accounts. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) There were several public executions of criminals. Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. [8][9] The Islamic Republic of Ichkeria was proclaimed in 1998 and the Sharia system of justice was introduced. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law.
President Maskhadov started a major campaign against hostage-takers, and on October 25, 1998, Shadid Bargishev, Chechnya's top anti-kidnapping official, was killed in a remote controlled car bombing. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Bargishev's colleagues then insisted they would not be intimidated by the attack and would go ahead with their offensive. Other anti-kidnapping officials blamed the attack on Bargishev's recent success in securing the release of several hostages, including 24 Russian soldiers and an English couple. [10] Maskhadov blamed the rash of abductions in Chechnya on unidentified "outside forces" and their Chechen henchmen, allegedly those who joined Pro-Moscow forces during the second war. [11]
Some of the kidnapped (most of whom were non-Chechens) were sold into indentured servitude to Chechen families. They were openly called slaves and had to endure starvation, beating, and often maiming. [3][12][13][14]
The years of independence had some political violence as well. On December 10 Mansur Tagirov, Chechnya's top prosecutor, disappeared while returning to Grozny. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V On June 21 the Chechen security chief and a guerrilla commander fatally shot each other in an argument. Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. The internal violence in Chechnya peaked on July 16, 1998, when fighting broke out between Maskhadov's National Guard force led by Sulim Yamadayev (who joined pro-Moscow forces in the second war) and militants in the town of Gudermes; over 50 people were reported killed and the state of emergency was declared in Chechnya. Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Sulim Yamadayev (also spelled Yamadaev (Сулим Бекмирзаевич Ямадаев (born 1973 is a former Chechen Rebel commander from the First Gudermes ( Russian: Гудермес Chechen: Гуьмсе / Gümse) is a town in the Chechen Republic, Russia, located on the A state of emergency is a governmental declaration that may suspend certain normal functions of government alert citizens to alter their normal behaviors or order government agencies [15]
Maskhadov proved unable to guarantee the security of the oil pipeline running across Chechnya from the Caspian Sea, and illegal oil tapping and acts of sabotage deprived his regime of crucial revenues and agitated his allies in Moscow. Pipeline transport is the transportation of goods through a pipe. The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged Sea. Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening an enemy oppressor or employer through subversion obstruction disruption and/or destruction Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of In 1998 and 1999 Maskhadov survived several assassination attempts, blamed on the Russian intelligence services. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media. [16]
Since 1999
Politics
Since the declaration of independence in 1991, there has been an ongoing battle between secessionist officials and federally appointed officials. The Second Chechen War, in a later phase better known as the War in the North Caucasus, was launched by the Russian Federation starting August 26 This is a list of Presidents of the unrecognised Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, a pro-independence movement that controlled most of Chechnya from 1991 to 1999 ( Zelimkhan Abdumuslimovich Yandarbiyev ( Chechen: Яндарбин Абдулмуслиман кант Зелимха Russian: Зелимхан Абдумуслимович Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudayev (Дудин Муса кант Жовхар Джохар Мусаевич Дудаев (February 1944 &ndash April 21 1996) was Aslan (Khalid Aliyevich Maskhadov ( Chechen: Масхадан Али кант Аслан Latin Masxadan Ali kant Aslan Russian: Аслан Алиевич Масхадов Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) This article is about declarations of independence in general Both claim authority over the same territory.
Since the fall of Grozny in 2000 some of the Ichkerian government was based in exile, including in the Arab countries, Poland, United States and United Kingdom. Grozny (Гро́зный Соьлж-ГIала Sölƶ-Ġala or Соьлжа-ГIала Sölƶa -Ġala sometimes referred to as ce Джовхар-ГIала A government in exile is a political group that claims to be a country's legitimate government but for various reasons is unable to exercise its legal power and instead resides in a foreign Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located
On October 31, 2007, the separatist news agency Chechenpress reported that Dokka Umarov had proclaimed the Caucasus Emirate and declared himself its Emir. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. State Information Agency Chechenpress ( SIA Chechenpress) is the news agency of the Chechen separatists who proclaim themselves to be the representatives of the Doku (Dokka Khamatovich Umarov ( Chechen: Умаран Хамади кант Докка Доку Хаматович Умаров also know as Emir Abu The Caucasus Emirate also known as the Caucasian Emirate is a self proclaimed Successor state to the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and was announced on Emir ( Arabic: ar أمير;, female أميرة; emira;) ( Farsi and Urdu: امیر) He integrated the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria as a Vilayat (Province). A wilāyah (ولاية or vilâyet (in Persian and Ottoman Turkish) is an administrative division usually Within the Caucasus Emirate, Chechnya became known as the Vilayat Nohchiycho (Ichkeria) of the Caucasus Emirate. [17] This change of status has been rejected by some Chechen politicians and military leaders who continue to support the existence of the republic. Since November 2007, Akhmed Zakayev says he is now the Prime Minister of Ichkeria's government in exile. Akhmed Khalidovich Zakayev ( Ахмед Халидович Закаев) (born April 26 1956 in Kazakh SSR, Soviet Union) is the former Deputy
See also
References
- ^ Chechen Leadership In Exile Seeks To Salvage Legitimacy
- ^ http://www.freedomhouse.org/modules/mod_call_dsp_country-fiw.cfm?year=2003&country=2593
- ^ a b Leon Aron. Chechen society has traditionally been organized around many autonomous local clans called Teips Even today many Chechens consider themselves loyal to their teip State Information Agency Chechenpress ( SIA Chechenpress) is the news agency of the Chechen separatists who proclaim themselves to be the representatives of the ||}These lists of unrecognized or partially recognized countries give an overview of contemporary geopolitical entities that wish to be recognized as Sovereign The Caucasus Emirate also known as the Caucasian Emirate is a self proclaimed Successor state to the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and was announced on Chechnya, New Dimensions of the Old Crisis. AEI, 01. The American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research (AEI is a conservative Think tank, founded in 1943 02. 2003
- ^ a b Alex Goldfarb and Marina Litvinenko. Alexander Goldfarb (born in 1947 in Moscow) is a Jewish-Russian-Israeli-American microbiologist activist and author "Death of a Dissident: The Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko and the Return of the KGB." Free Press, New York, 2007. ISBN 978-1416551652.
- ^ London Sunday Times on Mashkadov visit
- ^ Tishkov, Valery. Chechnya: Life in a War-Torn Society. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004. Page 114.
- ^ Four Western hostages beheaded in Chechnya
- ^ Document Information | Amnesty International
- ^ Latvia Condemns Public Executions in Chechnya [23 Sep 1997]
- ^ The Michigan Daily Online
- ^ Police tried to silence GfbV - Critical banner against Putin´s Chechnya policies wars
- ^ RF Ministry of Justice information. CHECHNYA VIOLATES BASIC LEGAL NORMS, 08. 12. 1999
- ^ RFERL, Russia: RFE/RL Interviews Chechen Field Commander Umarov, 27. This article is about the radio broadcast service For the REM 07. 2005; Doku Umarov who was the head of the Security Council of Ichkeria in 1997-1999 accused Movladi Baisarov and one of Yamadayev brothers of engaging in slave trade in the inter-war period
- ^ Соколов-Митрич, Дмитрий (2007). Doku (Dokka Khamatovich Umarov ( Chechen: Умаран Хамади кант Докка Доку Хаматович Умаров also know as Emir Abu Movladi Baisarov (Baysarov was a Chechen Warlord and former Federal Security Service (FSB special-task unit commander Нетаджикские девочки, нечеченские маьлчики. Moscow: Яуза-Пресс. ISBN 978-5-903339-45-7. (Russian)
- ^ Further emergency measures in Chechnya
- ^ The Jamestown Foundation
- ^ Amir of the Caucasus Emirate abolishes the Cabinet of Ministers, the Parliament of the former C.R.I. - Kavkazcenter.com
External links
- 10 years ago Russian special forces killed Chechnya's self-proclaimed president, Dzhokhar Dudayev Moscow News
- EP:The Background of Chechen Independence Movement V: The Dagestan Provocation
- FMSO: A Tale of Two Theaters: Russian Actions in Chechnya in 1994 and 1999
- Text of the Peace Treaty
- ASF, Edvard Kline, Chechen History
- The North Caucasus Conflict and its Implications for Russia, Kennan Institute, Mikhail Aleseev,
- [1] Global Politician, David Storobin, The Chechen fight for independence
- The Time's cover on Chechnya, 2003
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